Long-term estimation of soil heat flux by single layer soil temperature

Soil heat flux is one of the important components of surface energy balance. In this study, long-term estimation of soil heat flux from single layer soil temperature was carried out by the traditional sinusoidal analytical method and the half-order time derivative method of Wang and Bras [Wang and Bras (1999) J Hydrol 216:214–226]. In order to understand the characteristics of soil heat flux and to examine the performances of the two methods, a field experiment was conducted at a temperate and humid grassland in Cork, Ireland. Our results show that the soil heat flux had the same magnitude as the sensible heat flux at this grassland site. It was also demonstrated that the analytical method did not predict the soil heat flux well because the sinusoidal assumption for the temporal variation in soil heat flux was invalid. In contrast, good agreement was found between the soil heat flux measurements and predictions made by the half-order time derivative method. This success suggests that this method could be used to estimate soil heat flux from long-term remotely sensed surface temperature.     

土壤化学性质对Cu的植物吸收效应和土壤有效Cu测定的影响

在华北平原石灰性土壤中,盆栽小麦的生物相关性检验证明,常用的SB/D联合浸提剂或AB/D联合浸提剂,与植物的吸Cu量均无显著相关关系,不适合直接用来测定土壤有效Cu.校正土壤pH和有机质含量之后,SB/D侵提剂与吸Cu总量的相关性则达到P＜0.01的极显著水平,可用于土壤有效Cu的评价.土壤pH越高则小麦吸收的Cu越少;土壤pH升高1个单位,则土壤有效Cu吸收量平均减少19μg·盆^-1.土壤pH升高和有机质含量增加,土壤有效Cu的测定结果分别减小和增大.     

土壤保肥-供肥机理及其调节 Ⅰ.棕壤型菜园土的P素保持与供应

对辽宁省北部、中部及南部的棕壤型菜园土15对肥、瘦地的保P-供P性能的测定表明,在绝大多数供试土样中,肥地及其各粒级微团聚体的全P量、P解吸量及P解吸率均大于瘦地及其各相应粒级微团聚体的,P吸附量则相反。不论肥地或瘦地,<10μm微团聚体均比>10μm微团聚体具有更大的P吸附能力。供试菜园土的<10μm微团聚体亦具有较大的供P潜势,其P解吸率比其他农用土壤相同粒级微团聚体的大1个数量级。     

Alleviating soil sickness caused by aerobic monocropping: responses of aerobic rice to soil oven-heating

“Aerobic rice” system is the cultivation of nutrient-responsive cultivars in nonflooded and nonsaturated soil under supplemental irrigation. It is intended for lowland areas with water shortage and for favorable upland areas with access to supplementary irrigation. Yield decline caused by soil sickness has been reported with continuous monocropping of aerobic rice grown under nonflooded conditions. The objective of this study was to determine the growth response of rice plant to oven heating of soil with a monocropping history of aerobic rice. A series of pot experiments was conducted with soils from fields where rice has been grown continuously under aerobic or anaerobic (flooded) conditions. Soil was oven heated at different temperatures and for various durations. Plants of Apo, an upland variety that does relatively well under the aerobic conditions of lowland, were grown aerobically without fertilizer inputs in all six experiments. Plants were sampled during vegetative stage to determine stem number, plant height, leaf area, and total biomass. Heating of soil increased plant growth greatly in soils with an aerobic history but a relatively small increase was observed in soils with a flooded history as these plants nearly reached optimum growth. A growth increase with continuous aerobic soil was already observed with heating at 90°C for 12 h and at 120°C for as short as 3 h. Maximum plant growth response was observed with heating at 120°C for 12 h. Leaf area was most sensitive to soil heating, followed by total biomass and stem number. We conclude that soil heating provides a simple and quick test to determine whether a soil has any sign of sickness that is caused by continuous cropping of aerobic rice.     

