拟浒苔在澄江生物群中的发现及其生态学意义

报道了早寒武世澄江生物群中的一种新的化石藻类－肠拟浒苔（Enteromophites intestinalis sp.nov）,丰富了对该时期生物多样性的认识,通过现生浒苔属和石拟苔属藻类形态学的研究表明,这两个属在系统演化上可能有密切的亲缘关系,并阐述了澄江生物群可能发生了一个海水环境。     

Lactobacillus intestinalis (ex Hemme 1974) sp. nov., nom. rev., isolated from the intestines of mice and rats

The genetic and phenotypic properties of 10 strains identified as Lactobacillus intestinalis sp. nov. were examined. These strains constitute a distinct species which can be differentiated from all of the previously described homofermentative species in the genus Lactobacillus by their carbohydrate fermentation pattern. The guanine-plus-cytosine contents of their DNAs are 33 to 35 mol%. DNAs from 10 other Lactobacillus species did not exhibit significant levels of relatedness to representative strains of the new species. The name Lactobacillus intestinalis (ex Hemme) sp. nov., nom. rev. is proposed for these isolates, and strain Th4 (= ATCC 49335 = JCM 7548) is the type strain.     

渤海浒苔属绿藻调查

于2009年至2010年对渤海及其周边10个沿海城市和6个岛屿的浒苔属绿藻进行了调查,初步确定该海区缘管浒苔、肠浒苔、扁浒苔、浒苔、条浒苔5个种类的地理分布情况。并对生物量进行了评估。与历史资料相比,渤海中辽东湾、渤海湾和莱州湾三个湾内的浒苔多样性和生物量下降明显或保持较低水平,湾周边地区则维持较高水平。此外,在近海人工基质上,以浒苔属为主的绿藻相对于红藻、褐藻分布更为广泛。     

Six new species of palaeonemerteans (Nemertea) from Hong Kong

One new genus and six new species of palaeonemerteans are described and illustrated from Hong Kong and the New Territories; these are Hubrechtella sinimarinus sp. nov. and Parahubrechtia jillae gen. et sp. nov. in the Hubrechtidae, and Callinera bergendali sp. nov., Carinina sinensis sp. nov., Tubulanus hylbomi sp. nov. and Tubulanus longivasculus sp. nov. in the Tubulanidae. These bring the known number of pa-laeonemertean species from Hong Kong to 11; a key to these species, based primarily upon features distinguishable in the living animals, is provided.     

Novel morphology in Enteromorpha (Ulvophyceae) forming green tides

"Green tides" are vast accumulations of unattached green macroalgae associated with eutrophicated marine environments. They have major ecological and economic impacts globally, so an understanding of their origin and persistence is required in order to make management decisions. Blooms predominantly consist of two common fouling genera of the Ulvales, Ulva (distromatic sheets) and Enteromorpha (monostromatic tubes). In the Baltic Sea and elsewhere green tides have increased over the last few decades. On the west coast of Finland, summer blooms consist of monostromatic sheets resembling Monostroma (Codiolales). We identified these as Enteromorpha intestinalis by comparative analyses of rDNA internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1), 5.8S, and ITS2 sequences, the first time monostromatic sheets have been found in the genus Enteromorpha. Ordinary attached E. intestinalis sporulated freely in culture, but the sheets reproduced only by cell regeneration into typical tubular thalli. The ITS sequences were identical to those of attached E. intestinalis populations in southwestern Finland, but differed by two substitutions from other Baltic sequences. We infer that this bloom originated from local attached populations and now reproduces clonally by fragmentation. This study provides further evidence of radical changes in gross morphology of green algae under eutrophicated conditions and the need for molecular identification.     

