A型行为者应激变量方程的图景

目的：建立A型行为者的应激测量模型方程和应激变量方程与相似性,并作控制分析;方法：A型行为类型问卷得分获得判分尺度,把安静状态与应激状态下测定血浆皮质醇水平的变量以及应激测量模型的应激量和基础量,再经矩阵反演出具体变化方程、并分析稳定性与可控性和能观性;结果：获得一组有生理意义的方程：(1)y=(s-0．839／s 1)X;(2)7．587d^2y／d^2s—(3．068 1．027y)dy／ds-0.1475y=0等,不同时可控性和能观性的特性,心理应激的反馈作用对稳定性有影响;结论：本文初步获得一组应激变量方程,应激反应在心理和生理方面都具有相似性．     

Type 2-diabetes is associated with elevated levels of TNF-alpha, IL-6 and adiponectin and low levels of leptin in a population of Mexican Americans: a cross-sectional study

The goal of the study was to determine the association between diabetes and inflammation in clinically diagnosed diabetes patients. We hypothesized that low-grade inflammation in diabetes is associated with the level of glucose control. Using a cross-sectional design we compared pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in a community-recruited cohort of 367 Mexican Americans with type 2-diabetes having a wide range of blood glucose levels. Cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8) and adipokines (adiponectin, resistin and leptin) were measured using multiplex ELISA. Our data indicated that diabetes as whole was strongly associated with elevated levels of IL-6, leptin, CRP and TNF-α, whereas worsening of glucose control was positively and linearly associated with high levels of IL-6, and leptin. The associations remained statistically significant even after controlling for BMI and age (p = 0.01). The association between TNF-α, however, was attenuated when comparisons were performed based on glucose control. Strong interaction effects between age and diabetes and BMI and diabetes were observed for IL-8, resistin and CRP. The cytokine/adipokine profiles of Mexican Americans with diabetes suggest an association between low-grade inflammation and quality of glucose control. Unique to in our population is that the chronic inflammation is accompanied by lower levels of leptin.     

Traversing the Center: The Politics of Language Use in a Catholic Religious Education Program for Immigrant Mexican Children

This article examines the implementation of educational policy in a religious education program at a Los Angeles Catholic parish. It charts the elimination of Spanish-based classes (doctrina) for Mexican immigrant children in favor of "English-only" instruction. The article offers insights into the politics of language use in everyday practice and examines the resulting educational policy decisions.     

Distribution and diversity of the Syllidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from the Mexican Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean

The objective of this study was to contribute to the knowledge of the syllids distributed in the eastern coasts of Mexico (Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean) taking into consideration their composition, distribution and diversity. Sampling was done at 77 stations including 49 in soft bottoms (terrigenous and carbonate sediments), and 28 in hard bottoms (coralline substrates) sampled in nine reef zones included in three reef systems (Veracruz, Campeche and Cozumel). In all 2084 individuals were collected (13.5% in soft sediments and 86.4% in coralline areas). Forty-five species were identified: 31 in soft bottoms and 38 in corals, with 21 species common to both types of environments. In soft bottoms, the highest species richness and diversity were found in the Carbonate Zone, while syllids were uncommon in the Terrigenous Zone. In hard bottoms, the highest density, species richness and diversity values were found in the Veracruz Reef System, followed by the Campeche Bank and Cozumel Island Reef Systems. The dominant species in soft bottoms were Haplosyllis spongicola, Exogone lourei, Typosyllis cornuta and T. papillosus, whereas T. alosae, T. corallicola, T. cornuta and H. spongicola dominated in hard bottoms. The importance and success of the syllids in both soft bottoms and reef environments, particularly in those of the Gulf of Mexico is emphasized.     

