英罗港红树林昆虫群落及其多样性的研究

用１９９５～１９９６年在广西英罗港红树林区取样所得的资料探讨了英罗港红树林昆虫群落及其多样性特点。结果表明,英罗港红树林昆虫种类有１９５种;主要优势中为黑褐举腹蚊（Ｃｒｅｍａｔｏｇａｓｔｅｒ ｒｏｇｅｎｈｏｆｅｒｉ）、东京弓背蚁（Ｃａｍｐｏｎｏｔｕｓ ｔｏｋｉｏｅｎｓｉｓ）和三条螟蛾（Ｄｉｃｈｏｃｒｏｃｒｉｓ ｃｈｏｒｏｐｈａｎｔａ）;内滩昆虫群落多样性高于中滩、外滩。潮汐和风暴对昆虫群落多样性的     

英罗港红树林土壤粒径分布的分形特征

应用分形理论分析了英罗港红树林土壤粒径分布的分形特征。结果表明,红树林土壤的分形维数为2.6837-2.8834,不同质地土壤的分形维数呈现砂壤土＜轻壤土＜中壤土＜重壤土＜轻粘土的规律,外滩红树林土壤的分形维数低于中滩和内滩。土壤分形维数与其盐分和有机质含量呈显著正相关。群落类型、土壤质地、滩位、含盐量、有机质含量等是影响英罗港红树林土壤分形维数的主要因子。     

广西英罗港红树林潮沟鱼类多样性季节动态研究

于1999年分4个季节来采用拦网的方法对广西英罗港红树林潮沟水中鱼类的多样性进行了研究,共发现鱼类54种,隶属于29种44属,季度出现频数F=1～4的鱼类种数分别为27、8、11和8种,各季的优势种明显,但不同季节最大优势种不同,分别为：春季、斑Ji（Clupanodon punctatus);夏季,前鳞骨鲻（Osteomugil ophuyseni）;秋季,眶棘双边鱼（Ambassis gymnocephalus）;冬季,鹿斑Fu（Leiognathus ruconius）,这些鱼类以暖水性种占绝对优势,在生态类型上以底层种类较多,各季节出现鱼类种数分别为：春季30种、夏季30种,秋季26种,冬种22种,夏季与秋季共有种最多,有20个种,这两季节间的相似性指数也最大,达55.6%,多样性指数D、H′、J值均以秋季最高,相对于林外水域,红树林潮沟鱼类群落的鱼类种数及3个指数均较高,跟热带红树林区相比,广西英罗港红树林潮沟鱼类群落的多样性低。     

海南东寨港红树林土壤粒径分布的分形特征及其影响因素

应用分形理论分析了海南东寨港红树林土壤粒径分布的分形特征及其影响因素,海南东寨港土壤的分形维数为2．302—2．575,分形维数的大小与土壤中的粘粒、盐分、有机质、全氮含量呈显著正相关,外滩红树林土壤的分形维数低于中滩和内滩;随着土壤质地由砂壤土、轻壤土、中壤土、重壤土的变化,分形维数逐渐增大;从陆到海土壤分形维数逐渐减小。群落类型、土壤质地、滩位、含盐量、有机质、全氮含量等是影响海南东寨港红树林土壤分形维数的主要因子。     

海南东寨港红树林不同植被土壤微生物群落结构比较

【目的】比较不同植被下红树林土壤细菌和古菌的多样性及群落结构,认识红树林土壤微生物资源多样性。【方法】直接提取红树林土壤总DNA,采用细菌通用引物27F/1492R和古菌通用引物Arch21F/Arch958R进行PCR扩增,构建细菌和古菌16S rRNA基因文库,对海南东寨港自然保护区秋茄林、无瓣海桑林和无红树林裸滩土壤的细菌和古菌多样性和群落结构进行分析和比较。【结果】3种土壤样品的细菌类群包括变形细菌门(Proteobacteria)等16个类群,其中变形细菌门(Proteobacteria)与绿屈挠菌门(Chloroflexi)是优势类群;古菌包括6个嗜泉古菌界(Crenarchaeota)类群和7个广域古菌界(Euryarchaeota)类群,分别以Marine Benthic Group C、Marine Benthic Group D为优势类群。多样性指数(H’)和物种丰富度指数(Schao1)表明,本地种秋茄林下土壤细菌和古菌的多样性指数最高,外来种无瓣海桑显著低于秋茄林,甚至明显低于相邻无红树林裸滩沉积物;不同植被下土壤细菌和古菌群落结构存在显著差异,秋茄林土壤微生物群落结构和无红树林裸滩沉积物更相似。【结论】红树林土壤微生物类群丰富,不同植被下土壤细菌和古菌多样性和群落结构存在显著差异。     

