低磷胁迫对水稻苗期侧根生长及养分吸收的影响

用蛭石与石英砂作为混合培养介质研究了低磷胁迫对水稻（Oryza sativa L.)苗期侧根发生发育的影响及其与磷吸收的相关关系。结果表明：低磷对水稻的侧根发生发育具有明显的诱导作用及基因型差异。相关性分析表明：单位侧根长度的增加与单位根表面积的增大极显相关,而单位侧根数量的增多与单位根表面积的增大无显的相关性。表明单位根表面积的增加主要来自于单位侧根的伸长。侧根参数与磷含量的相关性分析表明：低磷条件下,侧根总长度和侧根数量都与植株磷含量存在显的正相关,根系总表面积与磷含量存在极显的正相关。表明在低磷条件下,侧根的发生发育对水稻的磷吸收具有重要的作用。根系和地上部的可溶性糖含量分析表明;低磷胁迫改变了同化物在地上部和根系的分配。生物量测定表明：低磷胁迫显增大了植株的根冠比。     

不同氮、磷状况对水稻根生长及细胞周期蛋白激酶(CDKs)基因表达的影响

用蛭石与石英砂作为混合固体培养介质研究了低磷 (PO4 3 -)胁迫和部分根系供氮 (NO-3 )对水稻 (O ryzasativaL .)苗期根系生长的影响。结果表明 :低磷胁迫和供氮均能诱导水稻不定根和不定根上侧根的伸长。细胞分裂的进程受依赖细胞周期蛋白的蛋白激酶(CDKs)的调控 ,在缺磷和供氮条件下 ,细胞周期蛋白激酶cdc2Os 1在根系表达都增强 ,而cdc2Os 2的表达无明显变化。cdc2Os 1的这种表达模式与这两种处理下根系的加速伸长具一致性 ,表明在磷缺乏和供氮处理下 ,cdc2Os 1基因在根系表达的增强 ,可能促进了根细胞的分裂活性 ,从而加速不定根和侧根的伸长     

低磷胁迫下磷高效基因型大麦的根系形态特征

在根袋土培盆栽条件下,以磷高效基因型DH110+、DH147和低效基因型DH49大麦为试验材料,利用根系分析系统分析不同施磷(P₂O₅)水平(极低磷25 mg·kg^-1、低磷50 mg·kg^-1和正常磷75 mg·kg^-1)下,磷高效基因型大麦的根系形态特征及其与植株磷素吸收的关系.结果表明： 低磷胁迫显著降低大麦生物量和磷吸收量,其中磷高效基因型的生物量和磷吸收量在各施磷水平下分别为低效基因型的1.24～1.70和1.18～1.83倍;大麦的总根长、总根表面积、平均根系直径、不定根长及其根表面积、侧根长及其根表面积均随施磷水平的降低而显著降低,其中磷高效基因型大麦在各施磷水平下的总根长、总根表面积、比根长、侧根长及根表面积分别为低效基因型的1.46～2.06、1.12～1.51、1.35～1.72、1.69～2.42和1.40～1.78倍,而平均根系直径为低效基因型的70.6%～90.2%;主成分分析表明,平均根系直径、比根表面积和比根长受基因型差异的影响较为明显,是区分两类磷效率基因型大麦根系形态差异的主要指标;偏最小二乘回归分析表明,各施磷水平下,总根长、总根表面积对大麦植株磷素吸收贡献均较大,随施磷水平降低,不定根长、不定根表面积对大麦植株磷素吸收的贡献明显降低,而平均根系直径、比根长、侧根长及其根表面积的贡献明显增加.磷高效基因型大麦可通过维持侧根的生长、根细度和比根长的增加来适应低磷胁迫.     

