酸沉降对森林生态系统影响的研究现状及展望

酸沉降影响下物质循环及其不平衡研究;酸沉降对土壤理化性质的影响;森林水化学方面的研究;酸沉降下重金属的活化研究;酸沉降对植物生长的影响研究;酸沉降和气候变化对森林的影响;模拟酸雨对土壤理化性质和植物生长的影响;酸沉降下土壤风化问题的研究;运用模型对酸化问题的研究;森林土壤人为和自然的酸化;酸沉降临界负荷的研究;酸沉降和其它污染物对植物的联合影响;酸化土壤恢复研究等方面介绍了酸沉降对森林生态系统影响的研究现状,并阐明了今后研究的方向及应该注意的问题。     

森林土壤-植物系统铝毒害及防治研究进展

铝是地壳中含量最丰富的金属元素。由于林地土壤酸化等环境因素的影响,使本来固定在森林土壤中的铝溶出而成为活性铝,对森林植物的潜在毒性增加。酸性土壤中活性铝对陆地生态系统的潜在毒性是20世纪70年代蔓延中欧的森林退化的主要因素之一,从而引起了各国的高度重视。开展森林土壤-植物系统铝毒害的研究,对森林资源保护和铝毒的评估及防治具有重要意义。本文综述了森林土壤中铝的化学形态及其分布、铝在森林植物中的积累和存在形态以及对森林植物的生长、生理生化进程、遗传因子的影响等方面的研究进展。此外,还从控制酸化进程、添加盐基离子、控制根际有机酸、接种菌根真菌、选择适当的植物类型和混交种植等方面介绍了减缓森林铝毒害的措施。在此基础上,本文从铝危害的阈值研究和铝毒风险评估、铝的亚细胞分布和化学形态与铝毒关系研究、减缓铝毒的新措施等方面提出了需进一步开展研究的方向。     

酸性森林土壤缓冲酸沉降关键机理研究进展

对有关酸性森林土壤如何缓冲酸沉降的研究进行了综述,从土壤矿物风化与离子交换反应、有机质的作用,和其他生命与非生命因素方面去探讨酸性森林土壤缓冲酸沉降的关键机理,旨在加深人们对酸性森林土壤响应酸沉降模式与缓冲机制的理解,从而更好地预测酸沉降背景下酸性森林土壤的酸化进程及其负面效应,为制定科学合理的森林经营管理措施,维持整个森林生态系统的稳定与生态服务功能提供科学借鉴。     

酸沉降影响下庐山森林生态系统土壤硫形态分布研究

近年来 ,因农业高产的养分平衡问题及因酸沉降污染问题硫的植物营养与生物地球化学研究日益活跃。至今已有较多研究者对农田和自然土壤中硫含量、形态分布及不同施肥条件和作物对它们的影响进行了研究[1,2 ,12～ 16 ] 。酸沉降影响下森林土壤硫及其去向倍受关注。研究表明 ,在高度风化的土壤上的森林生态系统中ＳＯ4 2 - 处于积累状态[17] ,而发育时间较短的土壤上的森林生态系统中ＳＯ4 2 - 则处于接近动态平衡的状态[18,19] 。Ｃａｒｌｓｓｏｎ等[2 0 ] 利用34Ｓ对挪威半岛森林土壤硫形态及其与酸沉降的关系进行了研究 ,认为有机硫和吸附…     

森林土壤呼吸对氮硫沉降的响应及机制

在氮沉降和硫沉降增加的背景下,土壤氮素可利用性增加和土壤酸化是多数陆地生态系统正在经历的两个重要生态学过程。氮沉降和硫沉降的增加以及两者之间的耦合作用对土壤呼吸会产生扰动,进而很大程度上可能影响到森林生态系统的碳收支。本文综述了氮沉降和硫沉降对土壤呼吸的影响及机制,分析了氮沉降与硫沉降的耦合作用,指出了目前森林生态系统土壤呼吸对氮沉降和硫沉降响应研究的薄弱环节以及今后相关领域的重点研究方向。     

