长白山地表藓类分布格局与环境因子的关系

对长白山自然保护区41个样地中的42种主要地表藓类分布与6种重要环境因子间的关系进行了定量研究。应用双向指标种分析法（TWINSPAN）发现调查的41个样地可分成4个样地组,42种地面藓 类可分成4种藓类群,应用除趋势典范对应分析（DCCA）的研究结果表明,海拨高度、土壤含砂量、土壤酸度、林冠层郁闭度、土壤含水量是5个影响42种地表藓类分布格局的主要环境因子,在DCCA排序图上,显示出藓类群与样地类型良好的对应性,藓类群1－4分别在落叶松（Larix olgensis）沼泽地、高山苔原、暗针叶林、亚高山岳松（Betula ernanni）林和岳松－落叶松林中占优势。     

长白山主要生态系统地面藓类植物的生态位研究

应用王刚提出的生态位重叠值公式,计测了长白山主要生态系统中41个样点42种主要地面藓类的生态位重叠值。以此为指标,分别应用主坐标排序、图论聚类及系统聚类分析方法,作出了反映42种地面藓类的种间生态关系的二维投影图、最小生成树和动态聚类图。3种方法相结合,能够对生态位重叠值矩阵进行直观地表达,并使所表达的藓类种间关系具有确切的生态学含义。研究表明,按生态位重叠值大小,长白山主要生态系统中地面主要藓类可区分出落叶松-沼泽藓类、高山苔原藓类和暗针叶林-岳华林藓类3大类。42种藓类中,生态位宽度(B)与种数(N)符合公式N=38.1985×e     

DCCA排序轴分类及其在关帝山八水沟植物群落生态梯度分析中的应用

首次在ＤＣＣＡ排序的基础上使用排序轴分类法（ＯＡＣ）,将其发展为一个新的典范分类方法,并应用这种方法对山西关帝山八水沟的植物群落进行了数量分类,共划分出５类,效果较好。方差分析与多重比较表明,环境与群落结构因子在不同群落之间存在较为显著的差异,表明ＤＣＣＡ排序轴分类法能较好地反映群落与环境的变异。因为ＤＣＣＡ排序轴分类同时结合了植被因子与环境因子,所以它能较好地表达植物群落的环境梯度和结构梯度,反     

Local and regional trends in the ground vegetation of beech forests

We sampled moss and vascular forest vegetation in five ancient beech forests from northwest France, embracing in each a wide array of environmental conditions. Indirect (PCA) and direct (RDA) gradient analysis were used to discern local and regional ecological factors which explain the observed variation in species composition. Our results point to a global factor encompassing a large array of soil and light conditions, unravelled when local particularities of studied forests are singled out. The humus form, numerically expressed by the Humus Index, explains a large part of the observed variation in ground vegetation. Our study confirmed opposite trends in vascular and moss species richness according to humus condition. Ecological factors to which vascular and moss forest species respond at the regional level can be estimated directly in the field by visually inspecting humus forms and vegetation strata despite of the confounding influence of local factors.     

Classification of Artificial Forest Site of Larix olgensis in Liaoning Province

Determinant factors influencing growth of Larix olgensis were screenced and interrelationships among topography soil and growth of L. olgensis were studied employing pathway analysis (PA), principal component analysis(PCA) and canonical analysis(CA). The research indicates that determinant factors are exposure soil texture, soil depth, and exposure is closely related to organic matter, soil texture, soil depth. Site classification was made by using a method of ecological forest site classification. 3 groups of site type and 14 main site types were devided for L. olgensis in the East part of Liaoning. Group of site type on shaded slope included 5 site types: thick, moderate silt loam and thick, moderate loam and thick clay loam. Group of site type on half-shaded and half-sunny slope included 6 site types: thick, moderate silt loam and thick, moderate loam and moderate sandy loam soil and thin soil. Group of site type on sunny slope included 3 site types: thick, moderate and thin soil.     

