利用花粉辐射诱发普通小麦与大赖草染色体易位的研究

将小麦－大赖草Ｌｒ．２和Ｌｒ．１４染色体二体异附加系９４Ｇ１５和９４Ｇ４５即将成熟花粉经＾６０Ｃｏ－γ射线辐射处理,然后分别给普通小麦品种扬麦５号和绵阳１１授粉。辐射Ｍ１的ＰＭＣ ＭＩ期染色体Ｇｉｅｍｓａ Ｃ－分带和基因组ＤＮＡ荧光原位杂交处理后进行染色体配对分析,从１７株Ｍ１单株中筛选到５株ＰＭＣ ＭＩ期大赖草染色体与小麦配对的个体。根据这５株单株自交Ｍ２种子根尖细胞有丝分裂中期染色体Ｃ－分带和     

Development of Triticum aestivum-Leymus racemosus translocation lines using gametocidal chromosomes

Specific chromosomes of certain Aegilops species introduced into wheat genome background may often facilitate chromosome breakage and refusion, and finally result in a variety of chromosome restructuring. Such a phenomenon is commonly called gametocidal effect of the chromosomes. The chromosome 2C of Ae. cylindrica is one of such chromosomes. In the present study, scab resistant wheat-L. racemosus addition lines involving chromosomes Lr.2 and Lr.7 were crossed to wheat-Ae. cylindrica disomic addition line Add2C. Then F₁ hybrids were subsequently backcrossed with wheat cv “Chinese Spring”. BC₁ plants with chromosome structural aberration were identified by C-banding. In the self-pollinated progenies of these plants, three translocation lines were developed and characterized by mitotic and meiotic analysis combined with C-banding and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) using biotin-labeled genomic DNA of L. racemosus as probe. Some other putative translocation lines to be further characterized were also found. The practicability and efficiency of the translocation between wheat and alien chromosomes induced by gametocidal chromosomes, as well as the potential use of the developed alien translocation lines were also discussed.     

Development of Triticum aestivum Leymus racemosus Translocation Lines by Irradiating Adult Plants at Meiosis

Two alien translocation lines referring to chromosome Lr. 7 of Leymus racemosus (lam.) Tzvel. were produced from M2 of Triticum aestivum-L, racemosus Lr. 7 monosomic addition lines irradiated with 60Co- γ rays of 600-1125R does shortly before meiosis. Among them, T02 was identified to contain largely-alien, partly-wheat translocation chromosomes, T08 contains a centric fusion translocation chromosome of TLr. 7S (L?) ·4AL on the basis of Giemasa C-banding and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH).     

Development of Triticum aestivum-Leymus racemosus translocation lines using gametocidal chromosomes

Maan[1] and Endo[2] et al. first reported that some chromosomes from Ae. longgissima, Ae. sharonensis and Ae. triuncialis showed preferential transmission when introduced into wheat background. The mechanism for this phenomenon rests with the fact that contrary to the normal fertility of gametes with these chromosomes, chromosome structural aberrations occur seriously in the gametes without these chromosomes, causing less compatibility in selective fertilization and resulting in semi-sterilit…     

小麦—簇毛麦染色体代换系、易位系特异蛋白组分的双向电泳比较分析

利用双向电泳技术,对栽培小麦(AABBDD)、染色体代换系(6V/6A)、易位系(6VS/6AL)、(6VS/6DL)和簇毛麦(VV)的叶片全蛋白进行了比较研究。在栽培小麦、代换系和两个易位系中检测到超过350个蛋白组分,它们的分子量范围是10~110 KD,等电点在4.5～8.6之间。栽培小麦、6V/6A、6VS/6AL、与6VS/6DL之间的双向电泳谱型极为相似,但与簇毛麦不同。在代换系、两个易位系和簇毛麦中检测到了特异蛋白组分16 KD/pI5.0,而在栽培小麦中未检测到该组分,这些结果表明16 KD/pI5.0蛋白可能定位于簇毛麦V染色体短臂上。     

Development and molecular cytogenetic analysis of wheat-Haynaldia villosa 6VS/6AL translocation lines specifying resistance to powdery mildew