低磷供应对拟南芥根系构型的影响

在人工气候箱中,采用Johnson培养基对拟南芥在低磷供应条件下根系构型的变化进行了研究,结果表明：拟南芥在磷饥饿诱导下,主根缩短,侧根密度、根毛的数量和长度显著增加,并且,根尖到第一侧根和第一根毛的距离也大大缩短。这些改变增加了根系比表面积,并且使得根系分布更加靠近土壤表层,有利于提高植物吸收土壤中有机磷的效率。低磷胁迫还导致拟南芥根系分生组织区细胞形状变异,柱细胞数量减少;主根生长和细胞伸长的动力学分析显示,磷饥饿促使拟南芥主根生长变缓,细胞长度随磷饥饿程度的加深迅速缩小。CycB1;1:GUS染色分析结果表明,低磷破坏拟南芥根系分生组织细胞分裂能力,这些结果说明磷胁迫同时抑制了细胞的伸长和分裂,从而引起拟南芥主根的缩短。     

Comparison of acid and alkaline soil and liquid culture growth systems for studies of shoot and root characteristics of white lupin (Lupinus albus L.) genotypes

Four quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for P uptake were previously identified in a rice population that had been developed from a cross between the indica landrace Kasalath (high P uptake) with the japonica cultivar Nipponbare (low P uptake). For further studies, near isogenic lines (NILs) were developed for a major QTL linked to marker C443 on chromosome 12 and for a minor QTL linked to C498 on chromosome 6. On a highly P-deficient upland soil (aerobic conditions), NIL-C443 had three to four times the P uptake of Nipponbare, whereas the advantage of NIL-C498 was in the range of 60–90%. The superiority of NILs over Nipponbare vanished when grown in the same soil under anaerobic paddy conditions. All genotypes had high P uptake when P was supplied at a rate of 60 kg P ha^–1, regardless of soil conditions. These results confirmed the presence of both QTLs and furthermore implied that QTLs affected absorption mechanisms that specifically increased P uptake in a P deficient upland soil.Additional experiments were conducted to investigate if the effect of QTLs is linked to an increase in root growth or due to more efficient P uptake per unit root size (higher root efficiency). Root size did not differ significantly between genotypes in the plus-P treatment. P deficiency, however, reduced the root surface area of Nipponbare by more than 80% whereas NIL-C443 maintained almost half of its non-stress root surface area. The low root growth of Nipponbare observed under P deficiency was probably the result of insufficient P uptake to sustain plant growth, including root growth. Genotypic differences in the ability to maintain root growth, therefore are likely caused by some mechanism that increases the efficiency of roots to access P forms not readily available. This however, only had an effect in aerobic soil. Potential mechanisms leading to higher P uptake of NILs are discussed.     

黄花苜蓿与蒺藜苜蓿对土壤低磷胁迫适应策略的比较研究

土壤有效磷(P)含量低是限制植物生长的主要因素之一。根形态变化和根系大量分泌以柠檬酸为主的有机酸是植物适应土壤P素缺乏的重要机制。以广泛分布于我国北方的重要豆科牧草黄花苜蓿(Medicago falcata)和豆科模式植物蒺藜苜蓿(M. truncatula)为材料, 采用砂培方法, 研究了低P胁迫对其植株生长、根系形态和柠檬酸分泌的影响, 对比了两种苜蓿适应低P胁迫的不同策略。结果表明: 1)低P处理显著抑制了蒺藜苜蓿与黄花苜蓿的地上部生长, 而对地下部生长影响较小, 从而导致根冠比增加。2)低P胁迫显著降低黄花苜蓿的总根长和侧根长, 而对蒺藜苜蓿的上述根系形态指标没有显著影响。3)低P胁迫促进两种苜蓿根系的柠檬酸分泌, 无论是在正常供P还是低P胁迫条件下, 黄花苜蓿根系分泌柠檬酸量显著高于蒺藜苜蓿根系。上述结果表明, 黄花苜蓿和蒺藜苜蓿对低P胁迫的适应策略不同, 低P胁迫下, 黄花苜蓿主要通过根系大量分泌柠檬酸, 活化根际难溶态P来提高对P的吸收, 而蒺藜苜蓿维持较大的根系是其适应低P胁迫的主要策略。     

