极地微生物资源的研究现状及挑战

南极和北极区域存在着苔原、冻土、海洋、冰川、湖泊和高山等多种地质地貌,其低温、干燥、强辐射和贫瘠等环境形成了独特而多样化的微生物群落,是微生物资源的宝库。本文对极地微生物的低温酶、多糖以及其代谢产物(抗菌活性物质、表面活性剂、色素、挥发性有机物等)的功能和应用进行了概述,综述了极地微生物及其模式菌株的种类和保藏量,以及极地微生物专利申请和相关研究机构的现况,探讨了在极地微生物勘探中关于可培养性、宏基因组方法以及大数据的挑战。     

深海微生物资源研究开发技术进展

深海微生物由于生存环境的特殊性而具有各种与陆地和浅海微生物不同的功能,这些特殊功能具有重要的应用价值,是争夺激烈的深海热点资源之一。近年来,不断有新的研究技术和方法得到应用,推动了深海微生物资源的获取、研究和开发。对深海微生物菌株和基因资源研究开发方面的技术发展以及工作策略进行了综述与讨论。     

南极细菌

南极由于其独特的地理、气候和环境特征,形成了一个干燥、酷寒、强辐射的特殊生境,造就了极地微生物的新颖性和多样性。南极不仅是发现微生物新物种的重要资源宝库,也是发现新的药物先导化合物等活性物质的资源宝库,这使其将成为研究低温生物学的良好试验材料及新型活性物质的重要潜在来源。极地微生物的资源勘探与代谢活性产物研发,已成为国内外微生物学领域研究的热点之一[1-4]。     

微生物与能源的可持续开发

微生物技术在新能源开发领域中有广阔的应用潜力,对能源的可持续发展具有重要的理论和现实意义.简要叙述了生物柴油、燃料酒精、生物制沼气、生物制氢和微生物电池等新能源的原理、优缺点和开发现状,概述了微生物资源在能源领域的应用,指出发掘新的微生物资源或构建工程菌株、明确微生物作用机理、开发新工艺将会是今后研究的重点.     

微生物物种多样性的保护与其资源保藏

从微生物物种多样性的保护以及微生物物种资源的保藏等方面较全面地阐述了微生物物种资源保护与保藏的重要性及其相互关系 ,阐明了微生物菌种保藏的原理及方法 ,同时介绍了保藏技术领域的研究动向和保藏机构或组织在微生物资源的保藏、开发和交流等方面所起的重要作用     

粘细菌:一类重要的微生物资源

粘细菌 (Myxobacteria)是革兰氏阴性单细胞杆状细菌 ,具有有独特的生活史 ,在细胞分化发育和生物进化研究中占有重要地位。尤为重要的是粘细菌可产生丰富的次级代谢产物 ,是一类具有重要经济价值的微生物资源。本文简单地介绍了粘细菌生物学特性、分离纯化、系统分类、活性物质的研究 ,以推动粘细菌资源的全面研究、开发和利用。     

国内外从海洋微生物-开发新型药物的研究概况

本文根据国内外文献资料报道,综述了海洋微生物所产生的活性物质的特性及其药用价值,并阐述了国内外目前对海洋微生物资源的研究开发和发展展望。     

极地陆域微生物多样性研究进展

极地是指高纬度、高海拔地区,包括南极(60°S以南)、北极(60°N以北)和被称为“第三极”的青藏高原地区(平均海拔4,500 m).这些地区气温极低、养分极度贫乏,生态系统非常脆弱,对全球气候变化极为敏感,该地区生态系统一旦破坏将很难恢复.尽管极地地区自然条件恶劣,但在这些极端环境中栖息着大量微生物,是元素生物地球化学循环的主要驱动者,对极地生态系统的构建和维持具有非常重要的作用.本文综述了极地土壤、湖泊和冰川等陆域环境微生物研究进展.在这些极地环境中,目前已发现了Acidobacteria,Actinobacteria,Bacteroidetes,Cyanobacteria和Firmicutes等类群,这些微生物具有嗜盐/耐盐及耐低温等特征.我国在极地微生物生态学研究方面落后于发达国家,建议优先发展较易到达的青藏高原地区微生物生态学长期定位观测,这将有助于较快提升我国极地微生物多样性研究水平,深入了解极端生命过程及其生态学效应.     

