Influence of induced resistance in soybean on the development and nutrition of the soybean looper and the Mexican bean beetle

Standard gravimetric technique was used to assess the effect of induced resistance in soybean on the consumption and utilization of food by the Mexican bean beetle (MBB), Epilachna varivestis, and the soybean looper (SBL), Pseudoplusia includens. Induced resistance had significant retarding effects on the development and growth of both SBL and MBB. SBL fed leaves of previously injured soybean plants had a 8.5% longer developmental time through the entire larval stage and a 10.4% lower pupal weight than larvae fed leaves from uninjured plants. MBB fed on leaves from previously injured plants through the first three instars had a 9.1% longer developmental time and a 16.5% lower final weight than those fed on leaves from unijured plants. Induced resistance showed no significant effect on total food consumed by either SBL or MBB. Nutritional indices including relative consumption rate (RCR), relative growth rate (RGR), efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI), approximate digestibility (AD), and efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD) were calculated on dry weight measurements. In general, induced resistance had greater impacts on the performance of MBB than on that of SBL.

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Résumé Une technique gravimétrique uniforme a été utilisée pour mesurer l'effet de la résistance induite du soja et la consommation et l'utilisation d'aliments par E. varivestis (Coléop.: Coccinellidae) et P. includens (Lepid.: Noctuidae). La résistance induite a significativement retardé la croissance et le développement des 2 insectes. La consommation de feuilles déjà abîmées a prolongé de 8.5% la durée du développement de P. includens et a réduit de 10.4% le poids des chrysalides. La consommation de feuilles de soja abîmées pendant les 3 premiers stades d'E. varivestis a prolongé le développement de 9.1% et a réduit de 16.5% le poids des nymphes. La résistance induite n'a pas provoqué une modification significative de la quantité de feuilles de soja abîmées chez les 2 insectes. Les indices de nutrition, comprenant le taux de consommation relative (RCR), le taux de croissance relative (RGR), l'efficacité de transformation de l'aliment ingéré (ECI), la digestibilité approchée (AD) et l'efficacité de conversion de l'aliment digéré (ECD), ont été calculés à partir des poids secs. En général, la résistance induite a eu des effets plus nets sur les performances d'E. varivestis que de P. includens.

     

Comparative constitutive resistance in soybean lines to Mexican bean beetle

Constitutive (i.e., preformed) parameters of Mexican bean beetle (MBB) resistance were demonstrated in PI 227687 soybeans grown under highly controlled and reproducible biotron environmental conditions which favored optimal plant growth and development. Constitutive antifeedants in PI 227687 against the beetle were variously soluble in hexane, ethyl acetate and 100% methanol. Antifeedants also remained in the aqueous residue after the sequential organic extractions. PI 227687 and MBB-susceptible Davis soybean lines each showed characteristic temporal patterns of L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity. Healthy PI 227687, but not healthy Davis, also showed a characteristic temporal pattern of L-tyrosine ammonia-lyase activity. Activities of the above two enzymes are positively correlated with plant phenylpropanoid metabolism. PI 227687 and Davis leaves did not differ in content of total phenols. Products from phenylpropanoid metabolism apparently contribute to PI 227687 resistance to MBB feeding.

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Résumé Les paramètres de la résistance spontanée (c.a.d. non induite) du soja à E. varivestis ont été examinés sur des PI 227687 cultivés dans des conditions contrôlées et reproductibles d'un phytotron assurant une croissance et un développement optimaux. Les antiappétants de PI 227687 contre E. varivestris présentaient différentes solubilités dans l'hexane, l'acétate, d'éthyle et le méthanol à 100%. Les produits du métabolisme phénylpropanoïde des plantes, y compris les phytoalexines, sont fortement solubles dans un ou plusieurs de ces solvants. Les antiappétants sont restés dans le résidu aqueux après les extractions organiques séquentielles. Les PI 227687 sains, ainsi que les Davis susceptibles ont présenté les caractéristiques temporelles de l'activité tyrosine-amonia lyase. Les niveaux d'activité de ces deux enzymes sont très significativement corrélés avec le métabolisme phenylpropanoïde de la plante. Les teneurs en phénols totax de PI 227687 et Davis ne présentaient pas de différences. Les résultats semblent compatibles avec la présence des produits aglycônes du métabolisme phénylpropanoïde comme paramètres spontanés principaux de la résistance de PI 227687 à E. varivestis.