Chlorophycean algae from the Triassic of Australia

Among living green algae assigned to the order Chlorococcales and order Zygnematales certain species develop resistant outer organic walls and/or cysts during their life cycles; as such they have the potential to become fossils. Based on morphology, comparison between living algae and microfossil remains are made with varying degrees of confidence, and a possible evolutionary pathway for certain chlorococcalean coenobial families is suggested. Twelve genera are reviewed from earliest to latest Triassic palynological assemblages from northwestern Australia; and the following taxa are described as new: Plaesiodictyon mosellanum ssp. symmetricum ssp. nov.; Plaesiodictyon mosellanum ssp. variabile ssp. nov.; Plaesiodictyon decussatus sp. nov.; Plaesiodictyon decussatus ssp. decussatus ssp. nov.; Plaesiodictyon decussatus ssp. tetracornuta ssp. nov.; Tetraporina protrusa sp. nov.; Crucigeniella? torques sp. nov.; and Paleoraphidia akestra gen. et sp. nov. (type). Their suggested natural affinities are useful in palaeoenvironmental interpretations of mostly freshwater or low-salinity habitats.     

The effects of triphenyltin chloride on respiration and photosynthesis in the green algae Enteromorpha intestinalis and Ulothrix pseudoflacca

Abstract Respiration and photosynthesis in zoospores of Enteromorpha intestinalis (L.) Link and Ulothrix pseudoflacca Wille showed greater sensitivity to inhibition by triphenyltin chloride than in vegetative tissue. Photosynthesis in zoospores and vegetative tissue of U. pseudoflacca was more resistant to triphenyltin chloride inhibition than in zoospores and vegetative tissue of E. intestinalis. Respiration in zoospores and vegetative tissue of both species was equally sensitive to triphenyltin chloride.     

中国同黑螨科二新种记述(蜱螨亚纲:缝颚螨总科)(英文)

本文报道了中国一新纪录科,即同黑螨科,描述了采自福建的二新种;李氏脊螨Annerossellaliisp.nov．和凤眼莲同黑螨Homocaliguscrassipusspnov.李氏脊螨与AnnerossellaknorriGonzalez,1978相似,区别是：1）该新种须肢附节感棒ω棒状,短于跗节;侧基毛不及须肢附节的1．5倍;后者须肢跗节感棒刚毛状,侧基毛约为跗节长度的2倍;2）新种后半体毛伸过其后方相邻毛基部,d2约为该毛到e2毛基部距离的1．5倍;后者e1毛远不达f1毛基部,d2约为该毛到e2毛基部距离的3／5;3）本新种体长不及350,后者体长在520以上。凤眼莲同黑螨与Homocaligusscapularis（Kock）相似,区别是：1）该新种腹毛3b位于基节且Ⅲ线,靠近基间板,后者的3b毛位于基节Ⅲ外缘,接近转节;2）该新种背毛e2位于d1水平前方,后者的e2毛位于d1水平后方。模式标本存放于福建农业大学植保系。李氏脊螨Annerossellaliisp．nov．种名以西南农业大学螨类学家李隆术教授的姓氏命名。     

Species-specific oligonucleotide probes for macroalgae: molecular discrimination of two marine fouling species of Enteromorpha (Ulvophyceae)

The green seaweeds Enteromorpha intestinalis and E. compressa are important fouling organisms commonly found in polluted and nutrient-enriched marine and brackish water habitats, where they are used in environmental monitoring. Discrimination of the two species is extremely difficult because of overlapping morphological characters. In this study a quick molecular method for species identification was developed based on the nuclear rDNA ITS2 sequence data of 54 E. intestinalis samples and 20 E. compressa samples from a wide geographical range. Oligonucleotide probes were designed for species-specific hybridization to dot-blots of the PCR-amplified ITS1, 5.8S gene and ITS2 fragment of both E. intestinalis and E. compressa. Specificity of the oligonucleotide probes was confirmed by tests with taxonomically diverse species that could morphologically be confused with E. intestinalis or E. compressa. This is the first use of species-specific probes for macroalgae. The restriction endonuclease NruI digested specifically the amplified PCR product from E. compressa into two fragments detectable on agarose gels, but no suitable restriction sites were identifiable in the PCR product of E. intestinalis.     

