“COSY”谱用于昆明山海棠生物碱的鉴定

昆明山海棠(Tripterygium hypoglaucum)的生物碱可从甲醇中结晶析出,是多元混合物。高压液相色谱分析出现5个峰,用制备性烷化硅胶RP-18薄层层析板分离纯化,5个生物碱逐一分开。用化学和光谱法证明为:雷公藤次碱、雷公藤碱乙、雷公藤碱丁、雷公藤碱及卫矛碱(1—5)。高压液相色谱分析指出,前二者为其中的主要成分。用高分辨核磁共振谱及COSY谱指定了它们的质子及其在分子中的取向,说明了它们之间结构和构型的关系。     

摇瓶培养条件下雷公藤不定根生长及次生代谢产物含量的研究

以雷公藤(Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f.)不定根为材料,研究摇瓶悬浮培养条件下接种密度、装液比例、逐级放大、消泡剂、大孔吸附树脂种类及浓度对雷公藤不定根增长量、不定根及培养基中雷公藤内酯醇、雷公藤吉碱、雷公藤次碱含量的影响。结果显示,接种密度在15 g/L (FW)时较适合不定根的继代培养和次生代谢产物的积累。250 m L摇瓶中装入100 m L培养基,即装液量为2/5时,培养基利用率最高。随着摇瓶体积的逐渐放大,不定根增长量和3种次生代谢产物含量略有下降,5 L摇瓶中不定根增长量为对照的91.6%,内酯醇、吉碱和次碱的含量分别为对照的91.8%、91.7%和96.9%。6种大孔吸附树脂中,XAD-7处理对不定根的生长有明显促进作用,培养结束时,3种次生代谢产物产量显著提高,当XAD-7浓度为0.5 g/瓶时不定根增长量为对照的1.2倍,内酯醇、吉碱和次碱产量最高,分别为对照的2.9、2.4和2.2倍。培养基中添加消泡剂后不定根增长量、3种次生代谢产物总产量均不同程度下降,其中,LX-603处理后,虽然不定根增长量为对照的85%,内酯醇、吉碱和次碱产量分别为对照的78%、64%和87%,但明显抑制了培养过程中泡沫的产生。研究结果表明筛选的摇瓶逐级放大培养雷公藤不定根的方法效果较好,可为雷公藤不定根生物反应器放大培养奠定基础。     

Aggregate cell suspension cultures of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. for triptolide, wilforgine, and wilforine production

The relationships between aggregate cell types, cell growth, and the triptolide, wilforgine, and wilforine content in aggregate cell suspension cultures of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. were examined. Aggregate cells larger than 2?mm grew quickly and constituted the majority of the white aggregates. The accumulation of triptolide was strongly correlated with the size of the aggregates and the length of the culture period. The aggregates 0.5?C2?mm in diameter accumulated higher triptolide content than those with other sizes throughout the culture. However, the size of the aggregate cells did not significantly affect on the wilforgine and wilforine content. Two other kinds of aggregate cells, the brown and green aggregate cells, also formed in the suspension cultures. The smallest aggregates (0.1?C0.5?mm) had a lower biomass and growth rate and had more chloroplasts and higher alkaloid content. The results of this study can be used to improve the selection process for the mass production of triptolide, wilforgine, and wilforine from cell suspension cultures.     

Elicitation and in situ adsorption enhanced secondary metabolites production of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. adventitious root fragment liquid cultures in shake flask and a modified bubble column bioreactor

The experiments of elicitation and in situ adsorption were conducted in shake flasks and then tested in a modified bubble column bioreactor for enhancing the productions of three active metabolites in Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f., triptolide, wilforgine and wilforine. Methyl jasmonate was screened out as the elicitor and the non-ionic polymeric ion-exchange resin of Amberlite^® XAD-7 was used for in situ product removal and protecting the alkaloids from degradation in the medium. In shake flask experiments, 3.55-fold, 49.11-fold, and 10.40-fold of triptolide, wilforgine, and wilforine, respectively, could be recovered from the medium and XAD-7 resin by elicitation and in situ product removal, compared with the control. The modified 10 L bubble column bioreactor had similar productions of the three active metabolites but needed a further optimization of parameters for better growth of adventitious roots.     