     

A dynamic model of larval Mexican bean beetle survival as a function of body water balance

Abstract. This paper presents evidence of the relationship between survival and body water content in the Mexican bean beetle, Epilachna varivestis Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Results of a simulation model for dynamically describing water balance and survival are compared with experimental data for the Mexican bean beetle feeding on both lima bean and soybean under different variable temperature and moisture regimes.     

Occurrence of weight gain reduction and inhibition of metamorphosis and storage protein formation in last larval instars of the Mexican bean beetle, Epilachna varivestis, after injection of azadirachtin

Injection of the insect growth regulator azadirachtin into 40-h-old last larval instars of Epilachna varivestis (Mulsant) inhibited metamorphosis at doses lower than 0.3 g. Various higher doses (0.3–1.0 g) caused in addition weight gain reduction, whereas weight gain was almost entirely suppressed after injection of 2.5 g. Histological and electrophoretical analyses showed that storage protein formation in the fat body, necessary for pupation, did not occur in higher dose treated (1.0 g) individuals, but it was not affected by low dose (0.1 g) treatment. It is assumed that azadirachtin causes metabolic defects at higher concentrations.

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Zusammenfassung Injektion verschiedener Dosen von Azadirachtin in Larven des letzten Stadiums von Epilachna varivestis führt zu folgenden Ergebnissen: Niedrige Dosen (0.1–0.2 g) erzeugen keine Verminderung des Gewichtszuwachses, verhindern aber vollständig die Verpuppung. Bei etwas höheren Dosen (0.3–1.0 g) tritt zusätzlich eine einheitliche Verminderung der Gewichtszunahme auf, die in diesem Bereich nicht dosisabhängig ist. Es wird vermutet, daß Azadirachtin in höheren Dosen bestimmte metabolische Prozesse in einer bisher unbekannten Weise beeinflußt. Es wird weiterhin gezeigt, daß nach Injektion höherer Dosen die für die Metamorphose wichtigen Speicherproteine im Fettkörper nicht oder nur unzureichend gebildet werden.

     

Response ofNabis roseipennis [Heteroptera: Nabidae] to Larvae of Mexican bean beetle,Epilachna varivestis [Col.: Coccinellidae]

Laboratory studies were done to measure predation by adult damsel bugs,Nabis roseipennis Reuter [Heteroptera: Nabidae], on 3^rd instar larvae of Mexican bean beetle (MBB),Epilachna varivestis Mulsant [Coleoptera: Coccinellidae], and to measure longevity and body weight of the nabids. In the 1^st experiment, field-collected nabids were isolated for 24h in 9 cm Petri dishes with lima bean foliage (Phaseolus lunatus L.) and were assigned to one of 3 prey treatments: either 4 3^rd-instar MBB larvae, 4 3^rd-instar larvae of boll weevil (BW),Anthonomus grandis Boheman [Coleoptera: Curculionidae], or 2 larvae of each species. No MBB larvae were attacked in either the MBB treatment or 2-species treatment. In contrast, BW larvae were attacked in both BW and 2-species treatments. Significantly more BW larvae were attacked in the BW treatment than in the 2-species treatment, and both were greater than the number of MBB larvae attacked. Nabids that did not attack prey lost weight during the 24 h, whereas those that attacked prey gained weight. In the 2^nd experiment, nabids that had attacked prey were isolated with lima foliage, and nabids that had not attacked prey were kept with MBB and lima foliage until an attack or death. In no instances were MBB attacked. Longevity and the pattern of weight loss did not differ between nabids that did or did not attack prey. We discuss possible reasons for the failure ofN. roseipennis to attack MBB larvae, as well as the implications for using nabids to influence pest populations in the field.      

