污染作物籽实中As的分布及其结合形态初探

对水稻和小麦籽实中Ａｓ的分布,结合形态及加工去除进行了初步研究,结果表明,Ａｓ在谷物各结构部位中的分布不均,在水稻籽实中浓度分布顺序为胚〉种皮〉颖壳〉胚乳,小麦中Ａｓ的浓度分布顺序为胚〉种皮〉胚乳;Ａｓ在各形态部位的累积量不同,主要存留在胚乳中;Ａｓ主要与蛋白质相结合的形态存在;在稻谷去颖壳、粗米糠和精米糠的过程中,可分别去除Ａｓ１６．５１％、１２．４１％和１０．２６％,小麦也随着加工深度的升级,     

废弃冶炼厂重金属镉向周边的扩散及其风险评价

废弃工矿区及周边地区重金属等污染物的生态风险隐患较高,了解其污染特征对防止污染源扩散十分关键。本研究按地形、水流走向等布点,采集了64个0～20 cm表层土壤样品,应用反距离权重插值(IDW)和数理统计相结合的方法,以及地累积指数评价法,探究湖南长沙某废弃冶炼厂重金属Cd向周边的扩散及土壤Cd污染的风险。结果表明:废弃冶炼厂周边土壤中有不同程度的Cd富集现象,其Cd含量在0.09～6.96 mg·kg-1,平均1.18mg·kg-1,超过当地土壤Cd背景值,是《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》中风险筛选值的2.95倍,地积累指数平均值达中重度污染水平。IDW插值结果表明:污染高值区主要分布在调查区东部原废水排放小溪两侧,且与废弃冶炼厂距离越远,小溪两侧土壤的Cd含量逐渐降低;在沿风向分布上,亦有随冶炼厂距离越远土壤Cd含量越低的趋势;不同土地利用方式下,土壤Cd含量呈现为园地水田菜地裸露地。研究结果为工矿源重金属排放管理提供了依据。     

废弃工业场地有机氯农药分布及生态风险评价

对典型废弃有机氯农药生产场地中土壤中六六六（α-,β-,γ-,δ-HCH）和滴滴涕（p,p’-DDT,p,p′-DDE,p,p′-DDD,o,p’-DDT）的残留特征进行了分析。结果发现场地中六六六的残留水平为13.16～148.71mg/kg;滴滴涕残留水平为3.02～67.42mg/kg。表层土残留最大,随着土层加深,污染物残留逐渐下降。六六六的残留水平要高于滴滴涕。残留分析表明场地中有机氯农药有逐步降解的趋势,但是现有残留水平超出了国家的土壤质量二级标准。根据场地土地利用方向,运用CalTOX暴露模型结合Monte Carlo分析进行了健康风险评价,结果表明,健康风险主要来自于两种人体暴露途径：皮肤吸收和呼吸摄入,总的风险都超过了可接受风险水平（10^-6）,通过敏感性分析表明5个参数对于总的风险贡献较大。该研究对于有机氯农药场地土壤的风险管理提供了依据。     

天津城市公园灰尘重金属污染健康风险评价

分析了天津市中心城区41个代表性公园灰尘样品的重金属含量,借助健康风险评价模型,对天津市公园灰尘重金属的污染状况进行了健康风险评价。结果表明,天津市公园灰尘在不同程度上受到了重金属Cu、Pb、Cr、Cd和Ni的污染,其中,重金属Cu、Pb、Cr、Cd和Ni的含量平均值分别为113.18、63.32、103.18、1.14和40.58 mg·kg-1,均高于天津市土壤重金属元素的背景值。健康风险评价模型计算表明,人体经手-口接触行为直接摄入是公园灰尘暴露风险的主要途径,重金属日平均暴露剂量依次为手-口直接摄食剂量皮肤吸收剂量呼吸道吸入剂量。本研究的5种重金属元素对人体造成的慢性非致癌风险值依次表现为:CrPbCuNiCd,对人体不会造成危害,儿童的非致癌风险大于成人。致癌重金属的致癌风险依次为NiCrCd,均低于癌症风险阈值,尚未形成致癌风险。     

烟草镉的健康风险评价及消减技术研究进展

烟草是耐镉富镉植物,降低烟叶镉含量对环境质量和人体健康具有重要意义.本文系统地从烟草镉的吸收转运分布规律、健康风险评价和消减技术3方面进行综述,系统分析了该领域的研究成果、现状和存在问题.阐述了烟草耐镉机制,分析了烟草吸收镉的影响因素,并总结了烟草镉分布的一般规律.从健康风险评估角度分析了制定烟草镉限量标准的重要性,根据大气镉呼吸限量和肠胃镉吸收限量,结合烟草镉限量建议计算公式,推导出了烟草镉限量建议值.最后,总结出一些简单有效的烟草镉消减技术,为低镉烟叶生产提供技术指导.     