Genetic variation in Arizona Mexican Americans: estimation and interpretation of admixture proportions

Mexican Americans are a numerous and fast growing ethnic population in the United States. Yet little is known about their genetic structure. Since they are a hybrid, it is of interest to identify their parental populations and to estimate the relative contributions of these groups. This information is relevant to historical, biomedical, and evolutionary concerns. New genetic typings on 730 Arizona Mexican Americans for the HLA-A, HLA-B, ABO, Rh, MNSs, Duffy, Kidd, and Kell loci are presented here and they are used to estimate ancestral contributions. We considered both a dihybrid model with Amerindians and Spaniards as proposed ancestors, and a trihybrid model with Amerindians, Spaniards, and Africans as proposed ancestors. A modified weighted least squares method that allows for linkage disequilibrium was used to estimate ancestral contributions for each model. The following admixture estimates were obtained: Amerindian, 0.29 +/- 0.04; Spaniard, 0.68 +/- 0.05; and African, 0.03 +/- 0.02. The interpretation of these results with respect to Amerindian and Spanish ancestry is straightforward. African ancestry is strongly supported by the presence of a marker of African descent, Fy, despite the fact that the standard error of the estimate is as large as the estimated admixture proportion. An evaluation of the sensitivity of these results to a number of variables is presented: 1) our choices of ancestral allele frequencies, 2) the possibility of selection at HLA and the blood groups, and 3) genetic drift in Mexican Americans.     

Temporary and transnational: gender and emotion in the lives of Mexican guest worker fathers

In this article I use the US H2A guest worker programme as a lens through which to analyse the gender subjectivities of Mexican transnational fathers. My qualitative findings highlight the ways in which the prioritization of productive over reproductive labour within the H2A programme exploits gender-based expectations within Mexican families, reproducing rigid gender divisions of family labour. Additionally, the subjectivities of guest worker fathers are influenced by cultural expectations as well as by the rurality and cyclicality of their lives. As fathers shift between the USA and Mexico, so do their gender subjectivities, symbolizing gender's fluidity. Findings complicate the oft-cited conclusion that emotional labour and sacrifice are the exclusive domain of transnational mothers.     

On Abortion: Exploring Psychological Meaning and Attitudes in a Sample of Mexican Gynecologists

Elective abortion has become an issue of ethical and political debate in many countries including Mexico. As gynecologists are directly involved in the practice of abortion, it is important to know the psychological meaning that the term ‘elective abortion’ has for them. This study explores the psychological meaning and attitudes toward elective abortion of one hundred and twenty‐three Mexican gynecologists. We used the semantic networks technique, which analyzed the words the participants associated with the term ‘elective abortion’. The defining words most frequently used by participants implied a negative sanction. There were important differences by gender and religiosity: male gynecologists, as well as those with strong religious beliefs (mainly Catholics), revealed a more negative psychological meaning and more negative attitudes than females or physicians with weak religious beliefs. A contribution of the present study is that it highlights the importance of psychology to enhancing understanding of the issue of elective abortion.     

Gastrointestinal infection with Mexican TcI Trypanosoma cruzi strains: different degrees of colonization and diverse immune responses

Mexican Ninoa and Queretaro (Qro) TcI strains of Trypanosoma cruzi have shown different degrees of virulence, and the two strains produce heterogeneous immune responses in the hearts of infected mice. This work shows that the same strains can invade the intestine by an intraperitoneal route and establish an infection, mainly in the colon. The three segments of the small intestine (duodenum, jejunum and ileum) were infected to a lesser degree than the colon. Despite the fact that parasites were predominantly found in the colon, an obvious inflammatory reaction was observed in the submucosal layer along the entire intestinal tract, with the virulent Qro strain causing significantly more areas of higher immune infiltration. A clear recruitment of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes to the mesenteric ganglia was observed during infection with the virulent strain. Macrophages were also differentially distributed in the gastrointestinal tract. These later cells infiltrated fewer amastigote nests in the mice infected with the Qro strain than in the mice infected with the Ninoa strain. When IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-4 levels were measured, an increase in these cytokines was observed compared with the uninfected mice. The role of these inflammatory reactions in the pathogenesis of Chagas enteropathy is also discussed in this paper.     