A dynamic model of water gain and loss in larval Mexican bean beetle

Abstract. Quantitative effects of temperature, vapour pressure deficit, host, and larval body size were experimentally determined. A simulation model for dynamic water balance in the Mexican bean beetle, Epilachna varivestis Mulsant, is presented and parameters are estimated from laboratory data for water gain/loss equations. The model is based on water loss through the cuticle, spiracles and frass, and water gain through ingestion.     

Chemoreceptors of adult Mexican bean beetles: External morphology and role in food preference

The Mexican bean beetle, Epilachna varivestis Mulsant (Coleoptera; Coccinellidae), is an oligophagous insect that accepts leaves of soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill, as food but exhibits distinct preferences among varieties. It is believed that the basis for discrimination between the resistant PI 229358 and the susceptible cv. Williams is chemical. By the ablation of chemosensilla on antennae, maxillary palpi, labial palpi, and foretarsi, followed with leaf disc preference tests, we found antennal and maxillary palp chemosensilla to be almost entirely responsible for Mexican bean beetles' discrimination between foliage of the resistant and susceptible genotypes. All appendages, and the epipharynx, were observed by scanning electron microscopy and, except for foretarsi, were found to bear several types of presumably olfactory and gustatory sensilla, which are figured and described. Since behavioral observations show that olfaction is usually sufficient to cause rejection of PI 229358, we conclude that olfactory sensilla mainly on antennae and maxillary palpi are critical in food discrimination in this system.

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Résumé E. varivestis Mulsant, insecte oligophage, accepte les feuilles de Glycine max (L.) Merrill (soja) comme aliment, mais présente des préférences marquées parmi les variétés. On considère que l'origine de la discrimination entre le cultivar sensible Williams et PI 229358 résistant, est chimique. Des expériences de choix avec des rondelles de feuilles, après ablation des sensilles chimiques des antennes et des palpes maxillaires et labiaux, et des tarses antérieurs, ont montré que les sensilles chimiques étaient presque entièrement responsables de la discrimination entre les feuillages de génotypes résistant et sensible. Tous les appendices ont été observés au microscope à balayage, et, à l'exception des tarses antérieurs, ils portaient plusieurs types de sensilles gustatives et olfactives, qui ont été représentées et décrites. Puisque les observations comportementales montrent que l'olfaction est normalement suffisante pour provoquer le rejet de PI 229358, nous concluons que les sensilles olfactives des antennes et des palpes maxillaires jouent un rôle crucial dans le choix de l'aliment.

     

Increase in feeding stimulants as the primary mechanism by which SO2 enhances performance of Mexican bean beetle on soybean

Relative consumption rate (RCR) and relative growth rate (RGR) were significantly higher for larvae of the Mexican bean beetle fed leaves from plants fumigated with SO₂. The insects grew faster primarily because they ate faster, rather than as a result of change in nutritional value of affected host tissue. Soluble carbohydrate content of fumigated or glutathione-treated leaves was much higher than that of corresponding control leaves, and concentrations of sucrose, fructose, and glucose, major feeding stimulants for this insect, were increased 40–50% by the treatments; soluble protein was unchanged (fumigated leaves) or significantly lower (glutathione-treated leaves) than controls. Feeding choice assays using filter-paper discs demonstrated that the beetles can discriminate clearly and respond to differences in sugar content of the magnitude produced by exposure to the pollutant. Thus, the primary mechanism by which SO₂ increases performance of Mexican bean beetle on soybean appears to be increase in foliar concentration of stimulatory sugars, which, at least in part, would be a consequence of the pollutant interfering with phloem loading and translocation of sugar from affected leaves.