南四湖典型入湖河流沉积物重金属污染特征与风险评价研究

以南四湖两条典型入湖河流为研究对象, 分别对湖东的泗河及湖西的东鱼河沉积物中9种重金属(Cr、Ni、Zn、Cu、Pb、Hg、Cd、As、Mn)含量进行分析, 最后采用多种方法解析重金属的来源并对其污染特征和生态风险进行评价。结果表明, 两条河流沉积物中重金属均存在一定程度的富集, 尤其是Hg、Zn、Cd富集最严重。泗河沉积物中大部分重金属在中游兖州段含量升高, 尤其是Hg、Cd含量分别是山东省水系背景值的3.1、3.7倍, 分析表明重金属主要来源为周边区域煤矿及其伴生产业产生的“工业三废”, 同时说明了重金属高值区与煤矿分布密切相关。东鱼河沉积物中Hg、Cd含量在中游较高, 其余重金属含量在上、下游较高, 分析结果表明中游Hg、Cd含量较高主要与当地农业活动中农药及化肥的施用有关, 上、下游重金属含量较高原因为引黄河水或南四湖水灌溉。     

不同起源秋茄林湿地沉积物重金属污染与健康风险评价

秋茄(Kandelia obovata)林生态系统的重金属污染是滨海湿地研究的重要组成.为探究闽东不同起源秋茄林湿地的健康风险与重金属污染的状况,运用污染负荷指数法和人体健康风险评价法分析闽东不同起源秋茄林湿地表层沉积物重金属的含量特征并评估其健康风险.结果表明:(1)秋茄天然林湿地表层沉积物重金属平均含量排序为Zn(...     

商品大米中Cd、Pb、Cr的污染状况及健康风险评价

为了解本地商品大米中重金属的污染情况,采用微波消解法和电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)法,对144个大米样品进行Cd、Pb和Cr含量的检测,采用单项污染指数和内梅罗综合指数法对其污染状况和健康风险进行分析评价。结果表明,样品中Cd、Pb和Cr的超标率分别为0.69%、27.78%和34.03%。无等级大米中3种重金属的超标率高于有等级大米,但差异不显著。本土商品大米样品中Cd的含量显著高于外省样品,Pb含量差异不显著,Cr的含量显著低于外省样品。144个样品中处于安全级别的样品仅占63.89%。健康风险评价结果显示,当地居民通过食用大米实际摄入Cd和Pb的量都低于FAO/WHO推荐的每人每日的允许摄入量,不存在严重的健康风险,但却存在Cr的健康风险问题。     

基于形态结构特征的洞庭湖湖泊健康评价

湖泊形态结构特征与湖泊健康水平密切相关,是评价湖泊生态系统、服务功能是否健康的基础。以历史文献、图件及1986—2010年水沙实测数据等资料为依据,选取洲滩出露频率、水动力条件和几何形态等3类共8个湖泊形态结构特征指标,采用突变级数法对典型年洞庭湖湖泊健康状况进行评价。结果表明:(1)东洞庭湖湖泊健康状况相对较好(隶属度平均值为0.7486),但波动较大(0.6775—0.7965);南洞庭湖次之(0.7311);西洞庭湖最差(0.7269),其健康相对隶属度波动最小(0.7026—0.7487);(2)近20a来,洞庭湖湖泊健康状况呈现\"先恶化、后改善\"的趋势。1998年其健康隶属度最低(0.6912),2004年值最高(0.7711),其余典型年的值介于二者之间。这充分说明\"4350\"工程实施、三峡水库蓄水运行等有效地改善了洞庭湖湖泊形态结构,使其朝健康方向发展。     

郑汴路路旁土壤-小麦系统重金属积累及其健康风险评价

按离路基不同距离采集土壤、麦苗和籽粒样品, 在测定样品重金属 (Pb、Cd、Zn、Cr和Cu) 的基础上, 开展了路旁土壤-小麦系统重金属分布、积累和污染状况分析, 并对膳食小麦 (Triticumaestivum) 引起的健康风险进行了评价。结果表明:1) 土壤-小麦系统重金属含量随着离开路基距离的增加呈先增加后减少的趋势, 土壤重金属含量>麦苗重金属含量>籽粒重金属含量。2) 麦苗和小麦籽粒对土壤重金属富集能力的大小顺序均为Cu>Cd>Zn>Pb>Cr, 麦苗对重金属的富集能力大于小麦籽粒。3) 膳食小麦所致的Cd个人健康风险较大。     