乐清湾红树林和光滩大型底栖动物群落比较研究

2004年5月,对浙江乐清西门岛的人工红树林及周边滩涂进行大型底栖动物调查,共发现大型底栖动物18种,隶属6门7纲15科;主要是软体动物,节肢动物和环节动物.底上生活类群(groupofsurface,GS)种类数少于底内生活类群(group of surface below,GSB)种类数.通过在红树林、幼红树林和光滩三种生境的调查发现,幼红树林群落结构组成介于红树林和光滩之间,三种生境的大型底栖动物密度分别为452ind·m^-2,310ind·m^-2,620ind·m^-2,生物量分别为40.53g·m^-2,44.80g·m^-2和42.75g·m^-2.红树林区底栖动物的优势种为可口革囊星虫Phascolosoma esculenta和难解不等蛤Enigmonia aenigmatica.三种生境中,红树林的生物多样性和均匀度最高,优势度最小,造成这个现象的原因可能与红树林生境的复杂化有关.     

福建洛阳河口潮间带大型底栖甲壳动物群落及其功能群研究

2013年8月、2013年10月、2014年1月和2014年4月分别在洛阳河口潮间带选取5种生境(红树林区Q1,Q2,Q3;光滩Q4,林缘光滩Q5)开展调查,以探讨不同生境间甲壳动物群落结构及功能群差异和影响因素。调查共获得甲壳动物18科35种,优势种和重要种有弧边招潮(Uca arcuata)、薄片蜾蠃蜚(Sinocorophium lamellatum)、宁波泥蟹(Ilyoplax ningpoensis)和秀丽长方蟹(Metaplax elegans),以穴居型植食者为主;不同生境间优势种存在明显变化,游泳型甲壳动物主要出现在生境Q1、Q2和Q3。洛阳江红树林生境Q1、Q2、Q3底栖甲壳动物物种多样性和功能群复杂性高于林缘光滩和光滩生境,而生物量和栖息密度则相反。通过对5种不同生境的物种数、生物量、密度、功能群、物种多样性指数进行生境-季节间双因素方差分析发现,不同生境间与季节间甲壳动物物种数、栖息密度、功能群、均匀度指数与多样性指数存在显著差异;生物量在生境间差异不显著,丰富度指数在季节间差异不显著;生境Q1、Q2和Q3差异不显著。而底栖甲壳动物群落相似性和非度量多维度标序(n MDS)分析表明林缘光滩Q5的甲壳动物群落结构与Q1、Q2、Q3的相似度高,与光滩生境相似度较低,这可能是因为红树林、林缘光滩、光滩三者生境的复杂程度、食物丰富程度和食物来源存在差异有关。综合分析表明生境复杂程度与季节是影响洛阳河口潮间带大型底栖甲壳动物分布的主要因素。     

西门岛人工秋茄林恢复对大型底栖生物的影响

选择乐清湾西门岛海域相同高程断面不同造林时间的人工红树林(秋茄林)、光滩和互花米草丛,采用空间代替时间的方法,分析我国分布最北界人工红树林造林过程对大型底栖生物的影响.大型底栖动物生活型分布基本表现为幼林(1、4、8a秋茄林)以底上附着型为主,而在光滩、50a秋茄林和互花米草中底下生活类群相对增加.并且穴居型动物只出现在发育成熟的生态系统内.各项指标显示50a老林群落生态稳定性较好,光滩和互花米草丛次之,但优于发育中的秋茄幼林.与以往研究结果不同,50a老林的大型底栖动物生物种类的丰度及群落的物种多样性最高,并不与红树林的发育状况呈负相关,也不比邻近光滩低.结合50a林下滩涂底泥情况,西门岛50a红树林林下滩涂的底质发育要落后于国内天然红树林土壤.这可能与当地红树林造林规模小以及强潮差海域有关.此外,红树林恢复过程中,大型底栖动物生物多样性与生态稳定性之间的线性关系,其适用的系统面积和演替时间的尺度范围有必要做更加深入的探讨.     