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Résumé Les taux de consommation relative (RCR) et de croissance relative (RGR) sont significativement supérieurs chez les larves d'E. varivestis après fumigation des feuilles de soja par SO₂. L'étude de la relation entre RCR et RGR a révélé que les insectes se sont développés davantage, avant tout parce qu'ils ont consommé plus, et non pas par modification de la valeur nutritive des tissus de l'hôte. La teneur en carbohydrates solubles des feuilles traitées au glutathion on ayant subi une fumigation était bien supérieure à celle des témoins; les concentrations de sucrose, fructose et glucose, principaux phagostimulants de cet insecte avaient augmenté de 40 à 50%; la teneur en protéine soluble était inchangée (cas de la fumigation) ou significativement réduite (cas des feuilles traitées au glutathion). Des expériences de choix avec des disques de papier filtre ont montré que les insectes pouvaient distinguer nettement des différences de concentration en sucres, du même ordre d'importance que celles provoquées par le polluant, et y répondre. Ainsi, la cause primaire par laquelle SO₂ augmente les performances d'E. varivestis sur soja semble être l'augmentation de la concentration foliaire en sucres stimulateurs, ce qui serait, au moins en partie, la conséquence de l'interférence du polluant avec la charge du phloème et le transfert du sucre à partir des feuilles atteintes.

     

Transient effects of photoperiod on reproduction in the Mexican bean beetle

ABSTRACT. Mexican bean beetles (Coccinellidae: Epilachna varivestis (Mulsant)) have an adult diapause and show a graded response to photoperiods intermediate between those that lead to the fastest gonadal maturation and those that lead to diapause. The rate of maturation is reduced by a few to several days at day lengths corresponding to dates after the summer solstice, and such delays in reproduction may be of ecological and evolutionary importance. Multinomial probit analysis is demonstrated as a method for studying more than two classes of response to a photoperiodic regime.     

Variable correspondence of female host preference and larval performance in a phytophagous ladybird beetle Epilachna pustulosa (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

Genetic and environmental factors causing intraspecific variation of the thistle Cirsium kamtschaticum Ledeb. as a host plant of the phytophagous ladybird Epilachna pustulosa Kôno were investigated through simple food-choice tests and rearing of larvae. Two thistle clones (T1U₁ and T4H₂) were used, originally growing approximately 12 km apart. A previous study showed that adult female ladybirds preferred T1U₁ to T4H₂, and that larval performance was better on T1U₁, when leaves from the clones in situ were examined. The two clones retained their characteristics with respect to beetle preference after transplantation into a common garden. However, the difference between T1U₁ and T4H₂ with respect to larval performance was reduced after the transplantation. When leaves from shoots of T1U₁ exposed to different sunlight intensities were offered, adult female ladybirds did not show obvious preferences. Larval eclosion rates increased significantly with the increase in leaf sunlight intensity exposure. These results suggest strongly that both genetic and environmental factors are involved in interclonal variation of thistle quality in beetle preference and/or performance. It is suggested that the quality of thistle leaves for larval performance is largely affected by environmental factors, while leaf quality for beetle preference may be determined strictly by genetic factors. Under certain conditions, E. pustulosa females may behave maladaptively, preferring plants not appropriate for larval growth, or not choosing plants appropriate for the larval growth.     

Metabolic integration in locust flight: the effect of octopamine on fructose 2,6-bisphosphate content of flight muscle in vivo

The biogenic amine octopamine was injected into the haemolymph of 20-days old male locusts,Locusta migratoria, and the content of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate, a potent activator of glycolysis, was measured in the flight muscle after various time. Octopamine brought about a transient increase in fructose 2,6-bisphosphate. After the injection of 10 l of 10 mmol·l^-1 d, l-octopamine fructose 2,6-bisphosphate was increased by 61% within 2 min. Ten minutes after the injection fructose 2,6-bisphosphate was increased to 6.71±0.89 nmol·g^-1 flight muscle, almost 300% over the control value. Flight caused fructose 2,6-bisphosphate in flight muscle to decrease, but this decrease was counteracted by octopamine injected into the haemolymph of flying locusts. Octopamine and fructose 2,6-bisphosphate may act as signals to stimulate the oxidation of carbohydrate and to integrate muscle performance and metabolism. This mechanism appears particularly significant in the initial stage of flight when carbohydrates are the main fuel.Abbreviations F2,6P₂ fructose 2,6-bisphosphate - F6P fructose 6-phosphate - PFK1 6-phosphofructokinase (EC 2.7.1.11) - P _i inorganic phosphate - PP _i -PFK pyrophosphate dependent fructose 6-phosphate phosphotransferase (EC 2.7.1.90)     