氮沉降对森林生态系统碳吸存的影响

工业化带来的大气氮沉降增加是影响森林生态系统碳吸存的重要因素。将森林碳库分为地上和地下两部分,从3个方面综述了国内外氮沉降对森林生态系统碳吸存影响的研究现状。(1)地上部分:氮限制的温带森林,氮沉降增加了地上部分碳吸存。氮丰富的热带森林,氮沉降对地上部分碳吸存没有影响。过量的氮输入会造成森林死亡率的上升,从而降低地上部分碳吸存。(2)地下部分:相比地上部分研究得少,表现为增加、降低和没有影响3种效果。(3)目前的结论趋向于认为氮沉降促进森林生态系统碳吸存,然而氮沉降所带来的森林生态系统碳吸存能力到底有多大依然无法确定,这也将成为未来氮碳循环研究的重点问题。分析了氮沉降影响森林生态系统碳吸存的机理,介绍了氮沉降对森林生态系统碳吸存影响的4种研究方法。探讨了该领域研究的不足及未来的研究方向。     

低磷和铝毒胁迫条件下菜豆有机酸的分泌与累积

以水培方式研究了低磷、铝毒胁迫条件下,不同菜豆基因型根系有机酸的分泌及其在植穆不同部位的累积,结果表明,低磷,铝毒胁迫诱导菜豆有机酸的分泌与累积存在显著的基因差异。低磷、铝毒胁迫诱导菜豆主要分泌柠檬酸、酒石酸和乙酸,其中,50μmol/LAl^3 诱导柠檬酸分泌量最高;低磷（小于20μmol/LH2PO4^－）胁迫诱导柠榨菜酸分泌量显著高于高磷处理,但低磷处理之间差异不明显,铝毒胁迫诱导菜豆有机酸的分泌与累积显著高于低磷胁迫处理,低磷,铝毒胁迫植株不同部位有机酸的含量为叶片大小根系,低磷,铝毒胁迫时,G842菜豆型柠檬酸有机酸分泌总量显著高于273、AFR和ZPV,其干重和磷吸收明明显于大G273,AFR和ZPV,且铝吸收量小于G273,AFR和ZPV,说明,G482菜豆基因型对低磷,铝毒的适应能力强于G273,AFR和ZPV基因型,菜豆有机酸,,尤其柠檬酸的分泌是其适应低磷、铝毒胁迫的重要生理反应。     

湖南韶山森林复合冠层沉降化学

在韶山森林设立了 1 0个 30m× 30m的样方 ,研究了 1年中各个季节的二维结构冠层在酸雨作用下各离子的净沉降及森林地表接收的总酸沉降的变化。结果表明 ,来源于树冠层叶中营养离子的洗脱与大气中含钙颗粒物质的Ca2 + 的净沉降在乔木冠层和灌木亚冠层都为正 ,Mg2 + 除了在生长季节外 ,其冠层仍有较明显的滤出现象 ,K+ 在乔木冠层树冠的大量的滤出与灌木亚冠层的摄入形成明显对比。SO42 -,NO3 -,Cl-在秋冬两季树冠层均有较强的洗脱现象 ,而海洋输送则成为Cl-的另外一个重要来源。总酸沉降结果表明 ,盐基离子中Ca2 + 在春夏两季沉降量最大 ,Mg2 + 的沉降则以秋冬两季的量最高 ,K+ 的最大沉降量出现在秋季。     

大豆耐铝性品种差异及其与有机酸的关系

从 1 0个大豆品种中筛选出两个耐铝性差异显著的品种 ,研究了其耐铝性与有机酸的关系。经铝处理后 ,吴川品种的相对根长为 1 3 3 .5 % ,化州只有 68.9% ,表明吴川相对耐铝 ,化州对铝较敏感。将不同浓度的AlCl3 加入营养液中处理大豆 1 0d,化州较吴川根长受到较大影响 ,进一步证实吴川相对耐铝毒 ,而化州对酸铝敏感。机理研究发现大豆在铝胁迫下根系可分泌两种有机酸 (草酸、柠檬酸 ) ,其中吴川根系草酸分泌速率提高了 74% ,化州几乎没有提高 ,表明耐铝性大豆品种的根系草酸分泌速率明显提高 ,可增强其缓解酸铝毒性的能力。而二者分泌柠檬酸的速率虽然均有显著提高 ,但处理后感抗品种之间差异不大 ,表明柠檬酸在缓解铝毒性中的作用不大。铝处理下大豆根系虽然分泌两种有机酸 ,但草酸在大豆耐酸铝机制中的作用可能更为重要。     