土壤温度和湿度对长白松林土壤呼吸速率的影响

2003年6月17日、8月日和10月10日,研究了长白山长白松林地内土壤呼吸速率和断根土壤呼吸速率日变化,并于2004年5～9月对其季节变化进行了测定.结果表明,土壤总呼吸速率和断根土壤呼吸速率的日变化均呈单峰型,峰值一般出现在12:00～14:00,8月份土壤呼吸速率的日变化幅度小于6月份和10月份.土壤总呼吸速率、断根土壤呼吸速率和根系呼吸速率具有明显的季节变化,6～8月份较高,5月份和9月份较低.2004年5～9月份,土壤总呼吸速率、断根土壤呼吸速率和根系呼吸速率的平均值分别为3.12、1.94和1.18 μmolCO₂·m^-2·s^-1,根系呼吸对土壤总呼吸的贡献为26.5%～52.6%.土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度之间呈显著的指数相关,与土壤湿度之间呈线性相关.土壤总呼吸速率、断根土壤呼吸速率和根系呼吸速率的Q10值分别为2.44、2.55和2.27,断根土壤呼吸速率对温度的敏感程度大于土壤总呼吸速率和根系呼吸速率.土壤总呼吸速率对土壤湿度的敏感程度大于根系呼吸,断根土壤呼吸速率对土壤湿度的敏感程度最差.     

土壤保肥-供肥机理及其调节Ⅱ.棕壤型菜园土的腐殖质结合形态及其肥力学意义

采自辽宁省不同地区的１５对棕壤型菜园土肥、瘦地及其各粒级微团聚体的有机质储量和腐殖质结合形态的研究表明,肥地及其各粒级微团聚体的有机质和各结合形态腐殖质的含量与松结态腐殖质占有机质总量的比例均比瘦地及其各相应粒级微团聚体的高,稳结态腐殖质的比例较小,紧结态腐殖质的比例肥瘦地大体相当．无论肥地或瘦地,小粒级微团聚体的有机质和各结合形态腐殖质的含量及松、稳结态腐殖质占有机质总量的比例均较大粒级的高,而紧结态腐殖质则相反,表明大、小粒级微团聚体具有不同的肥力学意义     

土壤保肥—供肥机理及其调节Ⅰ.棕壤型菜园土的P素保持与供应

对辽宁省北部、中部及南部的棕壤型菜园土１５对肥、瘦地的保Ｐ供Ｐ性能的测定表明,在绝大多数供试土样中,肥地及其各粒级微团聚体的全Ｐ量、Ｐ解吸量及Ｐ解吸率均大于瘦地及其各相应粒级微团聚体的,Ｐ吸附量则相反．不论肥地或瘦地,＜１０μｍ微团聚体均比＞１０μｍ微团聚体具有更大的Ｐ吸附能力．供试菜园土的＜１０μｍ微团聚体亦具有较大的供Ｐ潜势,其Ｐ解吸率比其他农用土壤相同粒级微团聚体的大１个数量级．     

长期施肥对土壤微生物的影响及其在养分调控中的作用

为揭示长期施肥条件下土壤微生物类群及其与土壤养分的关系,对北京褐潮土定位试验田第12年的土壤微生物以及土壤养分因子进行了测定和分析．结果表明,NPK与有机肥长期配合施用能明显提高土壤各养分含量,增加土壤微生物的数量．猪粪比玉米秸秆能更好地培肥地力,创造有利于土壤微生物生长繁育的土壤生态化学环境．土壤微生物与土壤养分之间具有很好的相关性．其中,细菌、固氮菌数量与有机质、全氮、碱解氮、全磷、速效磷含量呈显著正相关;本研究未观察到真菌、放线菌数量与土壤养分因子之间有明显的相关性．     

秸秆还田量对土壤CO2释放和土壤微生物量的影响

对玉米季、小麦季3种不同秸秆还田量的土壤生物学指标的测定结果表明,在秸秆倍量还田中,随着秸秆量的增加,CO2释放量增加,而且倍量处理的增加量显著大于全量处理;在玉米和小麦季节中,不同量秸秆还田对土壤0～10和10～20cm的土壤微生物量的影响不同,但均能增大土壤微生物量,全量和倍量处理间没有明显差异、在土壤表层及下层,微生物量的最大值均落后于土壤呼吸的最大值,且土壤微生物量达到最大值即其最活跃状态后,下降缓慢,但土壤呼吸减少较快,说明微生物活动存在明显的合成性呼吸与维持性呼吸;综合评价不同秸秆量还田的效应,应采用秸秆全量还田,既能调节土壤物理环境,促进微生物的代谢活动,利于养分的转化,又可以减少环境污染。     