The daily onset of flight in the crepuscular dung beetle Onitis alexis

The role of light intensity and temperature in determining the onset of flight in the crepuscular dung beetle Onitis alexis Klug (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) was examined. Flight under natural light was highly synchronized, with two-thirds of the beetles that flew flying over a period of 10–12 min. In six flights on different days, the mean time of onset varied by up to 13 min, but mean onset occurred at fixed light intensity. Absolute light intensity therefore appears to be a vital cue in determining flight onset. Mean onset remained at this intensity when dusk was advanced artificially by up to about 8 min. However, when dusk was brought further forward, mean flight occurred at lower intensities and onset of flight took place over a longer period. This is interpreted as an overlapping of the period of light intensities suitable for flight with the circadian rhythm that brings the beetles to the surface. No beetles flew when kept under constant bright light or in the dark during the dusk period. Under conditions of constant dusk, the beetles appeared uncoordinated and, although the median time of onset of flight was only 3 min later than in the control flight, onset of flight was spread out over a much longer period. At soil temperatures of 20–22 °C, over 90% of the beetles flew. This percentage decreased with decreasing temperature, and less than 10% flew at temperatures of 16–17 °C.

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L'incitation quotidienne au vol chez e bousier crépusculaire Onitis alexis Klug (Col. Scarabaeidae)

Résumé L'examen a porté sur le rôle de l'intensité lumineuse et de la température sur l'incitation au vol chez Onitis alexis. Le vol en lumière naturelle est fortement synchronisé, avec les deux tiers des adultes qui s'envolent en 10–12 min. Sur six vols pour différents jours, le moment moyen d'envol variait de 13 min, mais l'envol moyen avait lieu à une intensité lumineuse déterminée. La valeur absolue de l'intensité lumineuse paraît ainsi un signal crucial dans la détermination et l'incitation au vol. Le moment d'envol se maintient à cette intensité quand le crépuscule est artificiellement avancé jusqu'à 8 min environ. Cependant, quand le crépuscule est rendu encore plus précoce, l'envol moyen se produit à des intensités plus basses et est étalé. Ceci peut être interprété comme un chevauchement de la période des intensités lumineuses favorables à l'envol avec le rythme circadien qui conduit les bousiers à la surface. Aucun adulte ne vole quand il y a maintien de lumière constante ou d'obscurité à l'heure du crépuscule. En présence de crépuscule constant, les réponses sont hétérogènes, et, bien que le moment médian d'envol ne soit retardé que de 3 min, par rapport aux témoins, l'incitation à l'envol est étalée sur une période plus longue. Avec des températures au sol de 20–22 °C, plus de 90% des adultes s'envolent. Le pourcentage diminue avec la température, et moins de 10% s'envolent à 16–17 °C.

     

Ultrastructural evidence for inhibition of chitin synthesis by nikkomycin

Summary The nucleoside antibiotic nikkomycin has proved to be an effective inhibitor of chitin synthesis in the Mexican bean beetleEpilachna varivestis. Ultrastructural investigations show defects in the procuticular area after nikkomycin application which suggest the complete absence of chitin. A cuticle like this is inflexible and too brittle to satisfy its normal function as an exoskeleton. The individuals are not able to free themselves from the exuvia and finally die. Therefore nikkomycin seems to be a potential insecticide with high specifity.     