Effects of phosphate and pH stress on the growth and function of apple roots

Summary Effects of phosphate and pH stress on the growth and uptake functions of apple roots were studied over a period of fourteen days using split-root (2-way) seedlings in solution culture. The level of P fed to either or both halves of the root system was varied and a demineralized water control was also included. pH treatments consisted of using acidic nutrient solutions (pH 3 to 4) or nutrient solutions adjusted to pH 5.0 before use.Solution pH proved of paramount importance for the expression of P deficiency effects on root growth and water uptake. Where initial solution pH was favourable for root growth (pH 5), P deficiency stimulated root growth and water uptake per seedling even if the stress was localized. On the other hand, acidic solutions and the water control inhibited root growth and water uptake compared with +P controls. Where solution pH was favourable, P stress also led to an increase in the mean length per root versus the +P control suggesting that the plant adapted to stress by developing an exploratory type of root.Water use per seedling was predominantly a function of root size rather than leaf area since the treatments influenced root size to a much greater extent than leaf area. Uptake was positively related to root size in that adjusted solutions gave a higher water use than nonadjusted solutions. However, efficiency of water use per unit weight of root was consistently higher in the nonadjusted solutions and this appeared to be due to the presence of a larger number of root tips per unit weight of root in such solutions compared with root systems in pH adjusted solutions.Uptake of P per half root was higher from pH adjusted than from nonadjusted solutions and was also increased by increasing the P concentration. Further, for any one treatment P uptake per half root increased throughout the experiment indicating that uptake was influenced by root growth. However, in contrast to water uptake, uptake of P per unit weight or per unit surface area of root was not changed by pH adjustment nor was this parameter of uptake concentration dependent. That is, the above-mentioned pH and concentration effects on P uptake were mediated through effects on root growth.Comparing localized versus uniform placement of P, uptake of P was significantly higher from the uniform application. However, uptake from localized placement at pH 5 was markedly higher than uptake under pH stress and therefore if the pH of the medium remains favourable for root growth then the lower value for localized placement could probably be compensated for by further increasing the concentration of P applied.     

The influence of phosphorus deficiency on growth and nitrogen fixation of white clover plants

The effects of P deficiency on growth, N(2)-fixation and photosynthesis in white clover (Trifolium repens L.) plants were investigated using three contrasting relative addition rates of P, or following abrupt withdrawal of the P supply. Responses to a constant below-optimum P supply rate consisted of a decline in N(2)-fixation per unit root weight and a small reduction in the efficiency with which electrons were allocated to the reduction of N(2) in nodules. Abrupt removal of P arrested nodule growth and caused a substantial decline in nitrogenase activity per unit root weight, but not per unit nodule mass. Similarly, the rate of photosynthesis per unit leaf area was unaffected by abrupt P removal, whereas CO(2) acquisition for the plant as a whole decreased due to a decline in total leaf area, leaf area per unit leaf weight and utilization of incoming radiation. These changes followed the decline in tissue P concentrations. The ratio between CO(2)-fixation and N(2)-fixation was maintained under short-term P deprivation but increased under long-term low P supply, indicating a regulatory inhibition of nodule activity following morphological and growth adjustments. It is concluded that N(2)-fixation did not limit the growth of clover plants experiencing P deficiency. A low P status induced changes in the relative growth of roots, nodules and shoots rather than changes in N and/or C uptake rates per unit mass or area of these organs.     

Combining a modelling with a genetic approach in establishing associations between genetic and physiological effects in relation to phosphorus uptake

The Pup1 locus confers tolerance to phosphorus (P) deficiency in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Transferring the Pup1 locus to an intolerant genotype increased P uptake by a factor 3 to 4. Lines with the Pup1 locus maintained higher root growth rates under P deficiency, but only as they started to diverge from intolerant lines in P uptake. It was thus not possible to determine if differences in root growth preceded and caused differences in P uptake or whether high root growth was the result of higher external P uptake efficiency (P influx per root size). The purpose of this paper is to review experimental evidence on the effect of Pup1 in light of recent results in modelling cause-and-effect relations between root growth, external efficiency and P uptake. Model simulations suggested that only very small changes in factors enhancing root growth were needed to explain the effect of Pup1 on P uptake. A 22% increase in root fineness or in internal P utilization efficiency (root dry matter per root P) was sufficient to triple P uptake . External root efficiency had to increase by 33 to account for the effect of Pup1. However, the most noticeable effect of increases in external efficiency was a subsequent stimulation of root growth that contributed eight times more to final P uptake compared to the change in external efficiency. Comparisons of model simulations with empirical data suggested that measured differences in external efficiency between Nipponbare and NIL-Pup1 were sufficiently large to account for the increase in P uptake. A segregation analysis using several pairs of contrasting NILs (at the Pup1 locus) further confirmed this as Pup1 co-segregated with external efficiency but not with seedling root growth or internal efficiency.     

