基于三个DNA片段讨论菖蒲科的分子系统学

菖蒲属长期以来被置于天南星科,但近年来分子系统学的研究表明菖蒲属与天南星科的关系较远,应成立一个单型科,即菖蒲科（Acoraceae)。本文选择菖蒲科3个种及1个变种即金钱蒲（Acorus gramineus),石菖蒲（A.ttrinowii)。金边菖蒲（A.tatarinowii),金边菖蒲（A.tatarinowii var.flawo-marginatus)和菖蒲（A.calamus)不同染色体倍性的4个居群进行了核糖体RNA内源转录间隔段（ITS）进行测序。并据此讨论了菖蒲属的属下系统关系,结果表明,菖蒲科为一个自然的单系类群,不同倍性的菖蒲构成一个自展数据支持率为100%的分支,无中肋的金钱蒲,石菖蒲和金边石菖蒲构成另一个自展数据支持率为100%的分支,通过比较分析菖蒲科与其相关类群之间18S和rbcL两段DNA序列,对菖蒲科的系统位置进行了讨论,在基于18S和rbcL的系统树中,菖蒲均处于单子叶植物中较为孤立的位置。     

菖蒲和石菖蒲的生长特性及其对生活污水净化功能的比较研究

以菖蒲和石菖蒲为对象,通过漂浮栽植研究了其在不同浓度生活污水中的生长特性及其对污水TN、NH3-N、TP、CODCr的去除情况。结果表明,菖蒲在中浓度污水中生长最好,其生物量显著高于低、高浓度,而石菖蒲在低浓度污水中生长最好,其生物量显著高于中、高浓度。菖蒲对中浓度污水中TN、TP、CODCr的去除率分别为96.85%、82.62%、88.89%,对低浓度污水中TN、TP、CODCr的去除率分别为99.87%、91.38%、83.34%,净化效果均高于高浓度(96.58%、80.96%、77.55%),但对NH3-N的去除率在高浓度污水中最好,为99.46%。石菖蒲净化中浓度污水的效果最好,对TN、NH3-N、TP、CODCr的去除率分别为94.20%、78.06%、89.43%、74.98%,对高浓度污水中的NH3-N、TP、CODCr的去除效果也较好,去除率分别为94.62%、91.95%、87.08%,但对TN去除率为59.14%,显著低于低浓度(98.73%)和中浓度(94.20%)。     

Volatiles from leaves and rhizomes of Fragrant Acorus spp. (Acoraceae)

Three horticultural selections of Acorus gramineus Soland were investigated to determine the chemical composition of their leaves and rhizomes. The variety 'liquorice' was found to contain methylchavicol (49%) which accounts for the unusual anisic odor of this variety, while beta-asarone was the main component of A. christophii (43%) and 'yodo-no-yuki' (20%). The results are compared with calamus oils, and the possible biosynthetic precursors of the main components methylchavicol and beta-asarone are considered.     

The Discovery of Tetraploid Camellia reticulata and Its Implication in Studies on the Origin of This Species

Camellia reticulata and its two allied species, C. saluenensis and C. pitardii,all from the Jinshajiang Valley of Yunnan and Sichuan, were cytologically studied in this work. Among 34 populations of C.reticulata studied here, 21 were found to be tetraploids (2n=60), 11 hexaploids (2n = 90), and the remaining two diploids (2n = 30). Tetraploid was reported in C. reticulata for the first time and its karyomophology was studied. In meiosis of pollen mother cells of the tetraploids and the hexaploids, only bivalents were observed in most of the populations, although in several populations or individuals a few univalents or tetravalents appeared. In the hexaploids, hexavalents were not observed. Thus, the meiotic chromosome cofigurations showed that the tetraploids and hexaploids in C.reticulata allopolyploids, and the appearance of a few tetravalents in some populations might indicatehomology of chromosomes in different genomes to some extent. The characteristics of the resting nuclei and the prophase chromosomes of all the tetraploids and hexaploids were quite similar to each other. The tetraploids of C.reticulata from the localities with the altitude of over 1800 m were gross-morphologically similar to the hexaploids, but those growing between 1100 ～1800 m were different to some extent from the hexaploids. In geographical distribution, the tetraploids and the hexaploids were continuous, and overlapped with C. saluenensis and C. pitardii.     

