小鼠肌肉生长抑制素基因短发夹RNA促进MyoD在C2C12细胞中的表达

肌肉生长抑制素(myostatin,MSTN)属于转化生长因子-β(transforming growth factor-β,TGF-β)超家族,主要功能为负向调节骨骼肌的生长.肌肉生长抑制素基因敲除小鼠肌肉出现显著增加,而将干涉该基因的短发夹RNA注射并电击转化入大鼠胫前肌则引起肌肉重量、肌纤维以及MHCⅡ表达的增加.通过与小鼠肌肉生长抑制素基因表达载体共转染HEK293细胞,筛选到两条能够高效抑制小鼠肌肉生长抑制素基因表达的小干涉RNA.构建了这两条小RNA的表达载体Mst-shRNA1和Mst-shRNA2,用其分别转染小鼠C2C12成肌细胞,并通过G418药物筛选和流式细胞仪富集整合了短发夹RNA表达载体的阳性细胞.通过采用Real-time PCR和Western blot分析,检测到在分别整合了Mst-shRNA1和Mst-shRNA2的C2C12细胞中,内源性肌肉生长抑制素基因的mRNA水平分别下降了10.2%和35.5%,蛋白质表达则分别下降了29.3%和64.7%.同时,在这两组中MyoD的表达上升了24.4%和40.4%,证明通过RNA干涉实现的肌肉生长抑制素基因的抑制导致了下游MyoD基...     

骨骼肌特异表达线虫ω-3脂肪酸去饱和酶基因载体的构建与验证

根据猪α-actin基因已知DNA序列设计合成了两个特异性引物,以猪基因组DNA为模板,通过PCR扩增得到α-actin 5'调控序列,然后与线虫ω-3脂肪酸去饱和酶基因cDNA、去除CMV启动子的表达载体pcDNA3.1连接构成肌肉特异性表达载体pcDNA3.1-AF,小鼠股四头肌注射该重组载体,RT-PCR检测证明...     

人线粒体转录终止因子3基因RNA干扰表达载体的构建筛选与干扰效果评价

目的:构建人线粒体转录终止因子3(MTERF3)基因的短发夹RNA(shRNA)干扰表达载体,并在mRNA和蛋白质水平对其干扰效率进行验证,以检测和筛选出干扰效率最优的shRNA表达载体。方法:根据人MTERF3基因全长cDNA序列,利用Oligoengine在线软件设计4个shRNA序列,合成4条互补寡核苷酸链,退火成双链后克隆至psiU6.1载体,得到4个重组干扰质粒psi-MTERF3-1～psi-MTERF3-4,并通过PCR和DNA测序对其进行鉴定;将重组干扰质粒利用脂质体介导瞬时转染He La细胞,转染48 h后采用real time RT-PCR检测4个干扰质粒对MTERF3 mRNA表达水平的影响,采用Western印迹检测其对MTERF3蛋白表达水平的情况,并筛选出最有效的shRNA干扰质粒。结果:PCR鉴定和DNA测序鉴定证实重组质粒中已插入目的DNA序列;real time RT-PCR和Western印迹结果表明4个重组载体均可以显著降低人MTERF3基因mRNA和蛋白质的表达水平(P0.05),其中以pSi-MTERF3-4的干扰效率最优,对MTERF3 mRNA表达的抑制率为70.1%,对MTERF3蛋白表达的抑制率为72.2%。结论:在人宫颈癌He La细胞系筛选出有效干扰MTERF3基因表达的shRNA序列,构建了针对MTERF3基因的RNA干扰真核表达载体且能够有效抑制目的基因的表达,为进一步研究人MTERF3在宫颈癌发生发展中的作用机制提供了实验基础。     

高表达FoxO1抑制猪骨骼肌成肌细胞的分化

FoxO1(Forkhead box O1)是调控肌肉生长、代谢和细胞分化的重要转录因子,但其在成肌细胞分化中的作用还不甚清楚。为了研究FoxO1对哺乳动物成肌细胞分化的影响,以原代培养的长白仔猪成肌细胞作为实验材料,用2%马血清诱导分化,采用实时荧光定量PCR、Western blotting和脂质体转染等方法检测FoxO1及早期和晚期生肌调节因子MyoD和myogenin在猪成肌细胞分化过程中的表达变化。结果显示,在猪成肌细胞分化过程中,FoxO1mRNA表达量显著增加,但总蛋白量变化不显著,其磷酸化水平显著上调。同时,高表达FoxO1的猪成肌细胞中,生肌调节因子MyoD和myogenin mRNA表达受到显著抑制,而MyoD蛋白变化不显著,myogenin却显著下调(P0.05)。以上结果表明,FoxO1能够推迟猪成肌细胞的分化时间并抑制分化;同时推测,FoxO1可能通过抑制生肌调节因子的表达控制骨骼肌纤维类型的终末分化。     