术前心理沟通疏导对人工膝关节置换术患者应激反应、心理状态及术后疼痛的影响

目的:分析术前心理沟通疏导对人工膝关节置换术患者应激反应、心理状态以及术后疼痛的影响。方法:选取2018年1月～2019年1月汕头大学医学院第一附属医院和南方医科大学附属东莞市人民医院收治的拟行人工膝关节置换术的患者89例,以随机数字表法分为术前干预组和常规手术组,常规手术组按常规行术前患者教育,术前干预组行术前心理沟通疏导,比较两组术后康复情况、应激反应,采用抑郁自评量表(SDS)评分、焦虑自评量表(SAS)评分、视觉模拟评分(VAS)以及简化的McGill问卷(SF-MPQ)评价患者的抑郁、焦虑、疼痛情况。结果:术前干预组术后2周膝关节活动度(ROM)、膝关节特种外科医院(HSS)评分高于常规手术组(P0.05);术前干预组术后即刻醛固酮(ALD)、血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)、去甲肾上腺素(NE)水平低于常规手术组(P0.05);术前干预组出院时SDS评分、SAS评分低于常规手术组(P0.05);术前干预组术后VAS评分、SF-MPQ评分低于常规手术组(P0.05)。结论:术前心理沟通疏导能够明显减轻接受人工膝关节置换术治疗的患者的应激反应,改善不良情绪,减轻术后疼痛感,促进患者康复。     

The use of the Mexican Hat and the Morlet wavelets for detection of ecological patterns

In this paper, we compare the relationship between scale and period in ecological pattern analysis and wavelet analysis. We also adapt a commonly used wavelet, the Morlet, to ecological pattern analysis. Using Monte Carlo assessments, we apply methods of statistical significance test to wavelet analysis for pattern analysis. In order to understand the inherent strength and weakness of the Morlet and the Mexican Hat wavelets, we also investigate and compare the properties of two frequently used wavelets by testing with field data and four artificial transects of different typical patterns which is often encountered in ecological research. It is shown that the Mexican Hat provides better detection and localization of patch and gap events over the Morlet, whereas the Morlet offers improved detection and localization of scale over the Mexican Hat. There is always a trade-off between the detection and localization of scale versus patch and gap events. Therefore, the best composite analysis is the combination of their advantages. The properties of wavelet in dealing with ecological data may be affected by characteristics intrinsic to wavelet itself. The peaks of different scales in isograms of wavelet power spectrum from the Mexican Hat may overlap with each other. Alternatively, these peaks of different scales in isograms of wavelet power spectrum may combine with each other unless the size of the analyzed scales is significantly different. These overlapping or combining lead to combining of peaks for different scales, or the masking of trough between peaks of different scales in the scalogram. Ecologists should combine all the information in scalogram and isograms of wavelet coefficient and wavelet power spectrum from different wavelets, which can provide us a broader view and precise pattern information.     

How dung beetles respond to a human‐modified variegated landscape in Mexican cloud forest: a study of biodiversity integrating ecological and biogeographical perspectives

Aim To analyse how the dung beetles (Scarabaeinae) respond to a modified, variegated landscape, taking into account the biogeographical peculiarities of the Mexican Transition Zone. Location This study covers cloud forest (CF) of the Sierra Norte de Puebla mountain range and part of the Sierra Madre Oriental mountain range (Mexico). Methods We applied proportional sampling based on the landscape variegation model with Scarabaeinae as the indicator group, and using two approaches: structural units (vegetation type) and spatial units (windows). We used two measures – richness and Shannon diversity – and applied multiplicative diversity partitioning to obtain independent alpha and beta diversities for the landscape, windows and vegetation types. We grouped species by biogeographical distribution pattern for the biogeographical analysis and by whether they were originally from CF. Results The transformation of CF into secondary forest, pastures and other types of vegetation increases the Scarabaeinae diversity of the landscape, in vegetation types and windows. This increase is the result of species arriving from the tropical lowlands. However, the original dung beetle community of the CF dominates at different scales in the number of species, abundance and biomass. With increasing habitat modification, beta diversity increases in the windows, and species with the Tropical Palaeoamerican distribution pattern increase in abundance in vegetation types and windows. Main conclusions The variegated character of the landscape explains well the distribution and diversity of this dung beetle community. The peculiar characteristics of the Mexican Transition Zone have an effect owing to the overlap of fauna with different biogeographical origins. The conversion of fragmented landscapes to variegated landscapes could be a conservation goal in human‐modified mountain landscapes. Sampling proportional to the area of different types of vegetation and the use of windows offer an alternative experimental design in variegated landscapes.     