A study of the role of root morphological traits in growth of barley in zinc-deficient soil

Zinc (Zn) deficiency reduces crop yields globally. This study investigated the importance of root morphological traits, especially root hairs, in plant growth and Zn uptake. Wild-type barley (Hordeum vulgare) Pallas and its root-hairless mutant brb were grown in soil and solution culture at different levels of Zn supply for 16 d. Root morphological traits (root length, diameter, and surface area) were measured using the WinRHIZOPro Image Analysis system. In soil culture, Pallas had greater shoot dry matter, shoot Zn concentration, shoot Zn content, and Zn uptake per cm(2) root surface area than brb, primarily under zinc deficiency. Both Pallas and brb developed longer roots under Zn deficiency. Development of root hairs was not affected by plant Zn status. In solution culture, there were no significant genotypic differences in any of the parameters measured, indicating that mutation in brb does not affect growth and Zn uptake. However, both Pallas and brb developed longer and thinner roots, and root hair growth was less than in soil culture, and was not affected by plant Zn status. The better growth and greater Zn uptake of Pallas compared with brb in Zn-deficient soil can be attributed primarily to greater root surface area due to root hairs in Pallas rather than other root morphological differences.     

硝态氮（NO3^—）对水稻侧根生长及其氮吸收的影响

侧根是植物吸收利用土壤养分的重要器官 ,其生长发育受内部遗传因子和外部环境矿质养分的影响。通过琼脂分层培养发现 :局部供应NO-3 可以诱导水稻 (OryzasativaL .)主根或不定根上侧根的生长。为研究旱种条件下NO-3 对水稻侧根发育及其N吸收的影响 ,设置了 3个蛭石培养实验 :分根处理、全株缺N、全株供N处理。分根处理 (一半根系供应 3mmol/LKNO3,另一半根系供应 3mmol/LKCl)结果表明 :局部供应NO-3 能够促进水稻侧根生长。而在全株处理下 ,N饥饿诱导了侧根的伸长。水稻根系对NO-3 的这两种反应都存在着显著的基因型差异。同时对地上部N浓度、可溶性总糖含量及N含量分析表明 ,这些生理指标在分根处理与全株加N处理中的差异均不显著 ,表明分根处理也能基本满足植株正常生长对N的需求。在分根处理中 ,水稻的N含量与分根处理中供N一侧的平均侧根长度存在显著正相关 ,这表明在养分不均一的介质中 ,侧根长度对水稻N素吸收具有十分重要的作用。而在N素充足的条件下 ,两者之间的相关性并不显著 ,这暗示在养分充足的环境下 ,侧根长度可能并不是决定根系吸收N素的主要因素     

模拟氮沉降对低磷胁迫下马尾松无性系细根形态和氮磷效率的影响

根系是植物吸收土壤营养的关键部位, 不同径级根系的形态和功能差异不仅与植株自身的遗传因素有关, 而且受到土壤中营养元素分布和水平的影响。在我国亚热带高氮沉降和酸性红壤磷匮乏及不均一的土壤环境下, 研究林木不同径级根系对外界营养环境变化的响应有利于深入了解林木根系的觅养机制及规律。该文以马尾松(Pinus massoniana)无性系19-5 (高磷效率)和21-3 (低磷效率)为材料, 在同质低磷和异质低磷两种盆栽处理下, 设置3个氮水平(对照、中氮和高氮)的模拟氮沉降实验。结果表明: 1)马尾松无性系苗木的生长受磷环境、氮水平和无性系三因素共同影响, 模拟氮沉降显著促进了异质低磷下马尾松苗高和整株干物质量的增加, 而在同质低磷下氮效应不显著; 在异质低磷、高氮下, 无性系19-5的苗高和整株干物质量分别是无性系21-3的1.1倍和1.6倍。2)马尾松各径级细根长度和表面积随径级增大而减小, 模拟氮沉降促进了直径≤1.5 mm的细根的增生发育, 直径1.5-2.0 mm的细根和>2.0 mm的较粗根无明显变化; 另外, 直径≤1.5 mm的细根长度占总根长的比例保持在90.4%-92.8%范围内, 受氮影响较小。3)模拟氮沉降显著提高了异质低磷下无性系19-5≤1.5 mm的细根长度和表面积, 同时, 其根系氮、磷吸收效率较对照分别高出93.3%和148.4%; 无性系21-3的根系氮、磷吸收效率受氮影响较小; 根系氮、磷利用效率均无显著变化。上述结果表明, ≤1.5 mm的细根的增生发育和氮、磷吸收效率的提高可能是磷高效马尾松无性系应对高氮低磷环境的重要响应机制。     

