番茄线粒体和内质网小分子热激蛋白基因的分子克隆

以热激处理的番茄（Lycopersicon esculentum Mill．）花为实验材料,构建了cDNA库,运用ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ方法克隆番茄粒体和内质网小分子热激蛋白cDNA,利用这两个保守区片段为探针,筛选cDNA库,获得线粒体和内质网小分子热激蛋白全序列cDNA。;通过分析线粒体和内质网小分子热激蛋白基因对温度的反应,发现小分子热激蛋白基因在番茄花中的热激应答温度低于它们在叶片中的热激应答温度,并且番茄叶片中的线粒体小分子热激蛋白基因还具有低温应答特性。对线粒体和内质网小分子热激蛋白基因的分子结构特点,小分子热激蛋白基因在番茄花中的特别热激应答温度的调控机理以及线粒体小分子热激蛋白的基因在中片中的低温度应答成因进行了讨论。     

Ovule-specific expression of the genes for mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum localized small heat-shock proteins in tomato flower

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) mitochondrial small heat-shock protein (MT-sHSP) gene is known to respond quickly to heat stress in the leaves. To elucidate the role of sHSPs under heat stress in the reproductive organs and developing fruits, we examined the expression of the gene for MT-sHSP. In addition, the expression profiles of the genes for the cytosolic (class I and II) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) localized small heat-shock proteins (class I-, class II- and ER-sHSP, respectively) were also examined. Although the examined genes were not or weakly expressed at a normal growth temperature, they all significantly responded to heat stress. In the flower, MT- and ER-sHSP were accumulated not in the pollen, but in the ovule. The expression profile suggests a role for sHSPs in protection against heat stress.     

Molecular cloning of a tomato leaf cDNA encoding an aspartic protease, a systemic wound response protein

A full-length cDNA encoding an aspartic protease (LeAspP) has been cloned from a tomato leaf cDNA library. Using LeAspP cDNA as a probe in gel blots, LeAspP mRNA was shown to be systemically induced in tomato leaves by wounding. Application of methyl jasmonate to leaves of intact tomato plants, or supplying systemin to young tomato plants through their cut stems, induces synthesis of LeAspP mRNA. LeAspP message is regulated in tomato similar to several systemic wound response proteins (swrps) that are part of the defense response in tomato plants directed against herbivore attacks.     

番茄 calnexin 基因的克隆及胁迫表达分析

Calnexin是内质网中重要的类凝集素分子伴侣,其主要作用是辅助糖基化蛋白的折叠和装配,调节内质网中的Ca2 稳态平衡和Ca2 信号传导过程。从番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum)的cDNA文库中克隆到calnexincDNA全序列,将其命名为Lecnx61.0,并以其3’端DNA片段为探针对番茄基因组进行Southern分析,结果表明Lecnx61.0在该基因组中仅有一个拷贝;Northern和W estern分析表明,Lecnx61.0的表达还受热激、冷害、盐害和内质网应激诱导剂衣霉素的诱导,但对干旱胁迫没有明显的反应。LeCNX 61.0蛋白对Ca2 亏缺胁迫的响应呈现组织特异性,但高浓度Ca2 并不影响各组织中LeCNX 61.0蛋白的含量,实验结果表明LeCNX 61.0蛋白可能在植物抵抗特定的环境胁迫中发挥作用。     

番茄calnexin基因的克隆及胁迫表达分析

Calnexin是内质网中重要的类凝集素分子伴侣,其主要作用是辅助糖基化蛋白的折叠和装配,调节内质网中的Ca²⁺稳态平衡和Ca²⁺信号传导过程。从番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum)的cDNA文库中克隆到calnexincDNA全序列,将其命名为Lecnx61.0,并以其3’端DNA片段为探针对番茄基因组进行Southern分析,结果表明Lecnx61.0在该基因组中仅有一个拷贝;Northern和W estern分析表明,Lecnx61.0的表达还受热激、冷害、盐害和内质网应激诱导剂衣霉素的诱导,但对干旱胁迫没有明显的反应。LeCNX 61.0蛋白对Ca²⁺亏缺胁迫的响应呈现组织特异性,但高浓度Ca²⁺并不影响各组织中LeCNX 61.0蛋白的含量,实验结果表明LeCNX 61.0蛋白可能在植物抵抗特定的环境胁迫中发挥作用。     

Regulation of expression of two novel flower-specific genes from tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) by gibberellin.

Two flower-specific cDNAs have been isolated after differential screening of an anther cDNA library. This library was constructed 48 h after GA(3) treatment of buds of the GA-deficient gib-1 mutant of tomato. Northern blot analysis during flower development in tomato demonstrated that the expression of both genes is regulated by gibberellins (GAs). Application of GA(3) to developmentally arrested gib-1 flower buds induced new expression of tgas100 mRNA 48 h post-treatment, while an increased accumulation of tgas105 mRNA was found after 8 h. In situ analyses showed the spatial distribution of the expression of both genes within the tomato flower. One of the deduced polypeptides (TGAS105) displays similarities to cysteine-rich extensin-like proteins, while the other (TGAS100) shows significant homology with a stamen-specific gene of Antirrhinum majus. Based on the deduced protein sequences, the possible function of the encoded proteins is discussed.     