水东枣园土壤动物与土壤环境的关系

１９９２年１２月－１９９３年２月,对安徽省宣州市东枣园土壤动物进行了调查,共获大、中小型土壤动物５８７５个,分隶属于５门、１１纲、２８目、３５类。螨类、线虫类为优势类群,线蚓类、弹尾类为常见类群,通过７个样地对比得出：枣树种植年代愈久,土壤动物愈丰富,其类群数随土壤养分的增加而增加,随ＰＨ值和土壤容重的增大而减少,且其类群与个体数随土壤深度的增加而递减。     

Bt玉米秸秆分解对土壤酶活性和土壤肥力的影响

通过室内实验,研究了Bt玉米34B24和同源常规品种34B23、Bt玉米农大61和常规品种农大3138秸秆分解对土壤酶活性和土壤肥力的影响.结果表明,与34B23处理相比,34B24处理的土壤蛋白酶和酸性磷酸酶活性在观测期没有显著差异;7d时土壤脱氢酶活性显著提高,1、4、60和7d土壤蔗糖酶活性显著提高;30d时土壤脲酶活性显著提高,4d和7d时则土壤脲酶活性显著降低.2个Bt玉米处理和2个常规玉米处理的土壤酶活性也在某些时间有显著差异.秸秆分解90d后,34B24处理比34B23处理.显著降低了土壤速效磷和速效钾含量.以上差异与不同秸秆的化学构成有关,Bt基因的转化过程可能会影响受体作物秸秆的化学成分.应建立不同土壤类型土壤酶活性的标准分级体系,以便科学评价Bt玉米秸秆分解对土壤质量的影响.     

小流域林草植被控制土壤侵蚀机理研究

从坡面水动力学角度研究了坡面乔木林、草本植物和林地枯落物对坡面径流流速和动能的影响机理.结果表明,坡面径流水头损失与坡面坡度、林木密度、净雨强、坡长等有关,水头损失与林木间距(b)和树木地径(D)间的关系为:E^∝(D/b)^4/3;坡面草本植物在水流作用下易弯曲,增大水流底层的阻力,减小床面的切应力;枯枝落叶使径流速度减小,从而大大降低径流挟沙能力.对甘肃省天水市桥子东沟和桥子西沟两个对比小流域的实测单次降雨、径流、泥沙资料分析可见,在相同降水条件下,已治理小流域内的径流量、产沙量、洪峰流量、最大输沙率等指标均小于未治理小流域,说明林草植被在小流域中的涵养水源、保持水土的作用明显.     

秸秆还田量对土壤CO2释放和土壤微生物量的影响

对玉米季、小麦季3种不同秸秆还田量的土壤生物学指标的测定结果表明,在秸秆倍量还田中,随着秸秆量的增加,CO₂释放量增加,而且倍量处理的增加量显著大于全量处理;在玉米和小麦季节中,不同量秸秆还田对土壤0～10和10～20cm的土壤微生物量的影响不同,但均能增大土壤微生物量,全量和倍量处理间没有明显差异.在土壤表层及下层,微生物量的最大值均落后于土壤呼吸的最大值,且土壤微生物量达到最大值即其最活跃状态后,下降缓慢,但土壤呼吸减少较快,说明微生物活动存在明显的合成性呼吸与维持性呼吸;综合评价不同秸秆量还田的效应,应采用秸秆全量还田,既能调节土壤物理环境,促进微生物的代谢活动,利于养分的转化,又可以减少环境污染.     

沸石对土壤养分生物有效性和土壤化学性质的影响研究

在花岗岩发育的赤红壤上进行的天然沸石混施化肥的盆栽试验研究结果表明,沸石提高了土壤养分的生物有效性,显著促进玉米的生长,增加玉米的生物量和提高了玉米对N,P,K的吸收量,15N示踪技术表明,沸石处理可以显著提高氮肥的利用率,两造玉米最高的氮肥利用率分别比对照提高28．8％和60．0％,土壤的分析结果表明,沸石处理也可提高土壤阳离子交换量,盐基饱和度和土壤pH值。     