雷公藤不定根两相培养初步研究

以雷公藤(Tripterygium wilfordii)不定根为材料,通过两相培养技术,研究有机溶剂邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)不同浓度及培养时间对雷公藤不定根生长及次生代谢产物含量的影响。结果显示,DBP浓度为6%、培养至第6 d时,不定根增长量达1.14 g/瓶,为对照(1.08 g/瓶)的1.06倍;DBP浓度为2%、培养至第8 d时,内酯醇含量达74.96μg/g,为对照(53.67μg/g)的1.40倍;DBP浓度为2%、培养至第2 d时,所收获的内酯醇总产量最高(0.40 mg/瓶),且为对照(0.27 mg/瓶)的1.48倍。本研究结果表明,在培养基中添加一定浓度DBP,虽然适合雷公藤内酯醇的形成,但不适合雷公藤生物碱的形成;不论添加DBP浓度大小、培养时间长短,不定根中吉碱和次碱含量及每瓶总产量均低于对照。     

Sesquiterpene pyridine alkaloids from Peritassa campestris.

An investigation of the methanol and ethyl acetate extracts from the roots of Peritassa campestris (Hippocrateaceae) afforded the sesquiterpene pyridine alkaloid, 4-hydroxy-7-epi-chuchuhuanine E-V, and nine known alkaloids, forrestine, euonimine, ebenifoline E-I, wilforine, euojaponine F, euonine, wilforjine, neowilforine, and wilforzine. The structures of the isolates were elucidated on the basis of spectral data, particularly HMQC and HMBC experiments.     

Proton homonuclear correlated spectroscopy as an assignment tool for hyperfine-shifted resonances in medium-sized paramagnetic proteins: cyanide-ligated yeast cytochrome c peroxidase as an example.

Two types of homonuclear proton COSY experiments are shown to be useful in making resonance assignments in cyanide-ligated cytochrome c peroxidase, a 34 kDa paramagnetic heme protein. Both magnitude COSY and phase-sensitive COSY experiments provide spectra useful for making proton assignments to resonances of strongly relaxed hyperfine-shifted protons. This initial investigation demonstrates that COSY experiments combined with NOESY experiments are feasible for hyperfine-shifted protons of paramagnetic proteins larger than metmyoglobins and ferricytochromes c, for which the nuclear spin-lattice relaxation times are in the range 70-300 ms. Taken together, COSY and NOESY experiments, although not yet widely applied to paramagnetic metalloproteins, provide a reliable protocol for accurately assigning hyperfine-shifted resonances that are part of a metalloenzyme's active site. Specific examples of expected proton homonuclear COSY connectivities that were not observed in these experiments are presented, and utilization of COSY with respect to the proton resonance line widths and apparent nuclear relaxation times is discussed. The COSY experiments presented here provide valuable verification of previously proposed hyperfine resonance assignments for cyanide-ligated cytochrome c peroxidase, which were made by using NOESY experiments alone, and in several instances expand these assignments to additional protons in particular amino acid spin systems.     

Simultaneous determination of four sesquiterpene alkaloids in Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F. extracts by high-performance liquid chromatography

Wilfortrine, wilfordine, wilforgine and wilforine are four major bioactive sesquiterpene alkaloids in Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F. The first analytical determination of the four major bioactive alkaloids is described. The four alkaloids are well-resolved within 15 min using the developed HPLC method. The identity of the analytes was confirmed by an HPLC-MS experiment, with all compounds being clearly assignable by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) positive mode analysis. The method was validated for limit of qualification, linearity and inter-day variation of precision and accuracy. Seven T. wilfordii samples (extracts and commercial product) were successfully analysed.     

A MDR transporter contributes to the different extracellular production of sesquiterpene pyridine alkaloids between adventitious root and hairy root liquid cultures of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tripterygium wilfordii</Emphasis> Hook.f.

Key message

TwMDR1 transports sesquiterpene pyridine alkaloids, wilforine and wilforgine, into the hairy roots of T. wilfordii Hook.f. resulting in low secretion ratio of alkaloids.

Abstract

Hairy roots (HRs) exhibit high growth rate and biochemical and genetic stability. However, varying secondary metabolites in HR liquid cultures mainly remain in root tissues, and this condition may affect cell growth and cause inconvenience in downstream extraction. Studies pay less attention to adventitious root (AR) liquid cultures though release ratio of some metabolites in AR liquid cultures is significantly higher than that of HR. In Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.f., release ratio of wilforine in AR liquid cultures reached 92.75 and 13.32% in HR on day 15 of culture. To explore potential roles of transporters in this phenomenon, we cloned and functionally identified a multidrug resistance (MDR) transporter, TwMDR1, which shows high expression levels in HRs and is correlated to transmembrane transportation of alkaloids. Nicotiana tabacum cells with overexpressed TwMDR1 efficiently transported wilforine and wilforgine in an inward direction. To further prove the feasibility of genetically engineered TwMDR1 and improve alkaloid production, we performed a transient RNAi experiment on TwMDR1 in T. wilfordii Hook.f. suspension cells. Results indicated that release ratios of wilforine and wilforgine increased by 1.94- and 1.64-folds compared with that of the control group, respectively. This study provides bases for future studies that aim at increasing secretion ratios of alkaloids in root liquid cultures in vitro.