Overexpression of CYP2E1 in mitochondria sensitizes HepG2 cells to the toxicity caused by depletion of glutathione

Induction of CYP2E1 by ethanol is one mechanism by which ethanol causes oxidative stress and alcohol liver disease. Although CYP2E1 is predominantly found in the endoplasmic reticulum, it is also located in rat hepatic mitochondria. In the current study, chronic alcohol consumption induced rat hepatic mitochondrial CYP2E1. To study the role of mitochondrial targeted CYP2E1 in generating oxidative stress and causing damage to mitochondria, HepG2 lines overexpressing CYP2E1 in mitochondria (mE10 and mE27 cells) were established by transfecting a plasmid containing human CYP2E1 cDNA lacking the hydrophobic endoplasmic reticulum targeting signal sequence into HepG2 cells followed by G418 selection. A 40-kDa catalytically active NH2-terminally truncated form of CYP2E1 (mtCYP2E1) was detected in the mitochondrial compartment in these cells by Western blot analysis. Cell death caused by depletion of GSH by buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) was increased in mE10 and mE27 cells as compared with cells transfected with empty vector (pCI-neo). Antioxidants were able to abolish the loss of cell viability. Increased levels of reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial 3-nitrotyrosine and 4-hydroxynonenal protein adducts and decreased mitochondrial aconitase activity and mitochondrial membrane potential were observed in mE10 and mE27 cells treated with BSO. The mitochondrial membrane stabilizer, cyclosporine A, was also able to protect these cells from BSO toxicity. These results revealed that CYP2E1 in the mitochondrial compartment could induce oxidative stress in the mitochondria, damage mitochondria membrane potential, and cause a loss of cell viability. The accumulation of CYP2E1 in hepatic mitochondria induced by ethanol consumption might play an important role in alcohol liver disease.     

Enhanced tolerance to heat stress in transgenic plants expressing the GASA4 gene.

We conducted a genetic yeast screen to identify Thermo-tolerance genes (TTOs) in maize kernel cDNA library. During the screening, we identified a maize clone (TTO6) that seemed to confer elevated heat tolerance in comparison to control cells. TTO6 cDNA (GenBank accession no. AY103785) encodes an 11-kDa protein which is 69% similarity to the Arabidopsis GASA4 gene. To further examine heat tolerance in Arabidopsis, we functionally characterized the GASA4 gene and found that heat induced GASA4 expression. Constitutive expression of GASA4 in Arabidopsis led to elevated heat tolerance in transgenic lines. Interestingly, endoplasmic reticulum chaperone expression analysis suggests that GASA4 influences BiP gene expression during heat stress.     

Application of the shsp gene,encoding a small heat shock protein,as a food-grade selection marker for lactic acid bacteria

Plasmid pSt04 of Streptococcus thermophilus contains a gene encoding a protein with homology to small heat shock proteins (A. Geis, H. A. M. El Demerdash, and K. J. Heller, Plasmid 50:53-69, 2003). Strains cured from the shsp plasmids showed significantly reduced heat and acid resistance and a lower maximal growth temperature. Transformation of the cloned shsp gene into S. thermophilus St11 lacking a plasmid encoding shsp resulted in increased resistance to incubation at 60 degrees C or pH 3.5 and in the ability to grow at 52 degrees C. A food-grade cloning system for S. thermophilus, based on the plasmid-encoded shsp gene as a selection marker, was developed. This approach allowed selection after transfer of native and recombinant shsp plasmids into different S. thermophilus and Lactococcus lactis strains. Using a recombinant plasmid carrying an erythromycin resistance (Em(r)) gene in addition to shsp, we demonstrated that both markers are equally efficient in selecting for plasmid-bearing cells. The average transformation rates in S. thermophilus (when we were selecting for heat resistance) were determined to be 2.4 x 10(4) and 1.0 x 10(4) CFU/0.5 micro g of DNA, with standard deviations of 0.54 x 10(4) and 0.32 x 10(4), for shsp and Em(r) selection, respectively. When we selected for pH resistance, the average transformation rates were determined to be 2.25 x 10(4) and 3.8 x 10(3) CFU/0.5 micro g of DNA, with standard deviations of 0.63 x 10(4) and 3.48 x 10(3), for shsp and Em(r) selection, respectively. The applicability of shsp as a selection marker was further demonstrated by constructing S. thermophilus plasmid pHRM1 carrying the shsp gene as a selection marker and the restriction-modification genes of another S. thermophilus plasmid as a functional trait.     

