杂种杨无性系的光系统Ⅱ放氧活性、光合色素及叶绿体超微结构对光胁迫的响应

 用氧电极仪、红外CO2气体分析仪及叶绿素荧光仪,结合透射电镜技术对几个杂种杨无性系在光胁迫下的光系统Ⅱ活性、光合色素及叶绿体超微结构进行了测定。随着预处理光强的增加,各无性系叶片的净光合速率和光系统Ⅱ放氧活性明显下降。二倍体无性系B11的光系统Ⅱ最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）及实际光化学效率［(Fm′-F)/Fm′］高于两个三倍体无性系B346和B342。强光下三倍体无性系B346的非光化学淬灭远高于B342和二倍体无性系B11。叶绿素含量和光合速率没有明显的线性关系,叶绿素a/b含量在自然光胁迫下存在季节变化,受强光胁迫2个三倍体无性系的叶绿素a/b增大。预处理光强PFD超过3 000 μmol photons·m-2·s-1,各无性系的基粒类囊体片层结构遭到破坏,但二倍体无性系的类囊体片层结构受破坏程度较三倍体无性系轻。叶绿体蛋白合成抑制剂（硫酸链霉素,SM）可加剧叶绿体超微结构的破坏。     

毕氏海蓬子类囊体膜与卵磷脂重组脂质体的耐热性研究

采用卵磷脂(PC)构建脂质体,然后将毕氏海蓬子类囊体膜蛋白复合物重组到脂质体中.分析不同温度(25℃、35℃、45℃和55℃)处理后蛋白脂质体的电子传递活性、吸收光谱和荧光光谱的变化,以探讨膜脂与膜蛋白在高温胁迫下的交互作用.结果显示:蛋白脂质体光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)的放氧活性和光系统Ⅰ(PSⅠ)的耗氧活性随着PC比例的提高而增加,在PC与类囊体膜比例为4∶1(Lipid∶Chl,w/w)时达到最高,同时蛋白脂质体的吸收光谱和荧光光谱也呈上升趋势;在PC与类囊体膜重组比例为4∶1条件下,高温处理后的蛋白脂质体的PSⅡ放氧活性和PSⅠ耗氧活性显著大于未经重组的,其吸收光谱和荧光光谱峰值下降幅度低于未经重组的,且峰位基本没有变化.研究表明,PC可能通过增加结合天线的大小来促进蛋白脂质体对光能的吸收和能量从外周天线到PSⅡ和PSⅠ核心复合物的传递;在脂质体中,PC与类囊体膜的交互作用提高了PSⅡ和PSⅠ在高温胁迫下的光化学效率,增强了PSⅡ和PSⅠ的耐热性.     

Sulfite inhibition of photochemical activity of intact pea leaves

Sulfite treatment of pea leaf disks in light caused a significant decrease in the relative quantum yield of photosynthetic oxygen evolution and energy storage (ES) as measured by photoacoustic (PA) spectroscopy. The inhibition was concentration dependent and was less in darkness than in light, indicating light-dependent inhibitory site(s) on the photosynthetic electron transport chain. Further, in darksulfite-treated leaves, the energy storage was more affected than the relative quantum yield of oxygen evolution, suggesting that photophosphorylation and/or cyclic electron transport around PS I are sites of sulfite action in darkness. The R_fd values, the ratio of fluorescence decrease (fd) to the steady-state fluorescence (fs), decreased significantly in leaves treated with sulfite in light but were not affected in dark-treated ones, confirming the photoacoustic observations. Similarly, the ratio of variable fluorescence (F_v) to maximum fluorescence (F_m), a measure of PS II photochemical efficiency, was affected by sulfite treatment in light and not changed by treatment in darkness. An attempt was made to explain the mechanism of sulfite action on photosynthetic electron transport in light and in darkness.Abbreviations A_PT amplitude of photothermal signal - A_ox amplitude of oxygen signal - ES energy storage - fd fluorescence decrease - fs steady-state fluorescence - F_m maximum fluorescence - F_v variable fluorescence - PA photoacoustic(s)     