Citrate exudation from white lupin induced by phosphorus deficiency differs from that induced by aluminum

Both phosphorus (P) deficiency and aluminum (Al) toxicity induce root exudation of carboxylates, but the relationship between these two effects is not fully understood. Here, carboxylate exudation induced by Al in Lupinus albus (white lupin) was characterized and compared with that induced by P deficiency. Aluminum treatments were applied to whole root systems or selected root zones of plants with limited (1 microM) or sufficient (50 microM) P supply. Aluminum stimulated citrate efflux after 1-2 h; this response was not mimicked by a similar trivalent cation, La(3+). P deficiency triggered citrate release from mature cluster roots, whereas Al stimulated citrate exudation from the 5- to 10-mm subapical root zones of lateral roots and from mature and senescent cluster roots. Al-induced citrate exudation was inhibited by P limitation at the seedling stage, but was stimulated at later growth stages. Citrate exudation was sensitive to anion-channel blockers. Al treatments did not affect primary root elongation, but inhibited the elongation of lateral roots. The data demonstrate differential patterns of citrate exudation in L. albus, depending on root zone, developmental stage, P nutritional status and Al stress. These findings are discussed in terms of possible functions and underlying mechanisms.     

Effects of simulated nitrogen deposition on fine root morphology,nitrogen and phosphorus efficiency of Pinus massoniana clone under phosphorus deficiency

Aims In forest ecosystems with phosphorus (P) deficiency, the impact of atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition on nutritional traits related to N and P uptake potentially affect plant growth and vegetation productivity. The objective of this study was to explore the effects of simulated N deposition on fine root morphological characteristics and effiency of N and P absorption in Pinus massoniana under under low P stress.
Methods Two clones of P. massoniana seedling with different P efficiency (high P efficiency 19-5 vs. low P efficiency 21-3) were used. A two-year pot experiment was applyed with treatments of two P conditions, (i.e. homogeneous low P availability vs. heterogeneous low P availability) and three N deposition levels (0, 30 and 120 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1; i.e., N0, N30, or N120, respectively) .
Important findings 1) The growth of P. massoniana seedling was interactively affected the three factors: simulated N deposition, P condition and genotypes. Simulated N deposition increased the seedling height and dry mass under heterogeneous P deficiency, but did not significantly affect those traits under homogeneous P deficiency. Under heterogeneous P deficiency and N120 treatment, the seedling height and dry mass of clone 19-5 were 1.1 times and 1.6 times higher than that of clone 21-3, respectively. 2) Fine root length and surface area decreased as root diameter increased. N deposition significantly stimulated proliferation of fine root with diameter ≤1.5 mm, while roots with diameters ranged from 1.5 to 2.0 mm and over 2.0 mm were not influenced. The length of fine root ≤1.5 mm in diameter accounted for 90.4%-92.8% of the total root length and was not affected by N deposition. 3) Under the heterogeneous low P condition, clone 19-5 was found to respond to the simulated N deposition with increased root length and surface area in fine-root diameter class of ≤1.5 mm. Additionally, in compared with control, its N and P absorption efficiency were significantly enhanced 93.3% and 148.4%, respectively under N120 treatment. However, the N and P absorption efficiency of clone 21-3 was less affected by the simulated N deposition. The N and P use efficiency had no notable variation. Finally, we found that the proliferation of fine-root ≤1.5 mm in diameter and high N (P) absorption efficiency maybe the adaptive mechanisms of P. massoniana responding to atmospheric N deposition under P deficiency.     