淫羊藿花蕾cDNA文库的构建与鉴定

基于sm art技术构建了淫羊藿花蕾cDNA文库并检测了其质量。结果表明,该文库重组率为95%,平均插入片段大小为1095 bp,文库滴度为2×106pfu/mL,是一个高质量的淫羊藿花蕾cDNA文库。此文库的建立将有助于克隆与次生代谢相关的基因,特别是淫羊藿黄酮特异合成代谢的基因,其次是克隆与花发育相关的基因。     

VuNIP1 (NOD26-like) and VuHSP17.7 gene expression are regulated in response to heat stress in cowpea nodule

In tropical areas, high soil temperatures frequently limit biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) activity in a number of legumes species. In contrast with other legumes growing under BNF, cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) nodules are very resistant to high-temperature stress. However, the molecular basis of nodule heat tolerance remains unclear. In order to identify genes involved in the heat stress response in cowpea nodules a cDNA library was screened with cDNA-AFLP derived probes. Two full-length cDNAs corresponding to a small heat shock protein (VuHSP17.7) and to a Nodulin 26 (VuNIP1) were isolated and characterized. VuHSP17.7 encodes a sHSP family class I protein, and VuNIP1 corresponds to a NOD26-like protein, member of NIP subfamily of plant membrane intrinsic protein (MIP). VuHSP17.7 was highly induced by high-temperature stress in nodule, leaves, flower, and bud flower, and VuNIP1 was repressed in nodule after heat stress. Moreover, the spatial expression pattern of VuNIP1 and VuHSP17.7 differs significantly indicating that distinct signaling pathways under heat stress may regulate the expression of these genes.     

过量表达内质网小分子热激蛋白增强番茄的衣霉素抗性

真核细胞内质网腔内未折叠蛋白的过度积累会引起内质网胁迫（ER胁迫）,继而激活未折叠蛋白应答（UPR）信号途径,诱导内质网定位的分子伴侣的大量表达（如BiP和calnexin等）。本工作将CaMV35S启动子驱动的内质网小分子热激蛋白基因（ER-sHSP）导入番茄,发现ER-sHSP的过量表达提高了转基因番茄整株对衣霉素的抗性。衣霉素处理使未转基因番茄中BiP和calnexin基因的表达迅速升高,转基因番茄中这两个基因的表达也有增加,但表达强度明显低于未转基因番茄。说明ER-sHSP能够减轻ER胁迫,并可能参与UPR信号转导途径。     

The expression of tgas118, encoding a defensin in Lycopersicon esculentum, is regulated by gibberellin.

A flower specific cDNA, tgas118, has been isolated after differential screening of a gib-1 anther cDNA library of Lycopersicon esculentum. The corresponding mRNA was present in all tissues analysed. Northern blot analysis revealed that in wild-type tomato the gene was predominantly expressed throughout flower development, while in the gibberellin (GA)-deficient mutant of tomato (gib-1) the abundance declined. Treatment of the mutant with GA resulted in an accumulation of the tgas118 mRNA within hours in leaf and bud tissues. In the leaf, GA1, GA3 and GA9 were effective in enhancing the expression while GA4 was not. In addition to GA, wounding and dehydration also increased the accumulation of tgas118 mRNA in leaf tissue. In situ hybridization showed that application of 50 ng GA3 bud(-1) induced a similar spatial expression of the tgas118 mRNA in gib-1 buds 24 h post treatment to that found in wild-type flower buds. The deduced TGAS118 protein displays up to 77% similarity with defensins and as its expression is up-regulated by stimuli such as wounding it is proposed that it may play a role in protection against pathogens.     

Opposite effects of endotoxin on mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum functions

In this study, we determined functional integrity and reactive oxygen species generation in mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum in liver of rats subjected to endotoxic shock to clarify whether intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) destabilize cellular integrity causing necrosis in rats challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS caused drastically increased plasma levels of alanine aminotransferase, suggesting damage to plasma membranes of liver cells. Liver necrosis was confirmed by histological examination. LPS induced a significant increase in ROS production in rat liver mitochondria (RLM), but did not impair mitochondrial function. In contrast to mitochondria, enzymatic activity and ROS production of cytochrome P450 were lower in microsomal fraction obtained from LPS-treated animals, suggesting the dysfunction of endoplasmic reticulum. Protein patterns obtained from RLM by two-dimensional electrophoresis showed significant upregulation of mitochondrial superoxide dismutase by LPS. We hypothesize that upregulation of this enzyme protects mitochondria against mitochondrial ROS, but does not protect other cellular compartments such as endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membrane causing necrosis.     

利用抑制性差减杂交技术筛选草原龙胆花器官发育特性基因

目的:探讨草原龙胆花发育的分子机制,为进一步阐述花器官同源异型、属于MADS-box基因家族的一系列基因在调节开花植物花瓣和雄蕊的发育中的作用奠定基础。方法:以草原龙胆不同发育时期的花器官(萼片、花瓣、雄蕊、雌蕊)原基的cDNA作为试验方(tester),以茎叶组织的cDNA作为驱动方(driver),利用抑制性消减杂交技术构建了一个富集花器官发育特性基因的抑制性差减cDNA文库。对抑制性差减cDNA文库进行筛选、测序及Blast同源性比较。结果:获得了与花器官发育相关的特异性基因。结论:构建了抑制性差减cDNA文库,为克隆草原龙胆花器官发育特异性基因全长序列奠定了基础。