Morphological and Molecular Diversity of the Neglected Genus Rhizomastix Alexeieff, 1911 (Amoebozoa: Archamoebae) with Description of Five New Species

The genus Rhizomastix is a poorly known group of amoeboid heterotrophic flagellates living as intestinal commensals of insects, amphibians or reptiles, and as inhabitants of organic freshwater sediments. Eleven Rhizomastix species have been described so far, but DNA sequences from only a single species have been published. Recently, phylogenetic analyses confirmed a previous hypothesis that the genus belongs to the Archamoebae; however, its exact position therein remains unclear. In this study we cultured nine strains of Rhizomastix, both endobiotic and free‐living. According to their light‐microscopic morphology and SSU rRNA and actin gene analyses, the strains represent five species, of which four are newly described here: R. bicoronata sp. nov., R. elongata sp. nov., R. vacuolata sp. nov. and R. varia sp. nov. In addition, R. tipulae sp. nov., living in the intestine of crane flies, is separated from the type species, R. gracilis. We also examined the ultrastructure of R. elongata sp. nov., which revealed that it is more complicated than the previously described R. libera. Our data show that either the endobiotic lifestyle of some Rhizomastix species has arisen independently from other endobiotic archamoebae, or the free‐living members of this genus represent a secondary switch from the endobiotic lifestyle.     

中国沟胸盲蝽属新种及新纪录属种记述(半翅目:盲蝽科)(英)

记述了一中国新纪录属,沟胸盲蝽属Solenoxyphus Reuter1875及隶于该属的两新种及一中国新纪录种,分别定名为黄沟胸盲蝽S. flavicans, sp. nov, 采自新疆维吾尔自治区乌鲁木齐市、甘河子县、阜康县,绿沟胸盲蝽S. viridulus, sp. nov.采自青海省乌兰县、新疆维吾尔自治区米泉县、阜康县,及中国新纪录蒿沟胸盲蝽S. lepidus(Puton1874)采自新疆维吾尔自治区乌鲁木齐市、阜康县、米泉县、木垒县及甘河子县,寄主均为蒿属植物Artemisia spp.。     

Four New Recent Genera of Foraminiferida

SYNOPSIS. Four new genera of Foraminiferida are described. Phlegeria , type species P. hyalina sp. nov. and Tomaculoides , type species T. lucidum sp. nov. belong to the family Glandulinidae, and both were obtained from the Gulf of Mexico. Francesita , type species Virgulina ? advena Cusbman is found in the North Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico, and belongs to the Caucasinidae. Montfortella , type species M. bramlettei sp. nov. occurs in Pleistocene strata and is living on the coast of California, and belongs to the Cibicididae.     

NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN SPECIES OF GENUS SOLENOXYPHUS REUTER FROM NORTHERN CHINA (HEMIPTERA:MIRIDAE)

Abstract  Two new species and a little-known one belonging to genus Solenoxyphus Reuter are noted here. Solenoxyphus flavicans sp. nov. and S. viridulus sp. nov. living on Artemisia ssp. are described from Xinjiang, Qinghai and Xinjiang of China respectively; S. lepidus (Puton 1874) on Artemisia ssp. is recorded for the first time from China and redescribed from Xinjiang.     

THE HOMOCALIGIDAE (ACARI:RAPHIGNATHOIDEA) FROM CHINA,WITH DESCRIPTION OF TWO NEW SPECIES*

Abstract This is the first report about family Homocaligidae from China. Two new species, Annerossella lii sp. nov. and Homocaligus erassipus sp. nov., living on Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) from Fujian Province are described.     