辽宁省长白落叶松人工林立地分类研究

利用通径分析(PA)、主成分分析(PCA)、典范分析(CA),筛选影响长白落叶松(Larisolgensis)生长的主导因子和研究地形、土壤、林木三者相互关系。结果表明,坡向、土壤质地、土壤厚度是主导因子;坡向与土壤质地、土厚、土壤有机质密切相关。利用生态学的立地分类方法,将辽宁东部长白落叶松人工林划分为3个立地类型组,14个主要立地类型。阴坡立地类型组有厚层、中层粉砂壤土类型和厚层、中层壤质土类型以及厚层粘壤土类型;半阴、半阳坡立地类型组有厚层、中层粉砂壤土类型,厚层、中层壤质土类型,中层砂质土类型和薄层土立地类型;阳坡立地类型组有厚层、中层、薄层土立地类型。     

木论喀斯特峰丛洼地森林群落空间格局及环境解释

基于广西壮族自治区木论国家级自然保护区典型峰丛洼地景观尺度内不同微生境条件和植物群落类型50个样地 (20 m × 20 m)的系统取样调查, 用二元物种指示方法(TWINSPAN)对样地内胸径(DBH) ≥ 1 cm的木本植物进行分类, 选择10个土壤环境因子和5个空间因子, 利用除趋势典范对应分析(DCCA)研究了森林群落分布的土壤环境与空间格局, 并给予定量化的合理解释。结果如下: 1) TWINSPAN将森林群落划分为11组, 在三级水平上分为4类生态群落类型。2) DCCA第一排序轴集中了排序的大部分信息, 突出反映了各森林群落所在的坡向和土壤主要养分梯度, 沿第一轴从左到右, 坡向由阴转阳, 岩石裸露率越来越高, 土壤主要养分逐渐降低, 森林群落分别出现了由原生性和耐阴性强逐步向阳性先锋树种为主的次生林和人工林变化的格局。3)因子分离分析结果表明, 土壤环境因子对森林群落分布格局的解释能力为39.16%, 其中21.02%单纯由土壤环境因子所引起, 空间因子的解释能力为31.34%, 其中13.16%独立于土壤环境的变化, 18.15%是土壤环境和空间因子相互耦合作用的结果, 不可解释部分达47.66%, 表明喀斯特峰丛洼地森林群落的物种共存受生态位分化理论和中性理论双重控制。     

安太堡矿区人工植被在恢复过程中的生态关系

采用TWINSPAN、DCA和DCCA,从植物种、植物群落与环境因子关系方面对平朔安太堡矿区的人工植被在恢复过程中的生态关系进行了研究.结果表明,将63个样方划分为12个群落类型,反映了植物群落与环境梯度之间的关系,并列举了各群落的特征.DCA排序图明显反映出排序轴的生态意义,随着复垦时间的增加,土壤含水量也不断升高.DCCA排序进一步表明了土壤有机质含量是所有因子中对植物群落发展起决定性作用的主要环境因素.     

沼泽交错带白桦——长白落叶松优势种群的年龄结构及其动态

采用径级结构替代年龄结构与建立种群年龄结构模型相结合的方法,研究沼泽交错带白桦—长白落叶松优势种群的年龄结构特征。结果表明:白桦、长白落叶松和辽东桤木种群的年龄结构呈纺锤型,龄级—个体数间的关系可用Lognormal函数表征;种群动态量化指数V'_(pi)为辽东桤木(9.57%)白桦(4.02%)长白落叶松(1.83%),均趋近于0,说明种群处于稳定型向衰退型过渡阶段;白桦、长白落叶松及辽东桤木种群幼龄个体严重不足,白桦和辽东桤木种群的存活曲线趋于Odum-B3型,而长白落叶松种群趋于Deevey-I型。白桦、长白落叶松及辽东桤木种群具有前期增长、中后期衰退的特征;白桦、长白落叶松和辽东桤木种群数量受基波影响显著,种群整个生活史阶段未显现小周期波动,种群发展较稳定;随着时间的推移,在未来2、4和6个龄级后,白桦、长白落叶松和辽东桤木种群老龄个体数均有增加,但由于更新幼苗个体稀少,未来必然呈衰退趋势。森林—沼泽交错带的白桦、长白落叶松及辽东桤木种群对外界环境变化有强烈的敏感性和脆弱性,人类活动扰动会影响其发育与演变,从而提高了森林—沼泽交错带地区沼泽化的风险。因此,应减少人类活动对森林—沼泽交错带的干扰,加强对这一地区植被群落的保护与管理。     