福建洛阳江口红树林湿地大型底栖动物多样性及季节变化

基于2013-2014年福建洛阳江口红树林湿地的周年调查资料, 研究了该湿地大型底栖动物的物种多样性现状、季节变化以及红树林恢复对底栖动物群落的影响。本次调查共鉴定大型底栖动物7门78种, 环节动物和节肢动物种类最为丰富, 节肢动物对总生物量贡献最大, 短拟沼螺(Assiminea brevicula)为本区第一优势种。林区底栖动物的密度和生物量明显低于光滩, 部分优势种仅在林区出现, 此外, 林区群落与光滩有显著差异。本区底栖动物的密度高值出现在冬、春季, 生物量高值出现在春、夏季, 群落结构季节变化明显。本区底栖动物种类组成特点反映出洛阳江口红树林处在年轻期, 群落的季节变化可能跟优势种的繁殖特点有关。研究结果也表明红树林植被会影响底栖动物群落结构, 林区群落已然不同于光滩, 与2009年调查结果相比, 林区底栖动物密度虽明显下降, 但褶痕拟相手蟹(Parasesarma plicata)数量增加, 是优势种之一。洛阳江口红树林和光滩支撑着不同的生物组成, 因此, 红树林恢复应当保持栖息地的多样性/异质性。     

The Effect of Hill-Building Activities of Ants on the Species Diversity of Plant Communitiesin Songnen Grassland 蚂蚁筑丘活动对松嫩草地植物群落多样性的影响

 吉林省长岭县羊草(Aneurolepidium chinense)草地自然保护区内分布的蚂蚁主要为玉米毛蚁(Lasius alienus)和黄墩蚁(Lasius flavus)。蚂蚁是草地生态系统的一个生物干扰因子。通过分析比较该保护区内4个植物群落中玉米毛蚁和黄墩蚁蚁丘上植物的种类组成、优势种的数量特征及群落多样性变化,探讨了蚂蚁筑丘活动对草地生态系统的影响。主要结论如下：1)蚁丘上的植物种类组成与对照显著不同。在蚁丘上分布的植物主要是羊草种组(Aneurolepidium chinense group     

三亚河外来红树植物无瓣海桑种群动态与扩散特征

无瓣海桑具有耐贫瘠、生长快等特点,已成为我国东南沿海滩涂主要造林先锋种.然而,作为典型外来物种,无瓣海桑是否具有入侵性也一度引起各界广泛关注.三亚河是我国无瓣海桑引种的最南区域,但目前尚未有对该区无瓣海桑入侵性的报道.本研究利用全面踏查与样地调查相结合的方法,分析了三亚河外来红树植物无瓣海桑的种群动态及扩散特征.结果表...     

Stored-product insects associated with eight feed mills in the midwestern United States

Commercial food- and pheromone-baited pitfall traps and pheromone-baited sticky traps were used during 2003 to survey stored-product insect adults in eight participating feed mills in the midwestern United States. Across the eight feed mills, 27 species of beetles (Coleoptera) and three species of moths (Lepidoptera) were captured in commercial traps. The red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), was the most abundant insect species captured inside the eight mills. The warehouse beetle, Trogoderma variabile (Ballion), was the most abundant insect species outside the mill and in the mill load-out area. The Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner), was the most abundant moth species inside the mill and in the mill receiving area. The Simpson's index of species diversity among mills ranged from 0.39 (low diversity) to 0.81 (high diversity). The types of species found among mills were different, as indicated by a Morisita's index of <0.7, for the majority of mills. The differences in the types and numbers of insect species captured inside, outside, in receiving, and in load-out areas could be related to differences in the types of animal feeds produced and the degree of sanitation and pest management practiced.     

Preliminary analysis of the fish species of the Pacific Central American Mangrove of Zancudo, Golfo Dulce, Costa Rica

The aim of the present paper is to provide first information on the mangrove fish community of the tropical fjord-like Golfo Dulce (GD), to study its importance for fish diversity and fisheries in the area and to give preliminary results on its spatial–temporal variation. Eighty-two species belonging to 30 families were identified. More than half of them belonged to the estuarine transient fish group and only 14 species were estuarine resident, highlighting the importance of the Zancudo mangrove as a transition area. The most diverse families were Sciaenidae, Carangidae and Haemulidae for both rainy and dry seasons. As much as 71% of the species captured were of first or second grade economic value and only 11% had no commercial value. Comparing our data with fisheries and scientific surveys inside and outside the gulf suggests the importance of the Zancudo mangrove for regional fisheries and fish diversity. Multidimensional scaling (MDS) indicated gradual changes in the fish community composition from the river mouth to the more internal sampling sites for rainy and dry seasons. Moreover, shifts in abundance and species composition between seasons were observed, mainly an increase in the differences between the boundaries and the central zones of the mangrove. These changes were attributed to the higher salinity differences between sites during the dry season forcing the occasional visitor fish downstream and freshwater fish taxa upstream. While the results contribute to initiatives for participative fisheries management in the region, further studies are needed to analyse the variations in detail.     