杨品种‘84K’光合生理的不同过程对干旱和复水的响应

以杨品种‘84K’（Populus alba×P.glandulosa）为材料,对其干旱胁迫及复水后光合生理特性的变化进行了研究。结果显示,在干旱胁迫及复水过程中,杨品种‘84K’光合作用相关的主要反应对此过程响应不同步。在干旱胁迫过程中,‘84K’的羧化反应速度、气孔导度（G_s）、叶肉导度（G_m）均显著下降,但前者下降幅度小于后两者,此时的光合作用主要受G_s和G_m制约。复水之后,G_m很快得到恢复,而光化学淬灭过程、羧化反应速度均没有恢复到对照水平,此时是光化学淬灭和（或）羧化反应制约了‘84K’的碳固定及光合作用。     

Detection of photosynthetic energy storage in a photosystem I reaction center preparation by photoacoustic spectroscopy

Thermal emission and photochemical energy storage were examined in photosystem I reaction center/core antenna complexes (about 40 Chl a/P700) using photoacoustic spectroscopy. Satisfactory signals could only be obtained from samples bound to hydroxyapatite and all samples had a low signal-to-noise ratio compared to either PS I or PS II in thylakoid membranes. The energy storage signal was saturated at low intensity (half saturation at 1.5 W m^-2) and predicted a photochemical quantum yield of >90%. Exogenous donors and acceptors had no effect on the signal amplitudes indicating that energy storage is the result of charge separation between endogenous components. Fe(CN)₆ ^-3 oxidation of P700 and dithionite-induced reduction of acceptors F_A-F_B inhibited energy storage. These data are compatible with the hypothesis that energy storage in PS I arises from charge separation between P700 and Fe-S centers F_A-F_B that is stable on the time scale of the photoacoustic modulation. High intensity background light (160 W m^-2) caused an irreversible loss of energy storage and correlated with a decrease in oxidizable P700; both are probably the result of high light-induced photoinhibition. By analogy to the low fluorescence yield of PS I, the low signal-to-noise ratio in these preparations is attributed to the short lifetime of Chl singlet excited states in PS I-40 and its indirect effect on the yield of thermal emission.Abbreviations FFT fast Föurier transform - HA hydroxyapatite - I₅₀ half saturation intensity for energy storage - PA photoacoustic - PS photosystem - PS I-40 photosystem I reaction center/core antenna complex containing about 40 Chl a/P700 - 201-1 photoacoustic energy storage signal - S/N signal-to-noise     

Inhibition of photosynthetic activities under slow water stress measured in vivo by the photoacoustic method

A slow water stress over several days was imposed on tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum L. var. Xanthi) by withholding water from the soil. Photosynthesis was measured in leaves from those water-stressed plants by the photoacoustic method. Slow drought induced marked changes in the photoacoustic signals, which were largely similar to those observed previously in leaves subjected to rapid desiccation in air (over 3–4 h), reflecting two simultaneous changes: 1) Modification of the heat and oxygen diffusion characteristics of the leaves due to changes in their anatomical structure [shown by the change in the slope of the plot of the oxygen (A_OX) to photothermal signal (A_PT) ratio vs the square root of the modulation frequency]; 2) Inhibition of gross photosynthesis measured by the extrapolation of the A_OX/A_PT ratio to zero frequency. However, in contrast to rapid water stress in detached leaves, where it was shown that mainly the oxidizing side of photosystem II (PS II) was damaged, we found a slower and more complex phenomenology having largely biphasic kinetics. During the first 6 days, there was a strong reduction in the photochemical energy storage, but the inhibition of oxygen evolution was relatively mild. The Emerson enhancement in state 1 dropped considerably, indicating lowering of the apparent absorption cross-section of PS II. Fluorescence measurements suggest that PS II reaction center itseIf may be the primary site of the damage. PS I activity, judged by cytochrome f photooxidation, remained largely intact. The subsequent days were associated with a further spectacular decrease in the oxygen evolution quantum yield with both photosystems damaged. The photochemical energy storage continued to decrease further. The Emerson enhancement ratio of the remaining activities in both State 1 and 2 showed a marked increase, indicating the reestablishment of a strong imbalance in the distribution of excitation energy within the photochemical apparatus in favor of PS II. All the photoacoustic changes observed in response to drought were completely reversible within 2–3 days upon rewatering of the soil.     