云南山茶花四倍体的首次发现及其科学意义

本文对分布于云南和四川金沙江河谷的云南山茶花C. reticulata及其两个近缘种(怒江山茶C.saluenensis和西南山茶C．pitardii)进行了细胞学研究。34个居群的云南山茶花中,21个居群是四倍体类型(2n=60),11个居群是六倍体类型(2n=90),另2个居群为二倍体(2n=30),云南山茶花的四倍体类型为首次发现,并且进行了核形态研究。四倍体和六倍体的花粉母细胞减数分裂染色体构型在大多数居群都为二价体(四倍体中30个二价体,六倍体中45个二价体),少数居群或是个体除二价体为主外还出现单价体和四价体,六倍体类型没有出现六价体构型。根据减数分裂的构型,我们认为,四倍体和六倍体分别为异源四倍体和异源六倍体,少数四价体的存在表明染色体有部分同源性。所有四倍体和六倍体的体细胞间期核特征和前期染色体形态特征基本相似。中海拔(1800m)以上的四倍体的云南山茶花外部形态特征与六倍体类型比较相似,而低海拔(1100～1800 m)的四倍体类型的外部形态特征则有些不同,但核形态结构是比较相似的。四倍体与六倍体类型地理分布是连续的,并与近缘的二倍体种怒江山茶、西南山茶重叠分布。     

Screening of Korean herbal medicines used to improve cognitive function for anti-cholinesterase activity.

Methanolic extracts of seven herbs (Acorus calamus, Acorus gramineus, Bupleurm facaltum, Dioscorea batatas, Epimedium koreanum, Poria cocos and Zizyphi jujuba) used in traditional Korean medicine for improvement of memory and cognition in old age were tested for cholinesterase inhibitory properties using the Ellman colorimetric method. Significant inhibition of the enzyme at 200 microg/ml was observed for extracts from A. calamus and E. koreanum. The possible bases for the reputation of these and the other herbs tested are discussed in the light of previous investigations into their chemistry and biological activity.     

石菖蒲提取物及混配剂对水稻褐飞虱的控制研究

为了确定石菖蒲(Acorus gramineus Soland)提取物对褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens St1的活性及使用浓度,研究了石菖蒲提取物对褐飞虱的触杀毒力,30%石菖蒲乳油及30%石菖蒲扑虱灵混配乳油对褐飞虱的室内盆栽试验及大田试验防治效果。结果表明,石菖蒲提取物对褐飞虱3龄若虫及长翅型雌成虫处理48h后的LD50分别为0.64和0.95μg/头。室内盆栽试验表明:30%石菖蒲乳油30倍、30%石菖蒲扑虱灵混配乳油50倍施药3d后对褐飞虱3龄若虫的校正死亡率分别为85.56%和96.67%。30%石菖蒲乳油20倍、30%石菖蒲扑虱灵混配乳油300倍,施药7d后,对褐飞虱的田间防治效果分别为78.46%和79.76%。     

石菖蒲(Acorus tatarinowii)克藻效应的研究

石菖蒲（Ａｃｏｒｕｓ ｔａｔａｒｉｎｏｗｉｉ）抑制藻类的机制除了对光和矿质营养的竞争外,主要是由于石菖蒲水系向水体分泌的化学物质,能伤害和清除藻类（化感作用ａｌｌｅｌｏｐａｔｈｉｃ ｅｆｆｅｃｔ）,用培植石菖蒲的水培养藻类,可破坏藻类的叶绿素ａ,使其光合速率,细胞还原ＴＴＣ能力显著下降;在荧光显微镜下可看到藻细胞从鲜红色变为淡蓝色,表明石菖蒲对藻类有显著的克制效果,可用于治理富营养化水体中的藻类繁     

菰和菖蒲对富营养化水体净化效率的比较

研究了菰〔Zizania latifolia(Griseb.)Stapf〕、菖蒲(Acorus calamusL.)及它们的复合体系对富营养化水体的净化效果。结果表明,菰和菖蒲在供试富营养化水体中均能正常生长,二者单独种植体系或等量混合种植体系对富营养化水体均有一定的净化能力。单独种植的菰和菖蒲及二者的混合种植体系对供试水体中总氮的去除率分别为92.8%、92.7%和94.9%;对氨氮的去除率分别为95.5%、97.4%和96.6%;对总磷的去除率分别为83.9%、94.3%和84.7%;对CODCr的去除率分别为83.0%、85.5%和86.7%。单独种植的菖蒲对总磷的去除效果明显好于单独种植的菰和二者的混合种植体系。菰和菖蒲的混合种植体系对富营养化水体的净化效果与单独种植体系无明显差异。     