Behavioral responses of female adult Trichoplusia ni to volatiles from soybeans versus a preferred host, lima bean

Volatiles from different plants may have quite distinct effects on insect behaviors, i.e., attraction, repulsion or neutrality. Our study used Tenax^® to trap volatiles from plants at room temperature, and assayed female adult Trichoplusia ni's (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) responses to such volatiles. The results showed that volatiles from PI 227687 soybean leaves were repellent to T. ni, while those from Davis soybean were attractive to the moth, and those from an unnumbered PI soybean had no significant behavioral effect. Odors from Henderson lima bean, one of the more preferred hosts of T. ni, also did not influence the insect's behavior. The HPLC, GLC and GLC-MS analyses indicated that qualitative and quantitative differences among volatiles from plant species, varieties or plant introductions account for these effects. The attractive volatiles from Davis soybean contain much more 4-hexen-1-ol acetate, 2,2-dimethyl hexanal and 2-hexenal than those of PI 227678, but do not have the repellent tetradecene and dodecene which are major components in PI 227687 soybean odors. The composition of the neutral volatiles from Henderson lima bean is more complex than that of the volatiles from soybeans.     

Life-history variation in a seed beetle: adult egg-laying vs. larval competitive ability

Summary Populations of the seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus differ genetically in several traits that mediate intraspecific competition. This study examined competitive interactions between larvae from two strains that differed in their propensity to oviposit on occupied hosts. In a strain (S) where females avoided laying >1 egg/seed, larvae were highly competitive; if two larvae entered a small host simultaneously, only one adult emerged. In a strain (I) whose females were sloppier in their egg-laying decisions, more than half of the seeds bearing two larvae yielded two adults. If seeds contained one larva from each strain, only one adult emerged per seed, and 70% of these adults belonged to the more competitive S strain. A larva's probability of emergence could be increased if it entered the seed before its competitor. A two-day headstart was needed merely for I larvae to compete equally with S larvae. Competition also affected development time and adult weight, but its effect was highly strain- and sex-specific. Adult life-history traits also differed substantially between strains. Compared to I beetles, S beetles exhibited decreased longevity, lower fecundity, a truncated period of oviposition, and larger egg and body size. Fecundity was linearly related to body size in the I strain, but was largely independent of size in the S strain. When faced with a shortage of hosts, S females (whose progeny are highly competitive) withheld eggs and died without depositing 40% of their lifetime supply. In contrast, the fecundity of I females was independent of seed availability. Comparisons with previous studies suggest that both highly uniform egg-laying and strong interference among larvae may be a consequence of chronic association with a relatively small host. Results from the larval competition experiments were used as parameter estimates for a simple, game-theoretic model that postulates interference vs. exploitative strategies. Fitness comparisons suggest that a strategy employing interference competition cannot be invaded by a more exploitative form of competition in a small host.     

Glycogen phosphorylase from flight muscle of the hawk moth,Manduca sexta: purification and properties of three interconvertible forms and the effect of flight on their interconversion

Glycogen phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.1) of Manduca sexta flight muscle was separated into three distinct peaks of activity on diethylaminoethyl-Sephacel. The three fractions of phosphorylase activity were further purified by affinity chromatography on AMP-Sepharose and shown to have the same relative molecular mass (=178000) on polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis under non-denaturating conditions and to produce subunits of molecular mass =92000 on SDS gelelectrophoresis. On the basis of their kinetic properties with respect to the activator AMP and the inhibitor caffeine, the three fractions of phosphorylase activity were assigned as follows: peak 1=phosphorylase b (unphosphorylated form), peak 3=phosphorylase a (phosphorylated form); peak 2 represented a phospho-dephospho hybrid in which only one subunit of the dimeric enzyme was phosphorylated. This hypothesis was corroborated as the various forms could be interconverted in vitro by either dephosphorylation by an endogenous protein phosphatase producing the b form, or by phosphorylation catalyzed by purified phosphorylase kinase from rabbit muscle producing phosphorylase ab and a. From muscle of resting moths more phosphorylase was isolated in the b form (41%) than in the forms ab (28%) and a (31%), respectively. This proportion was changed in favour of the fully phosphorylated a form after a brief interval of flight when 68% of the phosphorylase activity was represented by the a form and only 13% by the b form. Unlike the phosphorylated forms a and ab of phosphorylase, the b form had low affinities for the substrates and for the activator AMP, and was virtually inactive if near-physiological concentrations of substrates and effectors were employed in the assays. The results demonstrate that in Manduca flight muscle three forms of phosphorylase coexist and that their interconversion is a mechanism for regulating phosphorylase activity in vivo.Abbreviations DEAE diethylaminoethyl - EDTA ethylenediamine tetraacetate - EGTA ethyleneglycol-bis(-aminoethylether)N,N-tetra-acetic acid - M _r relative molecular mass - NMR nuclear magnetic resonance - PAGGE polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis - P_i morganic phosphate - SDS sodium dodecylsulphate - TRIS tris(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane - V _max maximum activity     