杭州湾内外海域秋季浮游动物群落的比较

本文比较了杭州湾湾外海域(122.10°-122.58° E, 30.54°-30.93° N)和湾内不同海域(北岸东侧: 121.67°- 121.87° E, 30.68°-30.83° N; 南岸东侧: 121.60°-121.85° E, 29.95°-30.24° N; 北岸西侧: 121.31°-121.56° E, 30.58°- 30.77° N)秋季浮游动物的群落组成、累积优势度曲线以及多样性指数(H')等群落结构特征, 并进行了差异性分析。结果表明: 湾外海域的群落组成与湾内海域的3个群落之间均有较大的差异。湾外海域的群落I是以中华假磷虾(Pseudeuphausia sinica)等近海种、背针胸刺水蚤(Centropages dorsispinatus)等沿岸低盐种为主, 其次是外海种。湾内南岸东侧海域的群落II主要以左突唇角水蚤(Labidocera sinilobata)等沿岸低盐种为主, 近海种次之。湾内北岸东侧海域的群落III是以真刺唇角水蚤(Labidocera euchaeta)等沿岸低盐种、虫肢歪水蚤(Tortanus vermiculus)等河口半咸水种组成的混合群落。湾内北岸西侧海域群落IV是以虫肢歪水蚤为代表的河口半咸水种为主的群落。总的说来, 这一水域向西和向北方向出现更低盐度适应性的群落。从累积优势度曲线来看, 湾外海域群落I与湾内北岸东侧群落III的累积优势度上升趋势均相对平缓, 但群落III的初始累积优势度略高于群落I; 而与群落I相比, 湾内南岸东侧的群落II与北岸西侧的群落IV的初始累积优势度均很高。湾外海域群落I的初始累积优势度较低, 显示出群落I的优势种较多, 而单一优势种优势度低于湾内3个群落。方差分析结果表明: 湾外海域的浮游动物多样性指数与湾内3个海域均有极显著差异(P < 0.01), 而湾内各海域之间均无显著性差异(P > 0.05)。说明湾外浮游动物群落的多样性高于湾内海域。湾内外海域浮游动物群落特征之间有较大差异, 其主要原因是影响各自群落的主导水团明显不同。     

Changes in the functional feeding groups of macrobenthic fauna during mangrove forest succession in Zhanjiang,China

Understanding the relationships between mangrove forest succession and the functional diversity of mangrove fauna could facilitate the restoration of mangrove ecosystems, which have been severely damaged in recent decades. The current report describes changes in macrobenthic functional diversity in a mangrove chronosequence that included a primary community (unvegetated shoal), an early community (Avicennia marina), a middle community (Aegiceras corniculatum), and a late community (Bruguiera gymnorrhiza?+?Rhizophora stylosa) in Zhanjiang, China. Phytophages were the dominant macrobenthic functional feeding group regardless of mangrove succession stage, sampling season, or macrobenthic faunal parameter (species richness, abundance, and biomass). As mangrove succession progressed, the proportions of macrobenthic species richness, abundance, or biomass represented by omnivores significantly increased (except for biomass and in the late stage; ranged from 0.065 to 0.230 and 0.033 to 0.368, respectively in wet season, and 0.000 to 0.192 and 0.000 to 0.396, respectively in dry season), while the proportions significantly decreased for detritivores during the dry season (ranged from 0.156 to 0.056, 0.107 to 0.019, and 0.066 to 0.005, respectively). Non-metric multi-dimensional scaling and PERMANOVA also indicated that the structure of macrobenthic faunal functional feeding groups was significantly affected by mangrove succession. Further analyses indicated that the changes in the relative dominance among macrobenthic faunal functional feeding groups during mangrove succession were mainly associated with changes in plant density, coverage/canopy density, and total nitrogen content of sediment, i.e., they were mostly associated with changes in food sources. The results increase our understanding of the relationship between benthic functional diversity and mangrove succession and could help guide mangrove restoration in China and around the world.     