艾灸干预不同穴位对束缚应激模型大鼠心理行为改变的影响

目的:观察艾灸不同穴位对束缚应激模型大鼠行为学改变的影响,进一步探讨艾灸对束缚应激所致心理行为改变的作用规律。方法:将35只雄性Wistar大鼠按分层随机法分为正常组、束缚应激模型组、艾灸百会(GV20)组、艾灸关元(CV4)组、艾灸足三里(ST36)组,每组各7只。除正常组外,余各组均采用自制布袋束缚大鼠30 min,每日1次,共20次,制备束缚应激大鼠模型,于造模第2天各治疗组捆绑固定后给予艾炷灸3壮,正常组及模型组捆绑束缚20 min,隔日一次,共10次。于造模前、造模后,治疗5次、10次分别采用高架十字迷宫检测各组大鼠开放臂进入次数比例(OE%)及开放臂停留时间比例(OT%)的变化。结果:①与造模前比较,艾灸百会(GV20)组大鼠造模后、治疗10次后OE%均降低明显,治疗5次后OT%升高明显,均有显著性差异(P<0.05),艾灸关元(CV4)组大鼠造模后OT%降低明显,有显著性差异(P<0.05),艾灸足三里(ST36)组大鼠造模后OE%和OT%、治疗10次后OE%均明显降低,均有显著性差异(分别为P<0.05,P<0.05,P<0.01);与造模刚结束比较,艾灸百会(GV20)组大鼠治疗5次后OE%与OT%均升高明显,均有显著性差异(P<0.05),艾灸关元(CV4)组大鼠治疗10次后OT%升高明显,有显著性差异(P<0.01),艾灸足三里(ST36)组大鼠治疗5次后OE%、治疗10次后OT%均明显升高,有显著性差异(分别为P<0.01,P<0.05);与治疗5次比较,艾灸百会(GV20)组、足三里(ST36)组大鼠治疗10次后OE%明显降低,艾灸关元(CV4)组大鼠治疗10次后OE%和OT%升高明显,均有显著性差异(P<0.05)。②与艾灸百会(GV20)组比较,艾灸关元(CV4)组与艾灸足三里(ST36)组大鼠在治疗5次、10次后OE%和OT%呈不同程度的升高或降低趋势,未见显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论:艾灸不同穴位可一定程度改善慢性束缚应激所致大鼠焦虑心理行为的变化;关元(CV4)、百会(GV20)、足三里(ST36)三穴均表现出一定抗焦虑效应,百会(GV20)穴在治疗早期效果显著,足三里(ST36)穴的疗效肯定,而关元(CV4)穴在长期治疗中效应更为稳定、明显,具有相对特异性。     

Application of parsimony analysis of endemicity to Mexican gymnosperm distributions: grid-cells, biogeographical provinces and track analysis

Parsimony analysis of endemicity (PAE) was used to analyse the distributional patterns of 124 species of Mexican gymnosperms, using two different sample units: grid-cells and biogeographical provinces. PAE analyses were based on distributional data from herbarium specimens and specialized literature. Two data matrices were constructed for 60 grid-cells of 2° and 14 biogeographical provinces. The analysis of the 2° grid-cell matrix led to 7084 cladograms. The strict consensus cladogram showed several clades equivalent to the results obtained with the biogeographical provinces. Three clades agree with some principal regions of distribution of Mexican pines, previously identified by several authors, located at the northern portion of the Baja California peninsula, the Sierra Madre Occidental, and the Sierra Madre Oriental. These areas represent important centres of species diversity and endemism for Mexican gymnosperms. The analysis of the province matrix led to two most parsimonious cladograms, which only differed in the position of the Sierra Madre Occidental province. The iterative procedure PAE with progressive character elimination was applied to identify generalized tracks, where clades of provinces were considered equivalent to generalized tracks, and each time a cladogram was obtained, species defining its clades were deleted and a new run was undertaken. We found five generalized tracks, mainly located in montane provinces. The distribution patterns of gymnosperms agree with the existence of several Mexican biogeographical provinces, and a different historical biogeography of the Mexican peninsulas from the rest of the country is evident.  © 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2007, 92 , 405–417.     