针对核因子-kB P65基因的短发夹干扰RNA逆转录病毒载体构建与鉴定

目的:构建针对人核因子kB亚基P65基因mRNA的短发夹干扰RNA(shRNA)逆转录病毒表达载体,并探讨小干扰RNA(siRNA)靶向抑制NF-kB P65基因表达的作用.方法:根据shRNA设计原则,在人NF-kB P65全长序列中选取合19个核苷酸靶序列,设计形成siRNA的DNA模板并克隆到shRNA表达载体pSUPER.retro.neo中,构建针对NF-kB P65基因的shRNA表达载体.经293A细胞包装,并感染NIH3T3细胞进行病毒滴度测定后,感染THP-1细胞.分别采用RT-PCR和Western blot从mRNA和蛋白水平检测干扰效果.结果:限制性酶切和基因测序证实针对人NF-kB P65亚基的shRNA表达逆转录病毒载体成功构建;其感染THP-1细胞后,NF-kB P65的mRNA和蛋白表达明显抑制.结论:成功构建了NF-kB P65 shRNA逆转录病毒表达载体,该载体能高效感染THP-1并明显抑制NF-kB P65的表达.     

Ghrelin及其类似物BIM-28131、BIM-28125对大鼠心衰模型肌肉生长抑制素表达的影响

目的:探讨Ghrelin及其类似物对大鼠慢性心力衰竭(CHF)模型肌肉生长抑制素表达的影响。方法:实验组慢性心衰模型大鼠分别注射两种不同浓度的ghrelin、ghrelin类似物BIM-28125和BIM-28131(50和500 nmol/kg/天)而对照组则注射等量的安慰剂。通过渗透微型泵给药,RT-PCR和免疫印迹反应检测肌肉生长抑制素的表达,并且测定腓肠肌的重量以及血浆肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)水平。结果:与给予安慰剂的CHF大鼠相比,假手术组大鼠腓肠肌肌肉重量显著增加;高浓度的ghrelin类似物BIM-28125和BIM-28131可使肌肉生长抑制素m RNA的表达显著减少;两种浓度的ghrelin、BIM-28131及低浓度的BIM-28125可使肌肉生长抑制素蛋白表达明显减少。实验中使用的药物均能够缓解CHF动物模型血浆TNF-α水平的增加。结论:在CHF动物模型,应用ghrelin及类似物BIM-28125和BIM-28131后,肌肉生长抑制素的表达明显减少,这可能是由于抗炎作用导致的。     

Stathmin1 RNA干扰载体的构建及功能检测

目的构建用于stathmin1 RNA干扰的重组质粒并验证其干扰效果,初步探讨stathmin1对于黑色素细胞生长的影响。方法两步PCR法构建含有shRNA编码序列的重组质粒,脂质体转染黑色素细胞。RT-PCR、Western印迹等方法检测stathmin1在黑色素细胞中表达水平改变;MTT、流式细胞仪等方法检测黑色素细胞生长状态。结果成功构建3个stathmin1特异性的RNA干扰载体,在黑色素细胞中能有效降低stathmin1在mRNA水平的表达,蛋白质表达水平分别降低为对照组的6％、17％和15％;黑色素细胞的生长由于stathmin1减弱表达而受到明显抑制,凋亡率提高到约60％。结论干扰质粒能有效介导stathmin1的RNA干扰;stathmin1对于黑色素细胞的生长具有重要意义。     

HSP27 特异性shRNA 表达载体的构建及在耐吉西他滨人胰腺癌细胞株 SW1990/Gem 中的表达

目的:构建HSP27基因的短发夹RNA(short hairpin RNA,shRNA)真核表达载体及观察其在耐吉西他滨人胰腺癌细胞株SW1990/Gem中的表达,为进一步探索肿瘤的基因治疗打下前期基础。方法:参考文献及shRNA设计原则,设计并合成2条能转录shRNA的DNA序列,退火连接后,插入含绿色荧光蛋白(green fluorescence protein,GFP)基因和U6启动子的真核表达载体pRNAT-U6.3中,构建重组载体pRNAT-shHSP27。重组载体经鉴定后转染SW1990/Gem,倒置荧光显微镜观察转染情况,RT-PCR、Western Blot从mRNA及蛋白水平探讨转染对耐吉西他滨人胰腺癌细胞株SW1990/Gem的影响。结果:成功构建了针对HSP27基因的shRNA表达载体。倒置荧光显微镜下显示转染48h后SW1990/Gem细胞内存在GFP表达。RT-PCR、WesternBlot结果提示转染后HSP27的mRNA及蛋白表达水平较对照组有明显抑制(P<0.05)。结论:成功构建针对HSP27基因的特异性shRNA真核表达载体,转染细胞后可抑制HSP27表达,为进一步研究HSP27与胰腺癌生物学行为及化疗耐药等相关性奠定了基础。     