A photoacoustic study of water infiltrated leaves

Photoacoustic measurements of photosynthetic energy storage were conducted on water infiltrated pea and sugar maple leaves. The samples were vacuum infiltrated with pure water or with a suitable buffer. The use of such methodology permitted an accurate determination of the energy storage parameter at low modulation frequencies, where in non-infiltrated leaves oxygen evolution dominates the photoacoustic signal and does not allow energy storage measurements. Differences between infiltration media were not essential, however the use of pure water as infiltration medium sometimes caused instability of the measured energy storage, particularly at longer experimental time. Values of energy storage in individual samples ranged mostly between 0.2 to 0.35. Measured as a function of the modulation frequency, energy storage was found to be constant from about 10 to 200 Hz for pea leaves. In sugar maple leaves, the energy storage slightly increased between 100 and 500 Hz. Obtaining an accurate value for energy storage also allowed an accurate estimation of the O₂ evolution contribution to the photoacoustic signal of an unfiltrated leaf. In a maple leaf its frequency dependence showed only the effect of diffusion in the entire frequency range (10–500 Hz). Energy storage transients were observed after long periods (ca. 1/4-2 hrs) of dark adaptation upon the transition to light. In this case the initial energy storage was roughly about 1/2 that of the steady state value indicating strong PS I activity, while PS II was transiently incompetent. Energy-storage increased during illumination in a way to correspond to photosynthetic induction events as previously measured by fluorescence and O₂ evolution. Transients in energy storage were also found following high light to low light transitions (i.e., switch off of the saturating background light), that paralleled similar transients in oxygen evolution, showing initial transient inactivation followed by progressive reactivation of PS II.Abbreviations ES energy storage - PA photoacoustic(s) - PTR photothermal radiometry     

Rapid screening for heat tolerance in Phaseolus species using the photoacoustic technique

The potential utility of photoacoustic measurements in vivo for rapid estimation of heat tolerance was investigated in seven Phaseolus genotypes with known and contrasting heat resistance. When small leaf discs of 1 cm diameter were heated at 40.5°C, both relative quantum yield for oxygen evolution (as estimated by the ratio of the amplitude of the oxygen evolution signal (Aox) to the amplitude of the photothermal signal (Apt)) and photochemical energy storage were reduced drastically within a few minutes in the heat sensitive genotypes. In contrast, in the genotypes processing heat tolerance characteristics, these photoacoustic parameters remained constant for at least 20 min. Photochemical energy storage appeared to be more resistant towards heat stress conditions than oxygen evolution, suggesting differential heat sensitivity of PS2 compared to PS1. Within the heat resistant species, we were able to further select for high temperature tolerance when the rate of decrease of Aox/Apt was measured in leaf discs incubated at a higher temperature (42°C). The results suggest that the photoacoutic technique could be used as a rapid and easy screening test for heat tolerance in crop plants.     

Functioning of photosystems I and II in pea leaves exposed to heat stress in the presence or absence of light