Induced resistance to Mexican bean beetles in soybean: variation among genotypes and lack of correlation with constitutive resistance

Fourteen genotypes (varieties) of soybean (Glycine max) were screened for levels of induced resistance to Mexican bean beetle (Epilachna varivestis) damage, and a subset of 6 of those varieties was screened for levels of constitutive resistance to Mexican bean beetles. Experiments were carried out in the greenhouse, with damage imposed by Mexican bean beetle larvae, and levels of resistance measured by a choice test bioassay with adult beetles. We found significant variation among soybean genotypes in levels of both induced and constitutive resistance. We found no significant correlation between levels of induced and constitutive resistance measured in the same genotypes. We compare these results to past work on resistance in the soybean-Mexican bean beetle system, consider the implications of variation in both types of resistance for plant-herbivore interactions in agricultural and natural systems, and discuss the relationship between induced and constitutive resistance. Received: 30 November 1998 / Accepted: 25 June 1999     

Chemoreceptors of adult Mexican bean beetles: External morphology and role in food preference

The Mexican bean beetle, Epilachna varivestis Mulsant (Coleoptera; Coccinellidae), is an oligophagous insect that accepts leaves of soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill, as food but exhibits distinct preferences among varieties. It is believed that the basis for discrimination between the resistant PI 229358 and the susceptible cv. Williams is chemical. By the ablation of chemosensilla on antennae, maxillary palpi, labial palpi, and foretarsi, followed with leaf disc preference tests, we found antennal and maxillary palp chemosensilla to be almost entirely responsible for Mexican bean beetles' discrimination between foliage of the resistant and susceptible genotypes. All appendages, and the epipharynx, were observed by scanning electron microscopy and, except for foretarsi, were found to bear several types of presumably olfactory and gustatory sensilla, which are figured and described. Since behavioral observations show that olfaction is usually sufficient to cause rejection of PI 229358, we conclude that olfactory sensilla mainly on antennae and maxillary palpi are critical in food discrimination in this system.

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Résumé E. varivestis Mulsant, insecte oligophage, accepte les feuilles de Glycine max (L.) Merrill (soja) comme aliment, mais présente des préférences marquées parmi les variétés. On considère que l'origine de la discrimination entre le cultivar sensible Williams et PI 229358 résistant, est chimique. Des expériences de choix avec des rondelles de feuilles, après ablation des sensilles chimiques des antennes et des palpes maxillaires et labiaux, et des tarses antérieurs, ont montré que les sensilles chimiques étaient presque entièrement responsables de la discrimination entre les feuillages de génotypes résistant et sensible. Tous les appendices ont été observés au microscope à balayage, et, à l'exception des tarses antérieurs, ils portaient plusieurs types de sensilles gustatives et olfactives, qui ont été représentées et décrites. Puisque les observations comportementales montrent que l'olfaction est normalement suffisante pour provoquer le rejet de PI 229358, nous concluons que les sensilles olfactives des antennes et des palpes maxillaires jouent un rôle crucial dans le choix de l'aliment.