应用H1-U6双启动子RNAi载体筛选人泛素结合酶hUBE2W的RNAi有效靶点

hUBE2W是新近鉴定出的一种Ⅰ型泛素结合酶,可能在肿瘤发生和DNA损伤修复过程中起重要作用.RNA干涉是指通过形成局部双链RNA进而特异性地降解细胞内同源基因mRNA的机制,目前已成为基因功能研究的有力工具.通过构建H1-U6双启动子RNAi载体,可以在体内直接转录出针对hUbe2w基因的两段互补小RNA,更接近于生理状态下小干涉RNA的作用.利用RT-PCR方法从293FT细胞总RNA中扩增出hUbe2w基因,分别将其连接至质粒pGL3-Control,pCMV-myc和pDsRed-express-C1中,以便在mRNA水平和蛋白水平检测RNA干涉效果.RNA干涉载体分别与上述报告载体共转染293FT细胞,测定萤光素酶活性和hUBE2W蛋白表达水平,结果显示靶点125和259能够在mRNA水平和蛋白质水平显著降低hUbe2w的表达.     

一种具有G418抗性筛选标记的慢病毒RNA干扰表达载体的构建及应用

目的:构建具有新霉素抗性筛选标记的RNA干扰慢病毒表达载体,并检测它对乙型肝炎病毒x基因(HBx mRNA表达的抑制作用。方法:从pcDNA3.0载体中扩增新霉素抗性基因并插入删除嘌呤霉素编码序列的pLKO载体中;将改构的RNA干扰载体包装成慢病毒后感染肝癌细胞HepG2,并检测感染细胞对G418的抵抗作用;为验证改构RNA干扰载体的有效性,设计了2条针对HBx的RNA干扰序列以及针对编码萤光素酶cDNA的干扰序列并插入该载体,将含新霉素筛选标记的HBx的RNA干扰载体与辅助质粒在293T细胞中包装成慢病毒并感染过表达HBx的HepG2(嘌呤霉素抗性)细胞,运用G418筛选出稳定混合克隆,提取细胞总RNA,运用RT-qPCR检测其在HepG2细胞中对HBx RNA表达的抑制作用。结果:构建的载体与辅助质粒包装出的慢病毒感染肝癌细胞后,细胞获得G418抗性;HBx RNA干扰序列克隆入该载体可有效抑制肝癌细胞中过量表达的HBx mRNA。结论:构建了具有新霉素抗性筛选标记的RNA干扰慢病毒表达载体,运用该载体可有效筛选出抑制目的基因表达的G418抗性的稳定细胞株。     

Investigation of the mechanism of temperature sensitivity of the electroreceptors of ampullae of lorenzini

In experiments on Black Sea skates (Raja clavata), the potential of the receptor epithelium of the ampullae of Lorenzini and spike activity of single nerve fibers connected to them were investigated during electrical and temperature stimulation. Usually the potential within the canal was between 0 and –2 mV, and the input resistance of the ampulla 250–400 k. Heating of the region of the receptor epithelium was accompanied by a negative wave of potential, an increase in input resistance, and inhibition of spike activity. With worsening of the animal's condition the transepithelial potential became positive (up to +10 mV) but the input resistance of the ampulla during stimulation with a positive current was nonlinear in some cases: a regenerative spike of positive polarity appeared in the channel. During heating, the spike response was sometimes reversed in sign. It is suggested that fluctuations of the transepithelial potential and spike responses to temperature stimulation reflect changes in the potential difference on the basal membrane of the receptor cells, which is described by a relationship of the Nernst's or Goldman's equation type.I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. I. M. Sechenov, Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. Pacific Institute of Oceanology, Far Eastern Scientific Center, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vladivostok. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 67–74, January–February, 1980.     

Principles of organization and evolution of systems of regulation of functions

Evolution of living organisms is closely connected with evolution of structure of the system of regulations and its mechanisms. The functional ground of regulations is chemical signalization. As early as in unicellular organisms there is a set of signal mechanisms providing their life activity and orientation in space and time. Subsequent evolution of ways of chemical signalization followed the way of development of delivery pathways of chemical signal and development of mechanisms of its regulation. The mechanism of chemical regulation of the signal interaction is discussed by the example of the specialized system of transduction of signal from neuron to neuron, of effect of hormone on the epithelial cell and modulation of this effect. These mechanisms are considered as the most important ways of the fine and precise adaptation of chemical signalization underlying functioning of physiological systems and organs of the living organism