石菖蒲的克藻效应

 石菖蒲(Acorus tatarinowii)抑制藻类的机制除了对光和矿质营养的竞争外，主要是由于石菖蒲根系向水体分泌的化学物质，能伤害和清除藻类(克制作用，Allelopathic effect)；用培养石菖蒲的水培养藻类，可破坏藻类的叶绿素a，使其光合速率、细胞还原TTC的能力显著下降；在荧光显微镜下可看到藻细胞从鲜红色变为淡蓝色。     

菖蒲幼苗对Cd胁迫的响应及其Cd富集能力分析

研究了菖蒲（Acorus calamus L．）幼苗对不同浓度Cd胁迫的响应及其Cd富集能力。结果表明,随Cd浓度的提高（0～25mg·L^-1）,菖蒲幼苗的株高、根长、干质量、叶绿素含量和对Cd的耐性指数均逐渐下降,脯氨酸含量逐渐升高;各处理组的SOD和POD活性均高于对照,且以15mg·L^-1Cd处理组最高。随胁迫时间延长（1—10d）,叶绿素含量持续下降,而SOD和POD活性及脯氨酸含量则先升高后下降。菖蒲幼苗体内Cd含量随Cd浓度的提高而增加,根系对Cd的富集能力高于地上部分。在Cd胁迫条件下,菖蒲幼苗对Cd的转移系数小于1,根系对Cd的滞留率为89．5％-93．9％,表明菖蒲幼苗根系对Cd有较强的滞留作用和富集能力。     

Isolation and characterization of insecticidal activity of （Z）- asarone from Acorus calamus L.

The insecticidal activity of Acorus calamus L. rhizome-derived material against adults of Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky was examined by using repellency method and contact toxicity. The biologically active constituent of the A. calamus rhizome was separated and identified. The results showed that the ethanol extract of A. calamus had strong repellency and contact effect to S. zeamais and the active constituent of the A. calamus was characterized as （Z）-asarone by spectroscopic analysis. Responses from the tests varied with exposure times and doses. In the repellency test, ethanol extract of A. calamus had 93.92% repellency at 629.08 μg/cm^2 but only 71.38% at 157.27 μg/cm^2 12 h after treatment. As a contrast, （Z）-asarone showed 84.50% repellency at 314.54μg/cm^2 and 77.02% at 78.63 μg/cm^2 12 h after treatment. In the filter paper diffusion test, ethanol extract of A. calamus caused 95.56% and 17.78% mortality to S. zeamais at 314.54 μg/cm^2 and 78.63 μg/ cm^2 4 days after treatment, while （Z）-asarone brought about 100.00% and 15.56% mortality at 40.89 μg/cm^2 and 15.73 μg/cm^2 respectively. These results indicate that the insecticidal activity of the A. calamus extract may be due to （Z）-asarone.     

石菖蒲提取物对四种储粮害虫的生物活性研究

研究了石菖蒲4种溶剂无水乙醇、丙酮、乙酸乙酯、石油醚提取物对玉米象、谷蠹、长角扁谷盗和锯谷盗4种储粮害虫的驱避作用和触杀作用。结果表明：石菖蒲4种溶剂提取物对4种试虫均有明显的驱避作用和触杀作用,处理60 h的平均驱避等级均达到Ⅲ级以上,对4种试虫的触杀死亡率均达到41.11%以上。     