Several Triticum aestivum L.-Haynaldia villosa disomic 6VS/6AL translocation lines with powdery mildew resistance were developed from the hybridization between common wheat cultivar Yangmai 5 and alien substitution line 6V(6A). Mitotic and meiotic C-banding analysis, aneuploid analysis with double ditelosomic stocks, in situ hybridization, as well as the phenotypic assessment of powdery mildew resistance, were used to characterize these lines. The same translocated chromosome, with breakpoints near the centromere, appears to be present in all the lines, despite variation among the lines in their morphology and agronomic characteristics. The resistance gene, conferred by H. villosa and designated as Pm21, is a new and promising source of powdery mildew resistance in wheat breeding.This research was supported by grants from the National High-Tech R and D Program and the National Science and Technology Commission     

用克隆池PCR法筛选小麦-簇毛麦易位系6VS/6AL基因组TAC文库获得抗病基因候选克隆

用根据抗病基因保守区设计的一对简并性引物,从小麦－簇毛麦易位系6VS／6AL cDNA中PCR扩增获得一个具有抗病基因核苷酸结合位点（Nucleotide binding site,NBS）结构特点的DNA片段克隆N7。从小麦－簇毛麦易位系6VS／6AL基因组TAC（Transformation-competent artificial chromosome,TAC）文库的22块96孔板提取所有2112个克隆池（每个池含约1000个克隆）的质粒,再根据N7的核苷酸序列设计一对特异引物,用克隆池PCR（pooled PCR)法经分级筛选从文库中获得一个阳性克隆。以N7为探针,通过Southern杂交证实了该TAC克隆为真正含有抗病候选基因的克隆。研究结果表明克隆池PCR法对克隆数目巨大的基因组文库的筛选很有效。     

Transmission of 6VS Chromosome in Wheat- Haynaldia villosa Translocation Lines and Genetic Stability of Pm21 Carried by 6VS

Fa plants from Yang94-138 ×92R149 were analyzed using species-specific probe pHv62 for Haynaldia villosa (L.) Schur and RFLP probe Psrll3 located on the short ann of homoeologous group six for wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. ). The results showed that the transmission rate of 6VS in the F2 was 69.5 %, which was close to the expected value of 75%. 147 F2 plants from the above Fl plant were tested for their resistance in seedling stage to 6 pathogenic strains of powdery mildew. It was observed that Pm21 genes on 6VS inherited dominantly and expressed well when transferred to wheat－"Yangmai 158" genotype.     

Cytogenetic and molecular identification of three Triticum aestivum-Leymus racemosus translocation addition lines

Chromosome 2C from Aegilops cylindrica has the ability to induce chromosome breakage in common wheat （Tritivum aestivum）. In the BC1F3 generation of the T. aestivum cv. Chinese Spring and a hybrid between T. aestivum-Leymus racemosus Lr.7 addition line and T. aestivum-Ae, cylindrica 2C addition line, three disomic translocation addition lines （2n = 44） were selected by mitotic chromosome C-banding and genomic in situ hybridization. We further characterized these T. aestivum-L, racemosus translocation addition lines, NAU636, NAU637 and NAU638, by chromosome C-banding, in situ hybridization using the A- and D-genome-specific bacterial artificial chromosome （BAC） clones 676D4 and 9M13; plasmids pAsl and pSc119.2, and 45S rDNA; as well as genomic DNA of L. racemosus as probes, in combination with double ditelosomic test cross and SSR marker analysis. The translocation chromosomes were designated as T3AS-Lr7S, T6BS-Lr7S, and T5DS-Lr7L. The translocation line T3AS-Lr7S was highly resistant to Fusarium head blight and will be useful germplasm for resistance breeding.     