Fluorimetric, photoacoustic, polarographic and absorbance techniques were used to measure in situ various functional aspects of the photochemical apparatus of photosynthesis in intact pea leaves (Pisum sativum L.) after short exposures to a high temperature of 40 ° C. The results indicated (i) that the in-vivo responses of the two photosystems to high-temperature pretreatments were markedly different and in some respects opposite, with photosystem (PS) II activity being inhibited (or down-regulated) and PSI function being stimulated; and (ii) that light strongly interacts with the response of the photosystems, acting as an efficient protector of the photochemical activity against its inactivation by heat. When imposed in the dark, heat provoked a drastic inhibition of photosynthetic oxygen evolution and photochemical energy storage, correlated with a marked loss of variable PSII-chlorophyll fluorescence emission. None of the above changes were observed in leaves which were illuminated during heating. This photoprotection was saturated at rather low light fluence rates (around 10 W · m^–2). Heat stress in darkness appeared to increase the capacity for cyclic electron flow around PSI, as indicated by the enhanced photochemical energy storage in far-red light and the faster decay of P ₇₀₀ ⁺ (oxidized reaction center of PSI) monitored upon sudded interruption of the far-red light. The presence of light during heat stress reduced somewhat this PSI-driven cyclic electron transport. It was also observed that heat stress in darkness resulted in the progressive closure of the PSI reaction centers in leaves under steady illumination whereas PSII traps remained largely open, possibly reflecting the adjustment of the photochemical efficiency of undamaged PSI to the reduced rate of photochemistry in PSII.Abbreviations B₁ and B₂ fraction of closed PSI and PSII reaction centers, respectively - ES photoacoustically measured energy storage - F_o, F_m and F_s initial, maximal and steady-state levels of chlorophyll fluorescence - P₇₀₀ reaction center of PSI - PS (I, II) photosystem (I, II) - V = (F_s – F_o)/(F_m – F_o) relative variable chlorophyll fluorescence We wish to thank Professor R. Lannoye (ULB, Brussels) for the use of this photoacoustic spectrometer and Mrs. M. Eyletters for her help.     

Where Is the Site of the "Oxygen Burst" Located During Light Induction in Dark-Adapted Leaves? A Study Using Photoacoustic Techniques

The "oxygen burst" phenomenon that appeared during the light-induction period of intact leaves could be monitored using a photoacoustic technique high time resolution. The relationship between oxygen bursts and dark-adapted time, far-red light pretreatment, photothermal signal, and chlorophyll a (Chl a) fluorescence kinetics were investigated in the present study. Using extraneous inhibitors or cofactors of electron transport, a modified vacuum-infiltration method was undertaken to locate directly the site at which oxygen bursts of intact leaves occurred. We found that the photothermal signal showed little evidence of oscillation during the light-induction period. The oxygen burst was resolved into two components if darkadapted time lasted longer than 20 min. Methyl viologen (MV) or far-red light could not eliminate the first component, whereas formate-Na (pH 7.0, 20 μmol/L) eliminated the first component but had no effect on the second one. Furthermore, the photochemical quenching, the electron transport rate of Chl a fluorescence,and the first component of the oxygen bursts approached lowest values simultaneously. This evidence indicates that the site at which the first component of oxygen bursts occurred was located between photosystem (PS)Ⅰ and PSⅡ (i.e. the PQ pool). The formate-Na experiment also showed a linkage between the first component and the S state of oxygen evolution at the donor side of PSⅡ. Furthermore, elimination of the second component by far-red light and absorption of the second component by MV indicated that the site at which the second component of oxygen bursts may be located at the acceptor side of PSⅡ.     

Photoinhibition in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: Effect on state transition,intersystem energy distribution and Photosystem I cyclic electron flow

The energy distribution, state transitions and photosynthetic electron flow during photoinhibition of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells have been studied in vivo using photoacoustics and modulated fluorescence techniques. In cells exposed to 2500 W/m² light at 21 °C for 90 min, 90% of the oxygen evolution activity was lost while photochemical energy storage as expressed by the parameter photochemical loss (P.L.) at 710–720 nm was not impaired. The energy storage vs. modulation frequency profile indicated an endothermic step with a rate constant of 2.1 ms. The extent of the P.L. was not affected by DCMU but was greatly reduced by DBMIB. The regulatory mechanism of the state 1 to state 2 transition process was inactivated and the apparent light absorption cross section of photosystem II increased during the first 20 min of photoinhibition followed by a significant decrease relative to that of photosystem I. These results are consistent with the inactivation of the LHC II kinase and the presence of an active cyclic electron flow around photosystem I in photoinhibited cells.Abbreviations PS I, PS II Photosystem I and Photosystem II respectively - P.L. photochemical loss - DCMU 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl-1,1-dimethyl urea - LHC II light harvesting chlorophyll a,b-protein complex of PS II - DBMIB 2,5 dibromo-3-methyl-6-isopropyl-p-benzoquinone     