     

昆明山海棠的杀虫活性及有效成分

【目的】从天然产物尤其是植物中寻找杀虫活性物质是杀虫剂创制的重要途径。【方法】采用生物活性追踪、分离等方法,研究了昆明山海棠Tripterygium hypoglaucum (Levl.) Hutch对6种鳞翅目昆虫的杀虫活性及有效成分。【结果】昆明山海棠根皮石油醚提取物、甲醇提取物和乙酸乙酯提取物对粘虫3龄幼虫均具有拒食活性,24 h的拒食毒力AFC₅₀值分别为1 165.7 μg/mL、104.3 μg/mL和 47.3 μg/mL。昆明山海棠根皮甲醇提取物对粘虫4龄幼虫具有触杀活性,其LD₅₀值为100.4 μg/头。从昆明山海棠根皮甲醇提取物中分离出雷公藤春碱、雷公藤吉碱、雷公藤定碱和雷公藤榕碱 4个杀虫活性化合物,雷公藤春碱和雷公藤吉碱对粘虫具有胃毒麻醉活性,对粘虫3龄幼虫8 h的麻醉中量（ND₅₀）分别是18.1 μg/头和7.4 μg/头。雷公藤定碱和雷公藤榕碱对粘虫具有触杀麻醉活性,对粘虫4龄幼虫24 h的ND₅₀分别是0.33 μg/头和0.06 μg/头;对3龄小地老虎具有胃毒麻醉活性,24 h的麻醉中量ND₅₀分别是5.62 μg/头和1.24 μg/头。【结论】昆明山海棠对所测试的6种鳞翅目昆虫均有一定的杀虫活性,其主要杀虫活性成分为雷公藤春碱、雷公藤吉碱、雷公藤定碱和雷公藤榕碱4个化合物。     

Diterpene glucosides from Pieris formosa

Five diterpene glucosides, pierisformosides B-F were isolated from Pieris formosa D. Don (Ericaceae). Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectral analysis. including 1H-1H COSY, 13C-1H COSY, HMBC and NOESY experiments.     

雷公藤的杀虫作用研究与应用

卫矛科植物雷公藤(Tripterygium wilfordli Hook)是我国著名的杀虫植物。文章对雷公藤的杀虫活性、主要有效成分、作用机理及田间药效4个方面的研究与应用进行综述。雷公藤对多种昆虫有毒杀、拒食、麻醉、生长发育抑制和种群抑制作用;雷公藤定碱、雷公藤次碱、雷公藤春碱、雷公藤吉碱、雷公藤嗪碱、雷公藤新碱和雷公藤甲素、雷公藤内酯酮是其主要杀虫活性成分;雷公藤生物碱作用于昆虫的神经系统和中肠肠壁细胞,Na+,K+-ATP酶可能是雷公藤甲素的靶标之一;雷公藤还具有较好的田间防效。最后,对雷公藤作为杀虫植物资源的开发利用前景和今后的研究方向作了展望。     

2D COSY 1H NMR: a new tool for studying in situ brain metabolism in the living animal

2D COSY 1H NMR with surface coil has been used to resolve and assign cerebral metabolites which had previously been detected but could not be resolved or assigned in situ in the living animal by conventional 1D 1H NMR. A wide range of cerebral metabolites, including alanine, N-acetyl aspartate, aspartate, choline derivatives, creatine/phosphocreatine pool, GABA, glucose, glutamate/glutamine pool, inositol, lactate and taurine were simultaneously resolved and assigned in situ in the whole animal using the 2D COSY correlation graphs. Global irreversible ischemia caused the appearance and the disappearance of cross-peaks in the 2D COSY 1H NMR map, corresponding to increases in alanine, GABA and lactate and glucose depletion.     

Two Novel Diterpenoid Alkaloids Isolated from the Roots of Aconitum brevicalcaratum

Two new diterpenoid alkaloids were isolated from the roots of Aconitum brevicalcaratum Diels. They were acobretine D ( Ⅰ )and acobretine E ( Ⅱ ), and the structures of which were identified on the basis of spectroscopic evidences (IR, MS, 1 H and 13C-NMR) and confirmed by chemical transformations. The 1 H and 13C chemical shifts of the hydrochloride of Ⅰ were assigned in relation to of 1 H-1 H COSY and 13C-1 H COSY.     