厌氧产表面活性剂微生物提高原油采收率的研究进展

微生物强化采油(microbial enhanced oil recovery,MEOR)是近年来在国内外发展迅速的一项提高原油采收率技术。微生物在油藏中高效生产表面活性剂等驱油物质是微生物采油技术成功实施的关键之一。然而,油藏的缺/厌氧环境严重影响好氧表面活性剂产生菌在油藏原位的生存与代谢活性;油藏注空气会增加开采成本,且注入空气的作用时效和范围难以确定。因此,开发厌氧产表面活性剂菌种资源并强化其驱油效率对于提高原油采收率具有重要意义。本文综述了国内外近年来利用厌氧产表面活性剂微生物提高原油采收率的研究进展,简述了微生物厌氧产表面活性剂的相关驱油机理、菌种资源开发现状以及油藏原位驱油应用进展,并对当前的研究提出了一些思考。     

微生物农药资源挖掘技术研究进展

微生物农药因其环境相容性受到了广泛重视。作为微生物农药研究开发的最早的环节,微生物农药资源的挖掘显得尤为重要。本文从基于生物活性、农药活性化合物及功能基因三个方面对微生物农药资源的快速挖掘技术进行了综述。针对不同的微生物农药产品开发目标,将以上技术进行整合,可实现微生物农药资源的快速挖掘,为微生物农药产业的发展提供丰富的资源,为微生物农药产业的发展提供支撑。     

Marine Natural Products: The Important Resource of Biological Insecticide

Due to the unique environmental conditions and vast territory, marine habitat breeds more abundant biological resources than terrestrial environment. Massive marine biological species provide valuable resources for obtaining a large number of natural products with diverse structure and excellent activity. In recent years, new breakthroughs have been made in the application of marine natural products in drug development. In addition, the use of marine natural products to develop insecticides and other pesticide products has also been widely concerned. Targeting marine plants, animals, and microorganisms, we have collected information on marine natural products with insecticidal activity for nearly decade, including alkaloids, terpenes, flavonoids and phenols fatty acids, peptides, and proteins, et al. In addition, some active crude extracts are also included. This review describes the insecticidal activities of marine natural products and their broad applications for future research in agriculture and health.     

Biotechnological and industrial significance of cyanobacterial secondary metabolites

Cyanobacteria are considered to be a rich source of novel metabolites of a great importance from a biotechnological and industrial point of view. Some cyanobacterial secondary metabolites (CSMs), exhibit toxic effects on living organisms. A diverse range of these cyanotoxins may have ecological roles as allelochemicals, and could be employed for the commercial development of compounds with applications such as algaecides, herbicides and insecticides. Recently, cyanobacteria have become an attractive source of innovative classes of pharmacologically active compounds showing interesting and exciting biological activities ranging from antibiotics, immunosuppressant, and anticancer, antiviral, antiinflammatory to proteinase-inhibiting agents. A different but not less interesting property of these microorganisms is their capacity of overcoming the toxicity of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) by means of UV-absorbing/screening compounds, such as mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) and scytonemin. These last two compounds are true ‘multipurpose’ secondary metabolites and considered to be natural photoprotectants. In this sense, they may be biotechnologically exploited by the cosmetic industry. Overall CSMs are striking targets in biotechnology and biomedical research, because of their potential applications in agriculture, industry, and especially in pharmaceuticals.     

Biodiversity,bioactive natural products and biotechnological potential of plant-associated endophytic actinobacteria

Endophytic actinobacteria, which exist in the inner tissues of living plants, have attracted increasing attention among taxonomists, ecologists, agronomists, chemists and evolutionary biologists. Numerous studies have indicated that these prolific actinobacteria appear to have a capacity to produce an impressive array of secondary metabolites exhibiting a wide variety of biological activity, such as antibiotics, antitumor and anti-infection agents, plant growth promoters and enzymes, and may contribute to their host plants by promoting growth and enhancing their ability of withstanding the environmental stresses. These microorganisms may represent an underexplored reservoir of novel species of potential interest in the discovery of novel lead compounds and for exploitation in pharmaceutical, agriculture and industry. This review focuses on new findings in the isolation methods, bio- and chemical diversity of endophytic actinobacteria and reveals the potential biotechnological application. The facing problems and strategies for biodiversity research and bioactive natural products producing are also discussed.     

Bioactive natural products from endophytes: a review

Endophytes, microorganisms that reside in the internal tissues of living plants without causing any immediate overt negative effects, have been found in every plant species examined to date and recognized as potential sources of novel natural products for exploitation in medicine, agriculture, and industry with more and more bioactive natural products isolated from the microorganisms. In this review, we focus mainly on bioactive natural products from endophytic microorganisms by their different functional roles. The prospect and facing problems of isolating natural products from endophytes are also discussed.     