硝态氮(NO-3)对水稻侧根生长及其氮吸收的影响

侧根是植物吸收利用土壤养分的重要器官,其生长发育受内部遗传因子和外部环境矿质养分的影响.通过琼脂分层培养发现:局部供应NO-3可以诱导水稻( Oryza sativa L.)主根或不定根上侧根的生长.为研究旱种条件下NO-3对水稻侧根发育及其N吸收的影响,设置了3个蛭石培养实验:分根处理、全株缺N、全株供N处理.分根处理(一半根系供应3 mmol/L KNO3,另一半根系供应3 mmol/L KCl)结果表明:局部供应NO-3 能够促进水稻侧根生长.而在全株处理下,N饥饿诱导了侧根的伸长.水稻根系对NO-3的这两种反应都存在着显著的基因型差异.同时对地上部N浓度、可溶性总糖含量及N含量分析表明,这些生理指标在分根处理与全株加N处理中的差异均不显著,表明分根处理也能基本满足植株正常生长对N的需求.在分根处理中,水稻的N含量与分根处理中供N一侧的平均侧根长度存在显著正相关,这表明在养分不均一的介质中,侧根长度对水稻N素吸收具有十分重要的作用.而在N素充足的条件下,两者之间的相关性并不显著,这暗示在养分充足的环境下,侧根长度可能并不是决定根系吸收N素的主要因素.     

Nutrient uptake relationship to root characteristics of rice

Data on root parameters and distribution are important for an improved understanding of the factors influencing nutrient uptake by a crop. Therefore, a study was conducted on a Crowley silt loam at the Rice Research and Extension Center near Stuttgart, Arkansas to measure root growth and N, P and K uptake by three rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars at active tillering (36 days after emergence (DAE)), maximum tillering (41 DAE), 1.25 cm internode elongation (55 DAE), booting (77 DAE) and heading (88 DAE). Soil-root core samples were taken to a depth of 40 cm after plant samples were removed, sectioned into 5 cm intervals, roots were washed from soil and root lengths, dry weights and radii were measured. Root parameters were significantly affected by the soil depth × growth stage interaction. In addition, only root radius was affected by cultivar. At the 0- to 5-cm soil depth, root length density ranged from 38 to 93 cm cm^-3 throughout the growing season and decreased with depth to about 2 cm cm^-3 in the 35- to 40-cm depth increment. The increase in root length measured with each succeeding growth stage in each soil horizon also resulted in increased root surface area, hence providing more exposed area for nutrient uptake. About 90% of the total root length was found in the 0- to 20-cm soil depth throughout the season. Average root radius measured in the 0- to 5-cm and 35- to 40-cm depth increments ranged from 0.012 to 0.013 cm and 0.004 to 0.005 cm, respectively throughout the season. Total nutrient uptake by rice differed among cultivars only during vegetative growth. Differences in total nutrient uptake among the cultivars in the field appear to be related to absorption kinetics of the cultivars measured in a growth chamber study. Published with permission of the Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station.     

Root plasticity as the key root trait for adaptation to various intensities of drought stress in rice

Roots play an important role in rice adaptation to drought conditions. This study aimed to identify the key root traits that contribute to plant adaptation to drought stress. We used chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs) derived from Nipponbare and Kasalath crosses, which were grown in the field and hydroponics. In field experiments, the plants were grown under soil moisture gradients with line source sprinkler system up to around heading. Among the 54 CSSLs, only CSSL50 consistently showed significantly higher shoot dry matter production than its parent Nipponbare as the drought intensified for 3?years while most of the CSSLs reduced dry matter production to similar extents with Nipponbare under the same conditions. CSSL50 showed significantly greater total root length through promoted lateral root branching and elongation than Nipponbare, especially under mild stress conditions (15?30% w/w of soil moisture contents), which is considered as phenotypic plasticity. Such plastic root development was the key trait that effectively contributed to plant dry matter production through increased total root length and thus water uptake. However, there was no relationship between root plasticity and plant growth under the stress conditions induced by polyethylene glycol in hydroponics.     