菰和菖蒲对重金属的胁迫反应及其富集能力

通过盆栽实验研究了Cu—Zn—Ph-Cd复合污染条件下,菰和菖蒲的生长状况、生理特性及吸收和富集重金属的能力。结果表明,高浓度污染下菰和菖蒲不能存活;低、中浓度中菖蒲的生长受到抑制,菰各生长指标与对照相比差异不显著,表明菰对低、中浓度重金属的耐性强于菖蒲。随着污染浓度的增加,菰和菖蒲叶片叶绿索含量显著降低;菰叶绿素a／b值略有降低,菖蒲叶绿素a／b值显著降低;菰和菖蒲叶片脯氨酸含量、相对电导率显著升高,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）活性在低浓度时升高,中浓度时降低。菰体内重金属含量为Zn〉Cu〉Pb〉Cd,菖蒲体内的含量为Cu〉Zn〉Pb〉Cd,且二者体内的重金属含量都随着污染浓度的增加而升高。菰和菖蒲对Cd的富集系数较大,地上部分（茎与叶）和地下部分（根与根状茎）均大于1;对Pb的富集系数较小,地上部分和地下部分均小于1。菰和菖蒲地下部分重金属含量均高于地上部分含量,二者根系对4种重金属都有较强的滞留效应,平均滞留率均大于50％。各处理中菰对重金属的吸收量均高于菖蒲。综合分析菰和菖蒲的生长、生理及富集重金属的能力,菰比菖蒲更适用于低、中浓度重金属污染水体的生态修复。     

石菖蒲根茎甲醇提取物对谷蠹的生物活性

采用冷浸法和溶剂萃取法,研究石菖蒲(Acorus gramineus Soland)根茎甲醇提取物对谷蠹Rhizopertha dominica(Fabricius)成虫的生物活性。结果表明,石菖蒲甲醇提取物以石油醚萃取物的生物活性最强,水层次之。石油醚萃取物对谷蠹具有较高的触杀、熏蒸、种群抑制活性和防治效果,并具有一定的驱避活性。药膜法触杀处理72h后对谷蠹的LC50和LC95分别为8.30μg/cm2,51.75μg/cm2。药纸熏蒸法6.25μL/L处理120h后对谷蠹的校正死亡率为94.25%。饲料拌药法250mg/kg处理对谷蠹的防效与5mg/kg马拉硫磷效果相当,且对F1代的种群抑制效果显著高于5mg/kg马拉硫磷处理。     

Cytogeography of the South American Turnera sidoides L. complex (Turneraceae, Leiocarpae)

New chromosome number determinations are presented for 48 populations of five subspecies of Turnera sidoides. Chromosome counts in sspp. carnea, holosericea, integrifolia and sidoides confirm previous data while, in ssp. pinnatifida , the numbers 2n=2x = 14 and 2n = 6x = 42 are reported for the first time. The results show that polyploidy is a very frequent phenomenon. Populations are primarily tetraploids (2n = 4x = 28), while diploids (2n = 2x = 14), hexaploids (2n = 6x =42) and octoploids (2rc = 8x = 56) are less frequent. Diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid cytotypes occur in sspp. carnea and pinnatifida , whereas tetraploids and hexaploids are known in ssp. holosericea. Turnera sidoides ssp. integrifolia shows a polyploid series with ploidy levels from 2x to 8x. The ssp. sidoides appears to be uniformly tetraploid, with the exception of an isolated pentaploid (2rc = 5x = 35). On the basis of these counts and previous reports the geographical distribution of the cytotypes has been determined and related to climatic and ecological factors.     

水菖蒲杀虫活性组分菖蒲螺酮的分离与鉴定（英文）

储粮害虫的危害造成储粮严重损失,化学农药的种种弊端使开发新型环境友好型药剂非常迫切, 植物由于其自身的特点, 成为开发新型药剂的重要来源。我们的前期研究表明, 水菖蒲Acorus calamus提取物对多种储粮害虫具有明显的触杀活性,并且分离得到了其主要活性组分β-细辛醚。本研究采用硅胶柱层析法,并以对玉米象Sitophilus zeamais的触杀活性进行追踪, 对水菖蒲提取物进行分离, 得到另一活性组分。经气相色谱-质谱联用、红外吸收光谱和核磁共振波谱方法鉴定,该活性组分为单体化合物菖蒲螺酮（1-异丙基-4,8-二甲基螺[4.5]癸-2,7-二酮）。将菖蒲螺酮以314.54, 251.63, 188.72, 125.82和62.91 μg/cm²的浓度处理玉米象96 h后, 玉米象的死亡率分别为85.6%, 72.2%, 53.3%, 38.9%和15.6%。处理96 h后,菖蒲螺酮对玉米象成虫的LD₅₀为158.00 μg/cm²。这些结果说明菖蒲螺酮对玉米象具有明显的生物活性,是水菖蒲提取物中除β-细辛醚以外的又一活性组分。     

Chromosomal and embryological analyses in sexual x apomictic hybrids ofPanicum maximum Jacq.