黄射干的异黄酮类成分

从黄射干Ｉｒｉｓｔｅｃｔｏｒｕｍ的甲醇抽提物中分到５个异黄酮：鸢尾黄酮甲素（１）,鸢尾花素（２）,野鸢尾黄酮（３）,鸢尾黄酮（４）,鸢尾黄酮甙（５）。化合物（１）和（２）系首次从黄射干中分到。所有成分经详细光谱分析确定。     

Identification of glycine spin systems in 1H NMR spectra of proteins using multiple quantum coherences

Double-quantum filtered COSY and triple-quantum filtered COSY techniques have been compared for the tripeptide Gly-Tyr-Gly and for human lysozyme. The insertion of a triple-quantum filter in the COSY experiment leads to dramatic spectral simplification in the fingerprint region of the spectrum and permits the specific identification of glycine spin systems in the complex 1H NMR spectra of proteins. The assignment of these peaks to glycine H alpha can be confirmed using 2D double-quantum correlated spectroscopy.     

Omega 1-decoupled 1H homonuclear shift-correlated nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (COSYDEC) applied to steroids

Problems of cross-peak overlap in two-dimensional 1H homonuclear shift-correlated (COSY) spectra of steroids can often be avoided by use of the omega 1-decoupled COSY (COSYDEC) method. The selection of experimental parameters is discussed, and COSYDEC spectra are illustrated for 17a-oxa-D-homoandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione (testololactone), testosterone, and 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone. In a good case, a COSYDEC spectrum obtained at 250 MHz allows cross-peak recognition and assignment with facility comparable to that available only at 500 MHz for normal COSY spectra.     

Comparative structural connectivity spectra analysis (CoSCoSA) models of steroids binding to the aromatase enzyme

A method that combines NMR spectral and structural information into a constructed three-dimensional (3D)-connectivity matrix is developed for modeling biological binding activity of small molecules. The 3D-connectivity matrix for a molecule is defined by associating the distances between all possible carbon-to-carbon connections with their assigned carbon NMR chemical shifts. In this project we selected from the total 3D-connectivity matrix a subset, the two-dimensional (2D) (13)C-(13)C COSY and a theoretical long range 2D (13)C-(13)C distance connectivity spectral plane. Patterns of (13)C chemical shifts observed at these two relative distances for 50 steroids were used to produce a mathematical relationship for the steroids' relative binding affinity (pK(i)) to the aromatase enzyme. We call this technique comparative structural connectivity spectra analysis (CoSCoSA) modeling. Using combinations of the 2D COSY and 2D long-range distance spectra as modeling parameters, we built four CoSCoSA models. One model was made from the 2D COSY spectra alone and another was developed using only the 2D long-range distance spectra. Then the COSY and long-distance spectra were combined in two different ways: starting with the combined principal components (PCs) from the separately calculated COSY and distance spectra or using the combined raw spectra (3D). The best CoSCoSA model was based on the combined PCs from COSY and distance spectra. This model had an r(2) of 0.96 and a leave-one-out cross-validation (q(2)) of 0.92. In general CoSCoSA modeling combines the quantum mechanical information inherent in NMR chemical shifts with internal molecular atom-to-atom distances to give a reliable and straightforward basis for predictive modeling. The technique has the flexibility and accuracy to outperform not only the cross-validated variance q(2) of previously published quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) but also those obtained by related quantitative spectral data-activity relationships (QSDARs) lacking connectivity dimensions.     

Improved spectral resolution in cosy 1H NMR spectra of proteins via double quantum filtering

A double quantum filter is inserted into a two-dimensional correlated (COSY) 1H NMR experiment to obtain phase-sensitive spectra in which both cross peak and diagonal peak multiplets have anti-phase fine structure, and in which the cross peaks and the major contribution to the diagonal peaks have absorption lineshapes in both dimensions. The elimination of the dispersive character of the diagonal peaks in phase-sensitive, double quantum-filtered COSY spectra allows identification of cross peaks lying immediately adjacent to the diagonal, which represents a significant improvement over the conventional COSY experiment.     

Application of nonlinear sampling schemes to COSY-type spectra

Summary Nonlinear sampling along the t₁ dimension is applied to COSY-type spectra. The sine dependence of the time domain signals for the cross peaks is matched by a nonlinear sampling scheme that samples most densely around the maximum of the sine function. Data are processed by maximum entropy reconstruction, using a modified implementation of the Cambridge algorithm of Skilling and Bryan. The procedure is demonstrated for P.E.COSY spectra recorded on a cyclic hexapeptide and on a 126-residue domain of the protein villin. The number of t₁ values in the nonlinearly sampled experiments was reduced by a factor of four compared to linear sampling. The sensitivity and resolution of the resulting spectra are comparable to those achieved by conventional methods. The method described can thus significantly reduce the measuring time for COSY-type spectra.Abbreviations COSY two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy - E.COSY exclusive COSY - P.E.COSY primitive E.COSY - TPPI time proportional phase incrementation - FID free induction decay To whom correspondence should be addressed.