Bio-mining the microbial treasures of the ocean: new natural products

The biological resources of the oceans have been exploited since ancient human history, mainly by catching fish and harvesting algae. Research on natural products with special emphasis on marine animals and also algae during the last decades of the 20th century has revealed the importance of marine organisms as producers of substances useful for the treatment of human diseases. Though a large number of bioactive substances have been identified, some many years ago, only recently the first drugs from the oceans were approved. Quite astonishingly, the immense diversity of microbes in the marine environments and their almost untouched capacity to produce natural products and therefore the importance of microbes for marine biotechnology was realized on a broad basis by the scientific communities only recently. This has strengthened worldwide research activities dealing with the exploration of marine microorganisms for biotechnological applications, which comprise the production of bioactive compounds for pharmaceutical use, as well as the development of other valuable products, such as enzymes, nutraceuticals and cosmetics. While the focus in these fields was mainly on marine bacteria, also marine fungi now receive growing attention. Although culture-dependent studies continue to provide interesting new chemical structures with biological activities at a high rate and represent highly promising approaches for the search of new drugs, exploration and use of genomic and metagenomic resources are considered to further increase this potential. Many efforts are made for the sustainable exploration of marine microbial resources. Large culture collections specifically of marine bacteria and marine fungi are available. Compound libraries of marine natural products, even of highly purified substances, were established. The expectations into the commercial exploitation of marine microbial resources has given rise to numerous institutions worldwide, basic research facilities as well as companies. In Europe, recent activities have initiated a dynamic development in marine biotechnology, though concentrated efforts on marine natural product research are rare. One of these activities is represented by the Kieler Wirkstoff-Zentrum KiWiZ, which was founded in 2005 in Kiel (Germany).     

Effect of temperature on biofilm formation by Antarctic marine bacteria in a microfluidic device

Polar biofilms have become an increasingly popular biological issue because new materials and phenotypes have been discovered in microorganisms in the polar region. Various environmental factors affect the functionality and adaptation of microorganisms. Because the polar region represents an extremely cold environment, polar microorganisms have a functionality different from that of normal microorganisms. Thus, determining the effective temperature for the development of polar biofilms is crucial. Here, we present a simple, novel one-pot assay for analysis of the effect of temperature on formation of Antarctic bacterial biofilm using a microfluidic system where continuous temperature gradients are generated. We find that a specific range of temperature is required for the growth of biofilms. Thus, this microfluidic approach provides precise information regarding the effective temperature for polar biofilm development with a new high-throughput screening format.     

Bioactive natural products from endophytes: A review

Endophytes, microorganisms that reside in the internal tissues of living plants without causing any immediate overt negative effects, have been found in every plant species examined to date and recognized as potential sources of novel natural products for exploitation in medicine, agriculture, and industry with more and more bioactive natural products isolated from the microorganisms. In this review, we focus mainly on bioactive natural products from endophytic microorganisms by their different functional roles. The prospect and facing problems of isolating natural products from endophytes are also discussed. Published in Russian in Prikladnaya Biokhimiya i Mikrobiologiya, 2008, Vol. 44, No. 2, pp. 153–158. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

微生物降解植物化感物质酚酸的研究进展

近年来,农作物连作障碍问题日益严重,给农业生产和可持续发展带来十分不利的影响。连作障碍成因复杂,其中植物化感物质酚酸的毒性作用是重要因素,而消除酚酸最经济、环保、有效的方法是生物防治法。本文综合阐述了利用微生物降解植物化感物质酚酸的菌株资源、酚酸底物范围和降解效果,进而分析论述了微生物降解主要酚酸阿魏酸、香草酸、丁香酸、原儿茶酸等的代谢途径、关键酶及分子机制,推进了对酚酸降解机制的系统认识。在此基础上,阐述了酚酸降解菌在优化作物根际微环境、缓解作物连作障碍及农业资源利用等方面的应用,提出了存在的问题和展望,为深入研究和开发应用微生物资源解决连作障碍等问题、促进现代农业可持续发展提供理论参考。     

工业微生物：创新与突破专刊序言(2021)

工业微生物及其产品广泛用于工业、农业、医药等诸多领域,相关产业在国民经济中具有举足轻重的地位。高效的菌株是提高生产效率的核心,而先进发酵技术和仪器平台对充分开发菌株代谢潜能也很重要。近年来,工业微生物领域的研究取得了快速进展,人工智能、高效基因组编辑技术和合成生物学技术逐渐广泛使用,相关产业应用也在不断扩展。为进一步促进工业微生物在生物制造等领域的应用,《生物工程学报》特组织出版专刊,从微生物菌株的多样性和生理代谢、菌株改造技术、发酵过程优化和放大,高通量微液滴培养装备开发以及工业微生物应用等方面,分别阐述目前的研究进展,并展望未来的发展趋势,为促进工业微生物及生物制造等产业的发展奠定基础。     

中国温泉微生物物种多样性及其酶活性研究进展

微生物作为生物群体的重要组成成员,其生长受外界物化条件(如温度、盐度、pH等)影响较大。温泉作为极端水生环境之一,属于相对稳定且较为特殊的生态系统,使生长于其中的微生物可能具有适应高温等特殊生境的独特生存生理机制,具体表现为微生物物种及其活性次级代谢产物呈现出一定的多样性与新颖性。本文从菌株物种多样性分析及其酶活性研究方面,综述了近5年来国内温泉微生物相关研究进展,以期为温泉等极端环境微生物资源开发与保护提供参考。