土壤生态研究的展望

土壤生态研究是从生态学的观点出发,在对土壤的本质属性和独特运动规律作出更好揭示的基础上,阐明土壤作为陆地生态系统和整个生物圈中的中心环节的独特作用和功能,研究建立高生产力和洁净的陆地生态系统所需的优化土壤条件并拟定相应的有效措施,以更好地发挥土壤的生产潜力和改善人类的生存环境。其主要研究内容应包括:土壤肥力与状态因子的关系;土壤库在物质和能量的流动与转化中的作用;土壤生产力;土壤相对平衡地位的建立与保持以及方法学问题。     

土壤温度和水分对长白山不同森林类型土壤呼吸的影响

在实验室条件下,将不同含水量的3种森林类型的土柱分别置于0、5、15、25和35℃条件下,进行土壤呼吸测定．结果表明,在0～35℃范围内。土壤呼吸速率与温度呈正相关．在一定含水量范围内(0．21～0．37kg·kg^-1),土壤呼吸随含水量的增加而升高,当含水量超出该范围,土壤呼吸速率则随含水量的变化而降低．土壤温度和水分对土壤呼吸作用存在明显的交互作用．不同森林类型土壤呼吸作用强弱存在显著差异,大小顺序为阔叶红松林>岳桦林>云冷杉暗针叶林．阔叶红松林土壤呼吸作用的最佳条件是土壤温度35℃、含水量0．37kg·kg^-1;云冷杉暗针叶林下的山地棕色针叶林土壤呼吸作用的最佳条件是25℃、0．21kg·kg^-1;岳桦林土壤呼吸作用的最佳条件是35℃、含水量0．37kg·kg^-1。但是．由于长白山阔叶红松林、云冷杉林和岳桦林处在不同的海拔带上,同期不同森林类型土壤温度各不相同,相差4～5℃,所以野外所测的同期山地棕色针叶林土呼吸速率应低于暗棕色森林土呼吸速率,山地生草森林土呼吸速率应高于山地棕色针叶林土的呼吸速率．     

土壤侵蚀对土壤肥力及土地生物生产力的影响

通过对红壤坡地不同土地利用方式土壤肥力及土地生物生产力的空间分异研究,揭示了土壤侵蚀对土壤肥力和土地生产力的负面影响．即侵蚀导致Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ等土壤速效养分含量减少及其在坡面上部的相对贫乏和下部的相对富集;土壤有机质含量降低;土壤机械组成中砂、粉、粘粒比率发生变化,表现为土壤沙化,土地生物生产力下降．     

天津东郊盐碱土微生物分布及土壤酶活性

天津东郊盐碱土微生物分布及土壤酶活性靳素英,崔明学,蔺继尚（中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所,沈阳１１００１５）Ｄｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎｏｆｍｉｃｒｏｏｒｇａｎｉｓｍｓｉｎｓａｌｉｎｅ－ａｌｋａｌｉｓｏｉｌａｔｃａｓｔｅｒｎｓｕｂｕｒｂｓｏｆＴｉａｎｊｉ...     

Decomposition in estuarine salt marshes: the effect of soil salinity and soil water content

The relation between decomposition rates and soil salinity and moisture conditions in tidal marshes of the Westerschelde estuary was investigated. In the first part of the study, these soil factors were experimentally manipulated in field plots which were either screened from rainwater or which received an additional weekly supply of freshwater from April to September 1989. These treatments had no clear effect on soil salinities and moisture conditions in a low marsh site. Decomposition rates of Spartina anglica leaves (kept in litterbags in the plots) also did not differ between treatments. In screened plots of a middle marsh site, decomposition rate of Elymus pycnanthus leaves decreased significantly. The effect of the experimental treatments on soil moisture content was variable, but comparatively high soil salinity values (up to 61.3) were consistently found in these plots. It is suggested that the elevated salinity levels induced the decrease in decomposition rate.In the second part of the study, cellulolytic decomposition, measured by loss of tensile strength of strips of cotton test cloth, was investigated in relation to a non-manipulated range of soil salinities (3.8–24.2), by exposing the strips in a series of tidal marshes along the salt gradient of the Westerschelde estuary. No correlation between decomposition rate and soil salinity was found. In addition, no relation was found between decomposition rate and soil water content. The results of both parts of this study lead us to the hypothesis that rate limitation of decomposition in estuarine tidal marsh soils is found at high soil salinities only.