外源ATP对NaCl胁迫下菜豆叶片叶绿素荧光特性的调节

盐胁迫是影响植物生长的主要逆境因子之一,外源ATP被发现可作为信号分子参与植物对逆境胁迫生理反应的调节。为了探明外源ATP在植物盐胁迫响应中的作用,以增强植物对土壤盐渍化的耐性,更好地应用于土壤盐渍化修复。该研究以菜豆( Phaseolus vulgaris)为材料,通过叶绿素荧光技术探讨了外源ATP 对菜豆叶片在NaCl胁迫下叶绿素荧光特性的变化规律。结果表明：在NaCl胁迫下,叶片光系统Ⅱ( PSⅡ)潜在最大光化学量子效率( Fv/Fm)、光适应下最大光化学效率( Fv′/Fm′)、PSⅡ光适应下实际光化学效率[ Y (Ⅱ)]、光化学荧光猝灭( qP)、电子传递速率( ETR)与对照组相比均有显著性下降,而非光化学猝灭( NPQ)和( qN)较对照组有显著性增加,这表明NaCl胁迫导致菜豆叶片光系统Ⅱ光化学效率的下降和光能耗散的增加。而外源ATP(eATP)的处理能有效缓解NaCl胁迫所造成的Fv/Fm、Fv′/Fm′、Y(Ⅱ)、qP、ETR下降和NPQ、qN的上升。该研究结果表明在NaCl胁迫下外源ATP可以有效地提高菜豆幼苗光系统Ⅱ( PSⅡ)的光化学反应效率。     

Effects of Water Stress on Chlorophyll-Protein Complexes in Wheat Chloroplasts

The excitation energy transfer from light harvesting chlorophyll protein complexes to PS Ⅱ was inhibited under water stress. The contents of iriternal antennae chlorophyll-protein complexes of PS Ⅱ (CPa), light harvesting chlorophyll-protein complexes of PS Ⅱ (LHC Ⅱ ), light harvesting chlorophyll-protein of PS Ⅰ (LHC Ⅰ ) and chlorophyll a protein complex of reaction center of PS Ⅰ were decreased by water stress. The decrease of chlorophyll-protein complexes of PS Ⅱ was greater than that of PS Ⅰ . It was indicated that the amount of 25 kD polypeptide of LHC Ⅱ in particular, as well as that of 43 and 47 kD polypeptides of CPa, and 21 kD polypeptide of LHC Ⅰ , were reduced by water stress.     

光诱导下杂种杨无性系叶角和叶绿体的运动

自然光结合人工光源对几个杂种杨无性系叶片进行处理后,对其在两种光环境下３种叶角（方位角、方向角、悬挂角）和叶绿体的运动方式进行了研究。结果发现：各无性系的叶角运动在晴天比比阴天强烈,特别是三倍体无性系最为明显,晴天上午９：００－１１：００,三倍体无性系ＺＨ６和Ｂ３４６通过方位角运动来避免强光胁迫,各无性系主要通过方向角和悬挂角的变化来调节获得最佳太阳辐射,在中午受到强光胁迫时存在明显的“避光运动”。三倍体无性系和某些二倍体无性系在避光运动方式上是不同的,三倍体无性系ＺＨ６和Ｂ３４６采用叶片下垂形式,而二倍体无性系Ｂ１１则采用叶片竖立方式,无论是晴天还是阴天,植物的节律性运动可能参与了叶角运动。受光胁迫时,栅栏组织的叶绿通过不同的运动排列方式来实现对光辐射的最佳吸收。强光胁迫下叶绿体沿径向细胞壁排列,以尽量养活接受过量的太阳辐射,处于弱光条件时,叶绿体则充满足整个细胞,以扩大上太阳辐射的表面积,三倍体无性系对光诱导的敏感程度程度要高于二倍体无性系。     