Evaluation of Heavy Metals and Associated Health Risks in a Metropolitan Wastewater Treatment Plant's Sludge for Its Land Application

The objectives of this study are to monitor the heavy metal concentrations in sludge samples collected from the Ankara Central Wastewater Treatment Plant (ACWWTP) in Turkey, check if these concentrations comply with the Turkish Regulation (Regulation Regarding the Use of Domestic and Urban Sludges on Soil), and evaluate possible health risks of heavy metals in sludge due to ingestion of sludge by a child. Monthly sludge samples were collected from the ACWWTP during 2012 and analyzed for seven heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn). According to the results from the study, heavy metal concentrations showed no common seasonal trend. All heavy metal concentrations, except for one sample in which Zn was found to be at the limit value, are below the Turkish Regulation limits. In addition, health risks calculations for the “child ingesting biosolids” pathway, which is one of the most critical pathways identified by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) for land application, were carried out. Among the seven heavy metals, Pb contributed the most to the cumulative non-cancer health risks throughout 2012. Nevertheless, the results showed that cumulative non-cancer health risks associated with this pathway are within the acceptable non-cancer health risk level suggested by USEPA.     

Assessment of Human Health Risk for an Area Impacted by a Large-Scale Metallurgical Refinery Complex in Hunan,China

Due to accelerated urbanization and reform of industrial structure in China, polluting industries in major cities have been closed or relocated. Consequently, large numbers of industrial sites were generated and the contaminated soils on and around these sites may pose risks to humans. This case study presents an estimation of human health risks for an area that is mainly impacted through air dispersion and deposition from a large-scale metallurgical refinery complex in Zhuzhou city, Hunan Province, China. Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks posed by the contaminants were estimated under future industrial and residential land use scenarios. The result shows that adverse health effects may occur primarily through ingestion of soils contaminated with As, Cd, and Pb. The total carcinogenic risks of multiple contaminants for a large area exceed the acceptable risk level of 1 × 10^?5, and several localized hotspots, where the total hazard index exceeds 1 were identified. Soils in the Tongda site pose the highest carcinogenic risks and non-carcinogenic hazards. It is concluded that potential human health risks exist under the proposed redevelopment scenarios, and development of risk-based remediation strategies is recommended.     

Heavy Metal Contamination in Urban Surface Soil of Klang District (Malaysia)

This study aimed to determine bioavailability of heavy metal concentrations (Al, Fe, Zn, Cu, Co, Cd, Pb and Cr) in 76 urban surface soil samples of Klang district (Malaysia). This study also aimed to determine health risks posed by bioavailability of heavy metals in urban soil on adults and children. For bioavailability of heavy metal concentrations, a physiologically bioavailability extraction test in vitro digestion model was used. Mean values of bioavailability heavy metal concentrations for this study were found to be the highest in Al (25.44 mg/kg) and lowest in Cr (0.10 mg/kg). Results of Spearman correlation coefficient (r) values showed significant correlations were observed for Al-Fe (r = 0.681), Cd-Co (r = 0.495), Cu-Zn (r = 0.232), Fe-Pb (r = 0.260), Fe-Zn (r = 0.239). For cluster analysis, output showed that these heavy metals could be classified into four clusters: Cluster 1 consisted of Cd, Cr, Co, and Pb; Cluster 2 consisted of Zn and Cu; Cluster 3 consisted of Fe; and Cluster 4 consisted of Al. For Clusters 1 and 2, anthropogenic sources were believed to be the sources, while for Clusters 3 and 4 the heavy metals originated from natural sources. Health risks were determined in adults and children through health risk assessment. For adults, Hazard Quotient (HQ) value was <1, indicating no non-carcinogenic risk, while for children, the HQ value was >1, indicating a non-carcinogenic risk. Meanwhile, for carcinogenic risk, heavy metal contamination in the Klang district might not pose a carcinogenic risk to adults while it may pose a carcinogenic risk to children because TR values in this study were >1.0E-04 for children. Output has identified the general health risk in the Klang district. Moreover, this study's findings will contribute to fill in the gap of knowledge on heavy metals' impacts on human health and urban development in the Klang District.     