Wind tunnel flight responses by hymenopterous parasitoidCampoletis sonorensis to cotton cultivars and lines

The behavior of parasitoidCampoletis sonorensis females to cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) leaf odor sources was examined in a wind tunnel bioassay. Parasitoids exhibited oriented flights to cotton but not to inert sources, and flew in significantly greater proportion to glanded cotton when compared to glandless cotton in choice tests. A relative lack of volatile terpenes in glandless cotton may account for response differences. Significantly more parasitoids flew to theG. hirsutum cultivar Tamcot CAMD-E than to the diploid cottonsG. arboreum andG. anomalum in choice tests. Differences in volatile chemical composition of the diploid cottons may account for these results. The data are discussed with regard to host habitat location.

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Réponse en tunnel de vol du parasitoïdeCampoletis sonorensis aux lignées et cultivars de coton

Résumé Campoletis sonorensis (Cameron) est attiré par diverses plantes et manifeste une forte attraction pour le coton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Le vol étant certainement le moyen utilisé lors de la détection d'habitats chez ce parasitoïde, un test biologique en tunnel de vol a été développé pour évaluer ces réponses de détection d'habitat chez des femelles deC. sonorensis en présence de coton. Des essais comparatifs ont montré l'existence de vols orientés vers le coton mais non vers des sources inertes, et, sur le coton, les vols ont été plus nombreux vers les plantes avec glandes que vers celles sans glande. Ces résultats sont apparus consistents sur trois paires de lignées avec et sans glandes. Le coton dépourvu de glande ne possède pas, ou seulement en faibles quantités, les terpènes volatils présent en quantités abondantes dans le coton avec glandes. Ce fait peut donc être reponsable des différences de comportement de vol observé envers les deux types de coton. Lors d'essais comparatifs, un nombre de parasitoïdes significativement supérieur a volé vers le cultivarG. hirsutum L. Tamcot CAMD-E par rapport aux espèces diploîdesG. arboreum etG. anomalum. Les cotons diploîdes manquent de certains terpènes volatils démontré attractifs pourC. sonorensis et ces différences peuvent expliquer les résultats observés. Des changements significatifs de réponse des parasitoïdes peuvent donc naître des variations de composition chimiques résultant de pression de sélection naturelles ou artificielles.

     

Contribution of symbiotic mycangial fungi to larval nutrition of a leaf-rolling weevil

Some phytophagous insects have been known to inoculate certain fungi on plant substrates. In many cases of such insect–fungi relationships it has been considered that fungi contribute to insects by decomposing lignin or polysaccharides, and that the insects feed on the decomposition products or fungi themselves. Females of the leaf-rolling weevil in the genus Euops (Attelabidae) store spores of symbiotic fungi in the mycangia and inoculate them on leaf rolls. To determine the effect of mycangial fungi on larval nutrition in E. lespedezae, the nutritional value was compared between leaves with and without mycangial fungi. Two Penicillium species were isolated from the mycangia. These mycangial fungi showed little effect on the decomposition of lignin and polysaccharides, and showed little effect on enhancement of soluble sugars within leaves. Thus, the mutualism between Euops and its mycangial fungi contrasts with the mainly nutritional mutualisms between wood-infesting insects (termites, bark/ambrosia beetles, and wood wasps) and lignin/polysaccharide-decomposing fungi.