云南海口早寒武世褐藻化石新知

主要报道了产自云南海口耳材村早寒武世筇竹寺组玉案山段澄江生物群中的褐藻化石－拟点叶藻（Punctariopsis latifolia gen.et sp.nov.)简单拟点叶藻（Punctariopsis simplex gen.etsp.nov.)和古德带藻（Vendotaenia cf.antiqua Gnilovskaya)3种。这些化石丰富了澄江生物群物种的多样性,为研究该群生物爆发性演化提供了新的证据。同时通过对现生褐藻和褐藻化石形态学的比较研究,表明化石属和现代属在系统演化上可能有较密切的亲缘关系,并进一步证明了澄江生物群在云南海口地区发生于一个潮间带和亚潮带的海水环境。     

Crossing experiments with Enteromorpha intestinalis and E. compressa from different European localities

Sexual compatibility in the marine algae Enteromorpha intestinalis and E. compressa has been studied using laboratory cultures from various geographical areas in Europe. The two species are found to be totally separated by a sterility barrier. Well branched plants always fall in the same of the two genetically isolated groups and should be called E. compressa s.str., while most other plants should be referred to E. intestinalis s.l. The early development of sporophyte germlings may follow two different patterns, both of which have been observed in a single combination of parental plants, though not at the same time.     

小棒柄菌属和射棒孢属的新种

生在山木患(Harpullia cupanioides Roxb．)叶上的丝孢菌(Hyphomycetes)个新种：瘤孢小棒柄菌(Microclava tuberospora G. C. Zhao et N Li sp nov)和黑孢射棒孢菌(Actinocladium alrosporum G．C．Zhao et N. Li sp．nov)。文中对这两种真菌作了描述和比较。     

New Discoveries of Phaeophycean Fossils in the Early Cambrian, Haikou,Kunming,Yunnan,Southwest China

The paper deals with the new phaeophycean fossils in the Early Cambrian from Chengjiang Biota at Ercai Village of Haikou, Kunming, Yunnan, Southwest China. Three new taxa, Punctariopsis latifolia gen. et sp. nov., P.simplex gen. et sp. nov. and Vendotaenia cf. antiqua Gnilovskaya are described here in detail. These new findings show that the Chengjiang Biota is high in species diversity of fossil algae and might offer new evidence for a better understanding of the Cambrian explosive biological evolution. The fossil genus described here is found to have a close relationship with the living Punctaria based on similar morphology. The results suggest that the Chengjiang Biota in Haikou area of Kunming was living in an intertidal and subtidal seawater environment.     

Four new species of Orbiliaceae from Yunnan, China

During the fungal survey in YongPing County, Dali area in southwest China, a total of 50 specimens of Orbiliaceae were collected. Among them, were four apparently uncommon taxa growing on bark and wood of decayed branches of undetermined broad-leaved trees lying on the moist ground. They are described here as new species: Orbilia acicularis sp. nov., O. arcospora sp. nov., O. limoniformis sp. nov., and Hyalorbilia nodulosa sp. nov. Orbilia acicularis is characterized by needle-shaped straight ascospores, O. arcospora by spores being curved like an arch, O. limoniformis according to its lemon-shaped spores, and Hyalorbilia nodulosa by the knob-like glassy processes on the marginal excipular cells, the three Orbilia species also by filiform to subulate spore bodies (SBs) in the living spores.     

Characterization of the xylan-degrading microbial community from human faeces

In humans, plant cell wall polysaccharides represent an important source of dietary fibres that are digested by gut microorganisms. Despite the extensive degradation of xylan in the colon, the population structure and the taxonomy of the predominant bacteria involved in degradation of this polysaccharide have not been extensively explored. The objective of our study was to characterize the xylanolytic microbial community from human faeces, using xylan from different botanic origins. The xylanolytic population was enumerated at high level in all faecal samples studied. The predominant xylanolytic organisms further isolated (20 strains) were assigned to Roseburia and Bacteroides species. Some Bacteroides isolates corresponded to the two newly described species Bacteroides intestinalis and Bacteroides dorei. Other isolates were closely related to Bacteroides sp. nov., a cellulolytic bacterium recently isolated from human faeces. The remaining Bacteroides strains could be considered to belong to a new species of this genus. Roseburia isolates could be assigned to the species Roseburia intestinalis. The xylanase activity of the Bacteroides and Roseburia isolates was found to be higher than that of other gut xylanolytic species previously identified. Our results provide new insights to the diversity and activity of the human gut xylanolytic community. Four new xylan-degrading Bacteroides species were identified and the xylanolytic capacity of R. intestinalis was further shown.