The primary production of phytoplankton in the restored Maltañski Reservoir in Poland

Patterns in composition, abundance and diversity of the annelid fauna (Polychaeta and Oligochaeta) in 22 sandy beaches in Iceland were explored. The effect of exposure on annelid distribution was studied. A total of 5651 annelids were recorded from 160 core samples. Oligochaetes (chiefly Tubificidae) dominated the annelid assemblage whereas polychaetes represented a minor fraction. Polychaetes were relatively more abundant in exposed than in sheltered beaches, contrary to oligochaetes. Meiofaunal polychaete species were also more abundant in exposed than in sheltered beaches. Southwest beaches seemed more diverse in annelid species than northern ones. Annelid diversity did not differ between sheltered and exposed sites, but higher diversity was attained in fine sands at sheltered areas. Cluster analysis revealed large differences between beaches in the annelid community composition. The general patterns found suggest that beach exposure is a major factor conditioning macro- and meiofaunal polychaete and oligochaete distribution along the Icelandic coast.     

Is vegetation inside Carex sempervirens tussocks highly specific or an image of the surrounding vegetation?

Questions : How do species diversity, frequency and composition in tussocks differ from those in similar sized plots outside tussocks? Does the extent of the differences depend on community types or environmental conditions? Location : A sub‐alpine grassland in the Swiss National Park. Methods : In each of the two communities (short grass and tall graminoid) differing in species composition, grazing intensity and soil nutrient availability, relevés were made in 40 pairs of small circular plots, with one plot located inside a randomly selected Carex sempervirens tussock and the other outside. Results : We found 92 vascular species, of which 46 had a frequency higher than 5%. Species richness (S), pooled cover, Shannon's diversity (H) and cumulative species number (CS) were higher outside than inside the C. sempervirens tussocks, but evenness (J) was lower. S, H and CS differed more in the tall graminoid community than in the short grass community. However, dissimilarity between the paired relevés inside and outside tussocks did not differ between the two communities. Of the 46 most frequent species, 12 were statistically more and only one less frequent outside than inside the tussocks. Vegetation inside and outside tussocks could be clearly distinguished in the ordination space. Conclusion : Vegetation inside C. sempervirens tussocks is different from that in the surrounding area and represents an impoverished but homogenized version of the surrounding vegetation. Although tussocks of C. sempervirens were systematically avoided by grazers, there is little evidence that tussocks facilitate the species growing inside them.     

长白山阔叶红松林昆虫多样性研究

通过季节性观察,系统地研究了长白山阔叶红松林昆虫类群及其多样性．结果表明,长白山阔叶红松林已知的森林昆虫26目131科1162属1960种,其中森林害虫11目105科881种、重要森林害虫638种;森林昆虫群落中植食性昆虫类群总数所占比重最大,天敌昆虫群落中以捕食性类群总数所占比重最大．植食类群、寄生性类群和捕食类群全年的均匀度指数分别为0．884、0．830和0．806．各类群问季节变动系数的大小顺序为捕食类群>寄生性类群>植食类群．     

广西北海西村港互花米草对红树林湿地大型底栖动物群落的影响

为了解互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)入侵红树林的生态影响, 作者对位于北海市西村港的红树林湿地以及周边互花米草盐沼的大型底栖动物群落多样性和群落结构进行了研究。2012年10月至2013年9月连续4次取样, 按照取样时间研究大型底栖动物的种类、物种组成、生物量和生物多样性等群落特征的差异, 探讨互花米草入侵红树林湿地对大型底栖动物的影响。本研究共采集底栖动物16种, 隶属于5门7纲15科, 其中互花米草群落10种, 红树林湿地12种。研究发现互花米草入侵后中国绿螂(Glauconome chinensis)个体数量剧增, 导致不同采样时间互花米草盐沼的大型底栖动物生物量均显著高于红树林湿地; 除个别月份外, 红树林湿地大型底栖动物的Margalef丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数均显著高于互花米草群落。基于生境-采样时间的双因素方差分析结果表明, Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Simpson指数在两种生境间差异显著; 两种生境的Margalef丰富度和Pielou均匀度指数在不同采样时间差异显著; 大型底栖动物生物量和物种数量在两种生境间和不同采样时间差异均显著。基于多元回归分析的研究结果表明, 互花米草密度是影响大型底栖动物生物量的关键因子, 而互花米草株高可以解释物种个体数量、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Simpson指数在两种生境的变化。对不同采样时间大型底栖动物群落结构的非度量多维度(non-metric multidimensional scaling, NMDS)分析结果表明, 红树林与互花米草群落的大型底栖动物群落相似性很低。总而言之, 在西村港地区, 互花米草入侵虽然增加了大型底栖动物的生物量, 但由于优势物种的凸显, 显著降低了大型底栖动物群落的多样性, 且种类组成与群落结构与红树林群落相比已有差异。由此可见, 互花米草入侵红树林对当地的大型底栖动物群落多样性造成影响。