Influence of groundwater and wastewater irrigation on lead accumulation in soil and vegetables: Implications for health risk assessment and phytoremediation

The current study evaluated the effect of groundwater and wastewater irrigation on lead (Pb) accumulation in soil and vegetables, and its associated health implications. A pot experiment was conducted in which spinach (Spinacia oleracea), radish (Raphanus sativus), and cauliflower (Brassica oleracea) were irrigated with groundwater and wastewaters containing varying concentrations of Pb. Lead contents were measured in wastewaters, soils and root and shoot of vegetables. We also measured health risk index (HRI) associated with the use of vegetables irrigated by wastewaters. Results revealed that Pb contents in groundwater and wastewater samples (range: 0.18–0.31 mg/L) were below the permissible limits (0.5 mg/L) set by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Application of Pb-containing groundwater and wastewater increased Pb concentration in soil and vegetables. Lead concentrations in all soils ranged from 10 to 31 mg/kg and were below the permissible limits of 300 mg/kg set by the European Union. Significant Pb enrichment was observed in the soils whereby all types of vegetables were grown and assessed for Pb risk. Our data showed that Pb contents, in all three vegetables (21–28 mg/kg DW), were higher than the permissible Pb limit of FAO (5 mg/kg Dry Weight (DW)). The HRI values were > 1.0 for radish and cauliflower. It is proposed that Vehari city wastewater/groundwater must be treated prior to its use for irrigation to avoid vegetable contamination by Pb, and as such for reducing Pb-induced human health risk.     

Assessments of contamination and human health risks of heavy metals in the road dust from a mining county in Guangxi,China

A total of 32 road dust samples were collected from mining areas and a control area in Nandan County, Guangxi, in order to investigate the contamination characteristics of heavy metals and associated health risks to local residents. The results indicated that elevated concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Sb, and Zn were found in road dust in mining areas compared with control areas and background values. Pearson's correlation analysis and principal component analysis indicated that As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Sb, and Zn in road dust mainly originated from anthropogenic sources (e.g., vehicles emission, mining activities, and smelting activities), whereas Cr, Co, and Ni were associated with natural sources (e.g., soil weathering). Furthermore, noncarcinogenic hazards to both adults and children were found in mining areas, while noncarcinogenic health risks in the control area were negligible. The health hazard was mostly ascribed to the ingestion, followed by the dermal contact, and the inhalation. The cancer risks from As, Cd, Co, Cr, and Ni in all studied areas were within safe levels as the R values were below the threshold of 1 × 10^?6.     

Applying Health Risk Analysis to Assess the Chemical Quality of Water for Recreational Bathing: The Case of Tres Arroyos Creek,Buenos Aires,Argentina

The aim of the study is to assess the probabilistic non-cancer and cancer risks by recreational bathing in Tres Arroyos creeks (southeastern Buenos Aires Province, Argentina). In these waters, hazardous substances (heavy metals, pesticides) have been detected, possibly related to agricultural activities. To assess such risk, USEPA models in aggregated (exposure through accidental oral water intake and dermal contact simultaneously) and cumulative approaches (combined exposure to more than one substance) were applied, performed for bathers of 5, 10, 15, and 20 years old. The results show that chronic bathing in these waters is not harmful at the concentrations and the exposure scenarios considered. Arsenic was the riskiest substance for both non-cancer and cancer effects, affecting mainly the youngest age group, and the accidental water intake during bathing was the most relevant pathway of exposure. On the other hand, the study highlights the key role of the frequency and duration of the bath event. We discuss the results in light of a previous paper of our authorship concluding that the health risk assessment is a valid alternative to analyze recreational water quality, which, unfortunately, is unused by water management agencies in Argentina.     

Human Health Risk of Metals in Drinking-Water Source Areas from a Forest Zone after Long-Term Excessive Deforestation

The concentrations of 10 metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Pb, Se, Zn) were determined in drinking water in Khingan, China, a forest zone after long-term excessive deforestation. These metals’ concentrations in water exceeded background values of metals in some other regions of the world, indicating that there were other metal sources contributing to such high levels of metals in Khingan. Arsenic was the only metal whose concentration exceeded the maximum levels allowed in drinking water. Principal component analysis showed that As, Cd, Cu, and Se originated from anthropogenic sources and exhibited significantly high concentrations in north Khingan, while Fe and Mn derived from natural formation and showed significantly high concentrations in central Khingan. Health risks from metals were evaluated by a model recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Ingestion was the predominant pathway of exposure to metals in water for local residents. Arsenic was also the only metal causing both noncarcinogenic hazard and carcinogenic risk in Khingan. The high risks occurred mainly in north Khingan and are associated with coal combustion. This study indicates that long-term excessive deforestation may increase As concentration considerably in drinking water and then pose health risks to local residents.