长白山地区森林生态系统树附生苔藓植物群落分布格局研究

 以苔藓植物盖度为指标,应用双向指示种分析(TWINSPAN)和除趋势对应分析(DCA)对长白山地区不同森林类型36个样地的树附生苔藓植物群落分布格局进行了研究。结果表明,长白山地区树附生苔藓植物的分布格局与森林植被类型相对应,可分成落叶松林、岳桦林、暗针叶林、暗针叶林与红松阔叶林间过渡林、红松阔叶林、白桦林6类树附生苔藓植物群落类型,文章分析了影响树附生苔藓植物群落生态分布的环境因素。     

Quantitative classification and ordination of forest communities in Pangquangou National Nature Reserve

Quantitative analysis of ecological relationships between vegetation and the environment has become an essential means in the field of research of modern vegetation ecology. In this article, based on data from 84 quadrates, forest communities in this reserve were investigated using TWINSPAN, DCA and DCCA. The results will be helpful in the construction and development of Pangquangou National Nature Reserve. Using TWINSPAN, the forest communities were classified into seven types. The distribution pattern of vegetation reflects the comprehensive influence of environments. The results of DCA and DCCA clearly reflect the relationship between the pattern of forest communities and environmental gradients. The ordination result of DCCA indicates that altitude is more important than other environmental factors because the change of altitude gradient will lead to changes in the temperature and humidity gradients. The first of the DCA ordination axes indicates the humidity gradient, and the second indicates the temperature gradient. All these results show that the main factors restricting the distribution of communities in this reserve are temperature and humidity. The ecological meaning of the ordination axis in DCCA is much clearer than that in DCA, and the species-environment correlation of DCCA is more obvious than DCA. The first DCCA axis indicates the altitude gradient among the communities, while the second is the gradient in aspect and slope among the communities. DCCA ordination can simultaneously express similarities of species and environment. Therefore, the quadrat location in the DCCA ordination figure is much closer than in the DCA.     

Site identity and moss species as determinants of soil microbial community structure in Norway spruce forests across three vegetation zones

Soil microbial community structure was investigated by PLFA-analysis in four spruce forests in Norway. The maximum latitudinal distance between the sites was approximately 350 km. Bilberry Vaccinium myrtillus dominated the forest floor vegetation in the study sites, which were selected because of the vegetation type. Soil samples were taken from all four sites under close to 100% homogeneous ground cover of each of two feathermoss species, i.e. Hylocomium splendens or Pleurozium schreberi, respectively. These mosses are ubiquitous in the boreal forest and constitute an abundant component of the forest floor vegetation over vast areas. Since there are no studies on how these mosses affect soil microbial community structure, our first aim was to investigate the effect of moss species on soil microbial communities. Our second aim was to investigate whether microbial communities differ among geographically separated forest sites with similar vegetation across vegetation zones. Soil microbial community structure differed between the study sites, although they appeared similar in terms of vegetation and abiotic soil conditions. Study site was the most important predictor of the variation in the PLFAs, more important than moss species, although there was a tendency for separation of microbial community structure between the two moss species.     

Quantitative classification and ordination of forest communities in Pangquangou National Nature Reserve

Quantitative analysis of ecological relationships between vegetation and the environment has become an essential means in the field of research of modern vegetation ecology. In this article, based on data from 84 quadrates, forest communities in this reserve were investigated using TWINSPAN, DCA and DCCA. The results will be helpful in the construction and development of Pangquangou National Nature Reserve. Using TWINSPAN, the forest communities were classified into seven types. The distribution pattern of vegetation reflects the comprehensive influence of environments. The results of DCA and DCCA clearly reflect the relationship between the pattern of forest communities and environmental gradients. The ordination result of DCCA indicates that altitude is more important than other environmental factors because the change of altitude gradient will lead to changes in the temperature and humidity gradients. The first of the DCA ordination axes indicates the humidity gradient, and the second indicates the temperature gradient. All these results show that the main factors restricting the distribution of communities in this reserve are temperature and humidity. The ecological meaning of the ordination axis in DCCA is much clearer than that in DCA, and the species-environment correlation of DCCA is more obvious than DCA. The first DCCA axis indicates the altitude gradient among the communities, while the second is the gradient in aspect and slope among the communities. DCCA ordination can simultaneously express similarities of species and environment. Therefore, the quadrat location in the DCCA ordination figure is much closer than in the DCA.     