二角型非1B/1R 小麦CMS不育恢复体系的建立

通过对具有二角山羊草细胞质的1B/1R型小麦雄性不育系m s(A e.bicorn is)-5-1回交置换,获得了新型二角山羊草细胞质小麦雄性不育系m s(A e.bicor)-V 9125和m s(A e.bicor)-M 853.利用染色体制片、分子标记、原位杂交和酸性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳对其保持系V 9125和M 853进行分子细胞遗传学检测,并对其育性恢复性机理进行了初步研究.结果表明:(1)V 9125和M 853均为非1B/1R易位系.V 9125为小麦-簇毛麦易位系,m s(A e.bicor)-V 9125是二角山羊草细胞质与普通小麦核背景中簇毛麦外源染色体互作产生的一类新的核质互作不育系.(2)M 853为小麦-滨麦易位系,m s(A e.bicor)-M 853是二角山羊草细胞质与普通小麦核背景中滨麦外源染色体互作产生的一类新的核质互作不育系.(3)利用一些普通小麦品种(系)与这两个不育系杂交,m s(A e.bicor)-V 9125和m s(A e.bicor)-M 853仅与T 6-3杂交育性得到恢复,且恢复度较高,变异小,而与其它大部分普通小麦杂交F1表现雄性不育,且扬花期花药不外露.而m s(A e.bicor)-5-1与包括T 6-3在内的普通小麦品种(系)杂交F1育性得到不同程度的恢复.从而得出结论,二角山羊草细胞质与小麦细胞核的互作存在两个不同的不育-恢复系统.     

Characterization of T. aestivum-H, californicum chromosome addition lines DA2H and MA5H

In order to transfer useful genes of Hordeum californicum into common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), the T. aestivum c.v. Chinese Spring (CS)-H. californicum amphiploid was crossed to CS, and its backcrossing and self-fertilized progenies were analyzed by morpho-logical observation, cytological, biochemical and molecular marker techniques. Alien addition lines with two H. californicum chromo-somes were identified and their genetic constitution was characterized. STS-PCR analysis using chromosome 2B specific markers indi-cated that chromosome H3 of 1t. califomicum belongs to homoeologous group 2, and was thus designated 2H. SDS-PAGE showed that chromosome H2 of H. californicum belongs to homoeologous group 5, and was designated 5H. The CS-H. californicum amphiploid and the chromosome addition lines (DA2H and MA5H) identified were evaluated for powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis f. sp. triticii) resis-tance in field. The preliminary results indicated that the amphiploid showed higher powdery mildew resistance than CS. However, chro-mosome addition lines DA2H and MA5H were highly susceptible to powdery mildew, indicating that major powdery mildew resistant genes of H. californicum should be located on chromosomes other than 2H and 5H.     

Characterization of T.aestivum-H.californicum chromosome addition lines DA2H and MA5H

In order to transfer useful genes of Hordeum californicum into common wheat(Triticum aestivum L.),the T.aestivum c.v.Chinese Spring(CS)-H.californicum amphiploid was crossed to CS,and its backcrossing and self-fertilized progenies were analyzed by morphological observation,cytological,biochemical and molecular marker techniques.Alien addition lines with two H.californicum chromosomes were identified and their genetic constitution was characterized.STS-PCR analysis using chromosome 2B specific markers indica...     

抗白粉病小麦-中间偃麦草二体异附加系与杀配子材料杂交后代的细胞遗传学研究

利用已选育的抗白粉病烟农15-中间偃麦草二体异附加系与农林26-离果山羊草3C染色体附加系杂交．对其F1、F2、F3的细胞遗传学进行研究．结果表明：F1花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ染色体构型紊乱,在39．48％的细胞中发现染色体断片、单价体,后期Ⅰ、后期Ⅱ出现落后染色体、染色体桥．四分体期微核出现频率达48．65％,说明杀配子染色体可有效诱导染色体发生断裂等结构变异;F2代在细胞学方面仍不稳定,表现为染色体数目发生变异,花粉母细胞减数分裂染色体构型紊乱。多价体、落后染色体、染色体桥及微核的普遍出现．说明染色体问可能发生断裂、重接、交换或易位等现象,F2代白粉病抗性也出现分离;F3代虽然染色体数日和白粉病抗性仍在分离,但花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ染色体构型较F2稳定,相对紊乱系数下降．从F3代鉴定出了染色体数目为42、构型稳定且对白粉病表现免疫的单株。     

抗大麦黄矮病的小偃麦易位系的创制与鉴定

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