Root growth and nitrate uptake by wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) following wetting of dry surface soil

The nitrate uptake capacity of surface roots of spring wheat(Triticum aestivum L. cv. Kulin) was investigated followingwetting of dry surface soil. Plants were grown to stem elongationstage with adequate watering at depth while the surface soilwas allowed to dry. Eight weeks after sowing, water or a ¹⁵N-nitratesolution was added to the surface soil to simulate rainfall.Root growth and nitrate uptake were measured up to 4 d afterwetting on plants with unconfined nodal root growth and on plantswith the majority of nodal roots confined within small vials.Prior to wetting, plants from both nodal treatments had seminalroots with collapsed cortices along the upper 10 cm and manyshort, viable lateral roots. Nodal roots, where present, wereonly a few cm long and unbranched. Only plants with unconfinednodal roots were able to take up nitrate within the 24 h beforeany new root growth. By 2 d after wetting there was significantgrowth of the seminal lateral roots, and rapid growth and branchingof nodal roots. From 2 d after wetting, plants with confinednodal roots also took up nitrate, presumably due to the growthof the seminal lateral roots. Hence it appears as though thenodal roots in the unconfined treatment could immediately takeup nitrate, but the seminal roots required new lateral rootgrowth to become active in nitrate uptake. The plants with confinednodal roots had a lower nitrate uptake than those with unconfinednodal roots 4 d after wetting, indicating that the seminal rootsystem was not able to compensate for lack of nodal roots. Insufficientnitrate was taken up after 4 d, by plants from either nodalroot treatment, to increase the shoot N concentration significantly. Key words: Triticum aestivum, nitrate uptake, drought, seminal roots, nodal roots     

干旱胁迫对花生根系生长发育和生理特性的影响

以花育17号和唐科8号两个花生品种为试验材料,在防雨棚栽培池内进行土柱栽培试验,研究了中度干旱胁迫和正常供水处理下花生生育后期根系形态发育特征和生理特性.结果表明: 唐科8号具有较发达的根系及较高的产量和抗旱系数,花育17号根系对干旱胁迫的适应性小于唐科8号.两品种根长密度、根系生物量均主要分布于0～40 cm土层中,但同一土层内两品种根系性状存在差异.与正常供水处理相比,干旱胁迫处理使花育17号各生育期总根长、根系总表面积和总体积均降低,而唐科8号除花针期显著降低外,其余生育期均明显升高;干旱胁迫增加了两品种20～40 cm土层内根系生物量、根系表面积和体积,而降低了40 cm以下土层内各根系性状;干旱胁迫处理使两品种饱果期40 cm以下土层内根系活力降低,且花育17号降低幅度高于唐科8号.干旱胁迫下两品种生育后期根系发育和生理特性的差异表明其根系在干旱胁迫下对水分吸收和利用存在差异.     

垂直方向磷素竞争对杉木根系生长及生物量分配的影响

针对自然环境中有效磷养分主要分布于土壤表层而容易导致植物根系激烈竞争的问题,选择同一杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)无性系幼苗为研究对象,采用水平方向空间狭小而垂直方向空间大的室内盆栽模拟装置,以单株种植为对照,构建双株种植的竞争处理,通过设置3个供磷水平:不供磷处理(0 mg/kg KH_2PO_4)、低磷处理(6 mg/kg KH_2PO_4)和正常供磷处理(12 mg/kg KH_2PO_4),采用破坏性试验方式收获,分别在试验的前期(50 d)、中期(100 d)和后期(150 d)测定不同处理条件下杉木幼苗根系生物量与根系形态的变化,研究邻株杉木根系在垂直方向上对有限磷素资源的竞争策略。结果表明:竞争处理和供磷水平对杉木幼苗根系长度、平均直径等形态指标的影响存在交互作用(P0.05),对杉木幼苗生物量分配、比根长等指标的影响均不存在明显的交互作用(P0.05)。竞争处理中杉木根系形态增量均明显高于非竞争处理的单株幼苗,且随着胁迫时间的增加,根系形态增量均呈现显著的上升趋势,其中在胁迫中期和后期的增量明显高于前期,且邻株竞争处理明显提高了杉木的比根长,提升了根系觅磷的能力;随着供磷水平的提高,根表面积和根体积增量大体上呈现先上升后下降的趋势。与非竞争处理相比,竞争条件下杉木地上部生物积累量差异不明显,而根系生物量、根冠比均低于非竞争处理的单株幼苗。