     

Reproductive compatibility among Mexican populations of Anastrepha obliqua: theoretical and management implications

The fraterculus species group, composed of 34 species in the genus Anastrepha (Diptera: Tephritidae), includes the fraterculus cryptic species complex formed by eight reproductively isolated morphotypes. A previous study revealed six genetic mitochondrial types of Anastrepha obliqua, suggesting the existence of a second cryptic species complex. However, marked discrepancies between nuclear and mitochondrial loci rather suggest incomplete lineage sorting or introgression between A. obliqua and A. fraterculus. Such hybridization could nevertheless result in reproductive isolation, an outcome that could affect efficacy of area‐wide management for the most important pest of mangos in America. Two mitochondrial types occur in Mexico, and the limits of a third one, encompassing Central American populations, have not been clearly established. Here, we tested reproductive compatibility among three A. obliqua populations from the Pacific and a population from the Gulf of Mexico. No evidence of pre‐zygotic isolation was found. Flies from the Atlantic mated randomly for equal duration with individuals from three Pacific populations. Homotypic and heterotypic crosses produced similar numbers of eggs, with heterotypic crosses of Pacific males and Atlantic females hatching in lower proportions. Larvae of all cross types developed equally in mangos and exhibited no sex ratio distortion of hybrid F1. The three mitochondrial types identified in Mexico and Central America do not appear to be cryptic species and can be managed using one single strain for the sterile insect technique.     

Stress tolerance in a yeast sterol auxotroph: role of ergosterol, heat shock proteins and trehalose

The role of ergosterol in yeast stress tolerance, together with heat shock proteins (hsps) and trehalose, was examined in a sterol auxotrophic mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ergosterol levels paralleled viability data, with cells containing higher levels of the sterol exhibiting greater tolerances to heat and ethanol. Although the mutant synthesised hsps and accumulated trehalose upon heat shock to the same levels as the wild-type cells, these parameters did not relate to stress tolerance. These results indicate that the role of ergosterol in stress tolerance is independent of hsps or trehalose.     

Stress and the costs of extra-territorial movement in a social carnivore

Costs associated with extra-territorial movement are believed to have favoured the evolution of delayed dispersal and sociality across a range of social vertebrates, but remain surprisingly poorly understood. Here we reveal a novel mechanism that may contribute substantially to the costs of extra-territorial movement: physiological stress. We show that subordinate male meerkats, Suricata suricatta, exhibit markedly elevated faecal glucocorticoid metabolite levels (a non-invasive measure of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis activity) while conducting extra-territorial prospecting forays. While brief increases in glucocorticoid levels are unlikely to be costly, chronic elevations, arising from prolonged and/or frequent forays, are expected to compromise fitness through their diverse negative effects on health. Our findings strongly suggest that prolonged extra-territorial movements do result in chronic stress, as the high glucocorticoid levels of prospectors do not diminish on longer forays and are no lower among males with greater prospecting experience. A generalized ‘stress’ of extra-territorial movement may therefore have strengthened selection for delayed dispersal and sociality in this and other species, and favoured the conduct of brief forays over extended periods of floating. Our findings have implications too for understanding the rank-related distribution of physiological stress in animal societies, as extra-territorial movements are often conducted solely by subordinates.     

Stress, glucocorticoids and glutamate release: effects of antidepressant drugs

Stressful life events impact on memory, cognition and emotional responses, and are known to precipitate mood/anxiety disorders. It is increasingly recognized that stress and its neurochemical and endocrine mediators induce changes in glutamate synapses and circuitry, and this in turn modify mental states. Half a century after the monoamine hypothesis, it is widely accepted that maladaptive changes in excitatory/inhibitory circuitry have a primary role in the pathophysiology of mood/anxiety disorders. The neuroplasticity hypothesis posits that volumetric changes consistently found in limbic and cortical areas of depressed subjects are in good part due to remodeling of neuronal dendritic arbors and loss of synaptic spines. A considerable body of work, carried out with in vivo microdialysis as well as alternative methodologies, has shown that both stress and corticosterone treatment induce enhancement of activity-dependent glutamate release. Accordingly, results from preclinical studies suggest that stress- and glucocorticoid-induced enhancement of glutamate release and transmission plays a main role in the induction of maladaptive cellular effects, in turn responsible for dendritic remodeling.Additional recent work has showed that drugs employed for therapy of mood/anxiety disorders (antidepressants) prevent the enhancement of glutamate release induced by stress. Understanding the action of traditional drugs on glutamate transmission could be of great help in developing drugs that may work directly at this level.