准噶尔盆地典型地段植物群落及其与环境因子的关系

沿88°E线,南北纵穿新疆北部准噶尔盆地,选择环境梯度明显的典型地段,设置33个具有代表性的野外样方,应用TWINSPAN与DCCA分析样方的物种数据和环境数据。研究结果表明:(1)样方TWINSPAN分类结果的第一级分类将分布于流动、半流动沙丘(垄)上的白梭梭群落与固定、半固定沙地上的梭梭群落区分开来,进一步的分类,可将33个样方划分为12个组。35种优势植物种TWINSPAN第1级分类把沙漠内部植物种与外缘物种分开。第2级分类把沙漠内部垄上与垄间植物种以及沙漠外缘旱生、中生和盐生植物种分开。(2)在各种环境因子中,土壤水分与相对高度(或地面活动性)是影响植物群落分布的最主要环境因子,DCCA第一排序轴反映生境水分环境条件,第2轴反映土壤结构梯度的变化。(3)除相对高度(或地面活动性)与土壤水分外,在沙漠南部外缘的山前冲积、洪积扇扇缘,土壤盐分状况亦为植物生长的重要胁迫因子;在沙漠北部外缘的砾石戈壁平原,基质的机械组成对群落分布格局有重要影响;在沙漠内部,土壤质地、地面坡度对植物群落的分布有较大影响。(4)以沙漠为中心的准噶尔盆地地势相对高度与地面活动性、土壤有机质与土壤粘粒、土壤水分与土壤总盐、pH值、有机质、相对高度之间存在显著相关关系。     

Environmental factors–ecological species group relationships in the Surash lowland‐mountain forests in northern Iran

Identification of the primary factors that influence the ecological distribution of species groups is important to managers of lowland‐mountain forests in northern Iran. The aim of this study was to identify main ecological species groups, describe the site conditions associated with these species groups and the relationships between environmental factors and the distribution of ecological species groups using multi‐variate analysis (Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) and Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA)). For this purpose, 50 relevés (400 m² each) were sampled using the Braun‐Blanquet method. Vegetation was classified into three ecological species groups using a modified two‐way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN). In each relevé, environmental factors (topographic and soil variables) were measured and analysed using one‐way ANOVA and Pearson r statistics. Further, species diversity indices were determined for the identified ecological species groups. Our results show that the environmental factors, e.g. elevation, slope, slope aspect, soil texture, pH and organic matter, were the most important factors explaining the distribution of the three ecological species groups in the study area. The diversity of the ecological species groups decreased with elevation. The results provide an ecological basis for forest management and for developing strategies for forest conservation in the study area.     

黄土高原景观格局与水土流失关系研究

采用DCCA排序法对黄土高原腹地泾河流域12个子流域的景观格局与流域水土流失关系进行了定量分析.结果表明,DCCA排序的前4轴分别与农业用地比率、景观多样性指数、森林比率显著相关.各子流域的水土流失特征具有明显的梯度变异.在森林比率占65%的三水河子流域,景观相对简单、多样性低,流域年径流量大、输沙小、含沙量低,径流相对稳定;随着森林比率减小,农业用地比率增大,景观多样性升高,产流系数增高,径流深度、输沙量和含沙量增大;在森林比率很低、农业用地53.41%的洪河子流域,景观格局复杂、多样性较高,河流含沙量高、输沙率大,月输沙和径流变异极大;在农业用地比率减小,其他景观类型比率增大,景观相对简单的环江上、下游子流域,输沙量和含沙量减小,但输沙和径流的年际变化极大.排序分析结果较清晰地解释了黄土高原典型地区水土流失特征沿景观梯度的变化规律.     

长白山北坡草本植物分布与环境关系的典范对应分析

在长白山北坡海拔700～2600m的坡面上,海拔每上升100m设立一块样地,共计20个样地,计测样地中草本层植物的生态重要值和包括气候、土壤、林冠郁闭度等在内的13个环境因子,对获得的数据进行典范对应分析,作出了种类、样地分布与环境因子关系的二维排序图,排序图直观地反映了主要草本植物分布与环境因子间的关系。排序图中环境因子与前两个排序轴的相关系数大小表明,海拔高度作为诸多环境因子的综合反映,是影响长白山北坡草本植物分布的主导因素,除此之外,其它环境因子如林冠郁闭度、土壤有机质及有效N、P、K等因素,也对草本植物的分布有较大的影响。高山冻原与2000m以下森林群落内的草本植物明显不同,反映出二种不同类型植被间草本植物组成格局间质的差异。     