盐胁迫下白杨无性系苗木体内离子分配及比较

以白杨杂种无性系及其亲本当年生苗木为材料 ,分析了盐胁迫下无性系的离子含量 ,及 Na 、K 、Ca 在植物体内运输和分配特点 ,并对无性系间差异进行了比较。研究表明 ,随盐浓度提高 ,植物体内Na 含量迅速提高 ,K 、Ca 含量降低 ;盐分胁迫下 ,根部 Na 含量较高 ,叶片 Na 中含量最低 ,K 、Ca 含量则相反 ,特别是 Ca ,其分布顺序为叶 >茎 >根。杂种无性系 B430及其亲本新疆杨对 K 和 Ca 运输的选择性比毛白杨高 ,而对 Na 运输的选择性则比毛白杨低 ,从而导致根部存留的 Na 较多 ,叶片分配的 Na 数量较少 ,从而减轻 Na 对叶片的伤害。综合分析表明 B430和新疆杨耐盐能力最强 ,毛新杨其次 ,毛白杨最差。     

The time course of photoinactivation of photosystem II in leaves revisited

Since photosystem II (PS II) performs the demanding function of water oxidation using light energy, it is susceptible to photoinactivation during photosynthesis. The time course of photoinactivation of PS II yields useful information about the process. Depending on how PS II function is assayed, however, the time course seems to differ. Here, we revisit this problem by using two additional assays: (1) the quantum yield of oxygen evolution in limiting, continuous light and (2) the flash-induced cumulative delivery of PS II electrons to the oxidized primary donor (P700(+)) in PS I measured as a 'P700 kinetics area'. The P700 kinetics area is based on the fact that the two photosystems function in series: when P700 is completely photo-oxidized by a flash added to continuous far-red light, electrons delivered from PS II to PS I by the flash tend to re-reduce P700(+) transiently to an extent depending on the PS II functionality, while the far-red light photo-oxidizes P700 back to the steady-state concentration. The quantum yield of oxygen evolution in limiting, continuous light indeed decreased in a way that deviated from a single-negative exponential. However, measurement of the quantum yield of oxygen in limiting light may be complicated by changes in mitochondrial respiration between darkness and limiting light. Similarly, an assay based on chlorophyll fluorescence may be complicated by the varying depth in leaf tissue from which the signal is detected after progressive photoinactivation of PS II. On the other hand, the P700 kinetics area appears to be a reasonable assay, which is a measure of functional PS II in the whole leaf tissue and independent of changes in mitochondrial respiration. The P700 kinetics area decreased in a single-negative exponential fashion during progressive photoinactivation of PS II in a number of plant species, at least at functional PS II contents ≥6?% of the initial value, in agreement with the conclusion of Sarvikas et al. (Photosynth Res 103:7-17, 2010). That is, the single-negative-exponential time course does not provide evidence for photoprotection of functional PS II complexes by photoinactivated, connected neighbours.     

Comparison of photosynthetic parameters of an aurea mutant (Su/su) of tobacco and the wild-type by the photoacoustic method

Oxygen evolution and energy storage yields in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) wild-type (cv. John Williams Broadleaf) and a mutant (Su/su) deficient in chlorophyll were compared using the photoacoustic technique. Oxygen-evolution and energy-storage quantum yields in the mutant were higher when measured in red light (640–690 nm) than green or blue light (540 nm and 440 nm, respectively), indicating that carotenoids in this mutant do not transfer energy efficiently to the photochemical reaction centers. It is suggested that carotenoids may play a role in protecting the photosynthetic apparatus against damage by high energy fluxes. In the wild-type, the oxygenevolution yield did not change drastically throughout the visible spectrum. The mutant had a higher quantum yield of oxygen evolution than the wildtype. Similarly maximum rates obtained from saturation curves for the mutant were more than twice higher per leaf area and about five times higher per chlorophyll, as compared to the wild-type.Abbreviation PS photosystem     