Summary Cytological analyses in series of crosses between 7 sexual pistillate and 8 apomictic staminate parents of speciesPanicum maximum (Gramineae) are reported. Although these 15 progenitors were tetraploid (2n = 32), 2 dihaploids (2n = 16), 45 hexaploids (2n = 48) and 5 octoploids (2n = 64) were observed among 333 progeny plants. The role of unreduced gametes as the originators of polyploidy is discussed in relation to the so-called elements of apomixis. The 2 dihaploids appeared to be sexual while the hexaploids and octoploids were all apomictic. At the tetraploid level sexual and apomictic hybrids segregated in a ratio close to 11. These results were then compared to those already obtained from studies on other tropical grasses and indicate a simple genetic determinism for gametophytic apomixis.     

Identification of an EcoRI restriction site for a rapid and precise determination of beta-asarone-free Acorus calamus cytotypes

Calamus (Acorus calamus L., Araceae) is an aromatic herb, indigenous to Central Asia and Eastern Europe. The fragrant oils obtained by alcoholic extraction of the rhizome are mainly used in the pharmaceutical and oenological industries. Nevertheless, the occurrence of beta-asarone [(Z)-1,2,4-trimethoxy-5-prop-1-enyl-benzene] limits the possibility of its use due to the carcinogenic properties of this compound. The aim of this work was to identify a diploid beta-asarone-free A. calamus by using chemical and molecular approaches. For these purposes alcoholic extracts of both diploid and triploid A. calamus were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and comparison of the 700 bp sequence of the non-transcribed spacer (NTS) in the 5S-rRNA gene was also performed. Alcoholic extracts of the triploid A. calamus were characterized by a higher percentage of beta-asarone (11%), which was the main compound, followed by higher percentages of camphene (2.27%), E-beta-ocimene (3.28%), camphor (1.54%), calarene (1.42%), alpha-selinene (5.02%) and tau-cadinol (2.00%), when compared to the diploid A. calamus. The latter had higher percentages of iso-shyobunone (8.62%), beta-sesquiphellandrene (3.28%), preiso calamendiol (22.81%) and acorone (26.33%), and completely lacked of beta-asarone. The 5S-rRNA spacer region of both diploid and triploid A. calamus were amplified by PCR using a pair of primers located at the 3' and 5' ends of the coding sequence of 5S-rRNA gene. The resulting PCR products (about 700 bp) were gel purified, subcloned into pGEM-T Easy vector and sequenced. By aligning the isolated nucleotide sequences of the two varieties and the sequences from different A. calamus chemotypes present in Genbank, sequence diversities were found in the spacer region. Furthermore, the PCR products were digested by using EcoRI. The restriction profile of the spacer domain resulted different for the two cytotypes. Along with chemical analysis of alcoholic extracts, sequence analysis coupled to restriction mapping was demonstrated to represent a powerful tool to distinguish the A. calamus diploid cytotype from the others. The security and effective usage of the diploid beta-asarone-free A. calamus was also discussed.     

The origin and meiotic behaviour of hexaploid northern wheatgrass (Agropyron dasystachyum)

The occurrence of hexaploid (2n = 6x = 42) forms in some otherwise natural tetraploid populations of Agropyron dasystachyum (2n = 4x = 28) was cytologically detected and studied. The hexaploid plants are morphologically similar to the tetraploids except for a small reduction in the anther size. The general survey of chromosome numbers of natural Northern Wheatgrass (A. dasystachyum 2n = 4x = 28) populations derived from eight different regions of Alberta indicated that the occurrence of hexaploid variants was not restricted to a single locality. A comparative study of chromosome pairing in the natural and the synthetic hexaploids revealed that the naturally occurring 42-chromosomed plants of A. dasystachyum originated as a result of fertilization between unreduced (SSHH) and the natural (SH) gametes, both coming from the tetraploid form of A. dasystachyum. Based on chromosome pairing, the genomes of the natural hexaploid A. dasystachyum have been designated as SSSHHH. The natural hexaploids appear to intercross among themselves and also with tetraploids producing euploid and aneuploid hybrids. The possible evolutionary significance of these findings is briefly discussed.