Vegetation restoration patterns and their relationships with disturbance on the Giant Panda Corridor of Tudiling, Southwest China

Human activities such as deforestation, cultivation, and overgrazing have contributed to the destruction of forest ecosystems in the upper Minjiang River basin for a long time, which has led to the reduction in forest coverage and biodiversity. On the Giant Panda Corridor of Tudiling in this basin, the effects of the existing disturbance regimes on plant communities after the vegetation restoration in the 1980s were assessed, and the community composition, the species diversity and their relationships with environmental factors significantly associated with the disturbance were analyzed using the transect sampling method, the two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN) and the detrended canonical correspondence analysis (DCCA). The results were as follows: communities could be classified into six types, and species were clustered into four functional groups (responsive to disturbance, retarded disturbance, resistant to intermediate disturbance, and resistant to heavy disturbance) based on both TWINSPAN and DCCA. DCCA with species composition of plots is similar to that with species diversity of plots. The communities were separated into distinct groups along the DCCA axis, and this pattern was significantly correlated with environmental factors. Elevation differences, shape, slope, distance to roads, and the number of paths in the plots had an evident influence on the distribution of the species and communities. Environmental factors including slope, distance to roads, and the number of paths revealed the gradient of disturbance among the communities along the DCCA axis. High disturbance intensity caused significantly lower species diversity and inhibited the regeneration of vegetation compared with the more diverse undisturbed communities. Artificial restoration was more effective than natural restoration in maintaining high species diversity. The process of succession was inhibited in natural restoration because of the failure of tree establishment, growth, and survival during regeneration.     

Vegetation restoration patterns and their relationships with disturbance on the Giant Panda Corridor of Tudiling, Southwest China

Human activities such as deforestation, cultivation, and overgrazing have contributed to the destruction of forest ecosystems in the upper Minjiang River basin for a long time, which has led to the reduction in forest coverage and biodiversity. On the Giant Panda Corridor of Tudiling in this basin, the effects of the existing disturbance regimes on plant communities after the vegetation restoration in the 1980s were assessed, and the community composition, the species diversity and their relationships with environmental factors significantly associated with the disturbance were analyzed using the transect sampling method, the two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN) and the detrended canonical correspondence analysis (DCCA). The results were as follows: communities could be classified into six types, and species were clustered into four functional groups (responsive to disturbance, retarded disturbance, resistant to intermediate disturbance, and resistant to heavy disturbance) based on both TWINSPAN and DCCA. DCCA with species composition of plots is similar to that with species diversity of plots. The communities were separated into distinct groups along the DCCA axis, and this pattern was significantly correlated with environmental factors. Elevation differences, shape, slope, distance to roads, and the number of paths in the plots had an evident influence on the distribution of the species and communities. Environmental factors including slope, distance to roads, and the number of paths revealed the gradient of disturbance among the communities along the DCCA axis. High disturbance intensity caused significantly lower species diversity and inhibited the regeneration of vegetation compared with the more diverse undisturbed communities. Artificial restoration was more effective than natural restoration in maintaining high species diversity. The process of succession was inhibited in natural restoration because of the failure of tree establishment, growth, and survival during regeneration.     

四川茂县土地岭大熊猫走廊带植被恢复格局及其与干扰的关系

通过样带调查和TWINSPAN、DCCA分析,从植物种、植物群落及其多样性与环境关系方面,研究了岷江上游土地岭大熊猫走廊带恢复植被的干扰状况。结果表明：应用TWINSPAN分类,并结合优势种组成、干扰状况分析及DCCA排序,可将植被划分为6个群落类型,同时划分出响应型、迟钝型、中度干扰忍耐型和重度干扰忍耐型4类干扰响应的植物类型。以样方物种和以样方多样性指数的DCCA分析结果基本一致,物种及群落的空间分布呈明显的聚集格局,反映其与环境因子间的密切关系。DCCA排序图上,海拔差、坡形、与公路距离、坡度及道路条数对群落和物种分布有明显的影响,与干扰相关性最大的坡度、样地道路数目、与公路间的距离3个因子反映了植被的干扰梯度。干扰对土地岭恢复植被影响显著,干扰降低了群落的物种多样性,同时阻碍了演替进程。