硝酸根胁迫对黄瓜幼苗叶片光合速率、PSⅡ光化学效率及光能分配的影响

研究了不同浓度NO₃^-胁迫对黄瓜幼苗叶片光合速率、PSⅡ光化学效率及光能分配的影响.结果表明,当NO₃^-浓度较低时（14～98 mmol·L^-1）,适当增加NO₃^-浓度,可增强黄瓜幼苗叶片对光的捕获能力,促进光合作用.随着NO₃^-浓度的进一步增加（140～182 mmol·L^-1）,PSⅡ光化学效率降低,电子传递受到抑制,净光合速率降低;吸收的光能中,通过天线色素的热耗散增加,用于光化学反应的能量降低,光化学效率下降.140和182 mmol·L^-1 NO₃^-处理黄瓜幼苗叶片6 d后净光合速率(P_n)极显著下降,分别比对照降低了35%和78%;PSⅡ最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、天线转化效率(F_v’/F_m’)、实际光化学效率(Φ_PSⅡ)、光化学猝灭系数(q_P)均低于对照,非光化学猝灭(NPQ)高于对照,激发能在两个光系统间的分配不平衡性(β/α-1)增大.高浓度NO₃^-处理的黄瓜幼苗叶片各荧光参数变化幅度比低浓度大.当光照增强时,高浓度NO₃^-胁迫下黄瓜幼苗叶片吸收的光能中应用于光化学反应的份额(P) 显著降低,天线热耗散的份额(D)显著增加. 天线热耗散是耗散过剩能量的主要途径.     

Characterization of P700 as a photochemical quencher in isolated Photosystem I particles using simultaneous measurements of absorbance changes at 830 nm and photoacoustic signal

The relationship between the redox state of P700, the primary donor of PS I, monitored using absorbance changes at 830 nm and photochemical energy storage in PS I reaction centers assayed with the photoacoustic method (PA) was studied in isolated PS I submembrane particles aspirated onto nitrocellulose filters. Several donors have been used to support the electron transport through PS I. NADPH and NADH demonstrated low rates of electron donation to PS I, while ascorbate and ascorbate plus 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DCIP) couple have been found more effective in both P700⁺ reduction and stimulation of the variable component of the PA signal. A linear relationship was found in isolated PS I particles between the (A_830,max – A_830,steady)/A_830,max and (PA_max – PA_steady)/PA_max ratios, which characterized the relative amount of P700 in the reduced state and the relative magnitude of the variable PA component, respectively. That linear relationship was obtained independently from the nature of electron donor used for the reduction of P700⁺. Such linear relationship was also obtained at various wavelengths of modulated light in the range of 660 to 720 nm, only the slope of the linear fits varied with wavelength. It is concluded that reduced P700 act as a photochemical quencher of absorbed energy. Variable thermal dissipation in PS I reaction centers of isolated submembrane particles linearly depends on the amount of reduced P700 and thus constitutes an appropriate indicator of the redox pressure applied to PS I. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

温州蜜柑叶片光系统反应中心光能分配的变化

为深入了解果树光化学反应中心光能分配的状况,以柑橘为试材,采用调制荧光法对叶片光系统在高光强和低光强下的状态转换进行了研究.结果表明, 光系统在100 μmol·m^-2·s^-1的低光强下,由于QA的还原使PQ库处于还原状态,导致光能由PSⅡ转向PSⅠ分配,光系统处于状态2;在1 000 μmol·m^-2·s^-1 的高光强下, PQ库无法得到电子而处于氧化状态,导致光能分配由PSⅠ转向PSⅡ,光系统处于状态1.叶片经磷酸酯酶抑制剂NaF处理后,光系统从高光强下状态2到状态1的转换受到抑制.高光强下过多的光能由PSⅠ向PSⅡ分配是导致PSⅡ光破坏的重要原因.