模拟大气氮沉降对中国森林生态系统影响的研究进展

人类活动加剧了活性氮的生产和排放,并导致氮沉降日益增加并全球化。目前,人类活动对全球氮循环的干扰已经超出了地球系统安全运行的界限。中国已成为全球氮沉降的高发区域,高氮沉降已经威胁到生态系统的健康和安全,并成为生态文明建设过程中亟待理清和解决的热点问题。对国际上和中国森林生态系统模拟氮沉降研究的概况进行了综述,并从生物学和非生物学两大过程重点阐述模拟氮沉降增加对中国主要森林生态系统影响的研究进展。中国自2000年以后才开始重视大气氮沉降产生的生态环境问题,中国科学院华南植物园在国内森林生态系统模拟氮沉降试验研究上做出了开创性的贡献。模拟氮沉降研究表明,持续高氮输入将会显著改变森林生态系统的结构和功能,并威胁生态系统的健康发展,特别是处于氮沉降热点区域的中国中南部。森林生态系统的氮沉降效应依赖于系统的氮状态、土地利用历史、气候特征、林型和林龄等。最后,对未来的研究提出了一些建议,包括加强长期跟踪研究和不同气候带站点之间的联网研究,特别是在森林生态系统对长期氮沉降响应与适应的过程机制、地下碳氮吸存潜力研究、以及与其他全球变化因子的耦合研究等方面,以期为森林生态系统的可持续发展提供理论基础和管理依据。     

Research on acidification in forest soil driven by atmospheric nitrogen deposition

Soil acidification is defined as the process in which exchangeable cations are leaching and soil H⁺ concentration is raising thereby increases soil acidity. Changes in soil pH value and acid neutralizing capacity are mainly indicators of soil acidification. Soil acidification is considered to be a serious ecological and environmental issue, which not only reduces soil quality, but also decreases biodiversity of forest ecosystem and induces forest decline. With nitrogen (N) deposition rapidly increasing, its contribution to soil acidification becomes a major concern in the world. However, the impact of increased N deposition on soil acidification is not well addressed highlighting the need for further attention to the issue. In this paper, the studies on forest soil acidification induced by N deposition were reviewed. The factors related to soil acidification driven by N deposition were classified and discussed, which included soil acidic buffering capacity, N components in atmospheric N deposition, climate, plant species in forests, and N status in ecosystem. Iron (Fe) buffering phase and the consequent Fe toxicity occurring to the acidified soil caused by high N deposition were concerned. The scarcity of phosphorus (P) element induced by soil acidification was particularly emphasized. The research methods used to study soil acidification driven by N deposition were also evaluated. In the end we stressed the importance of the study on soil acidification especially in tropical and subtropical regions driven by N deposition and its mechanisms. This paper can serve for maintaining sustainable forest and agricultural ecosystems.     

Grass cover on forest clear-cut areas ameliorates some soil chemical properties

Clear-cut areas formed after forest decline due to acid deposition, pest attacks, or wind-breaks in temperate mountainous regions are often populated by grass (mainly Calamagrostis villosa). This study focused on the changes of soil chemical characteristics under the grass cover replacing the forest, focusing mainly on aluminium (Al) speciation. Clear-cut area due to strong acid deposition in the Jizera Mountains (Northern Bohemia) was studied. The soils under grass cover exhibit higher pH values and lower exchangeable Al content compared to adjacent surviving forest. Mobile Al species under the grass have larger proportion of non-toxic organic complexes. The content of exchangeable base cations is slightly higher under the grass. The positive effect of grass on soil chemistry was enhanced by liming. The temporary grass cover can therefore improve soil chemical quality for following reforestation. However, the differences are generally limited to surface organic horizons. Similar results were found also on a bark-beetle clear-cut area in the Bohemian Forest (Southern Bohemia) with smaller acid deposition; nevertheless, most differences were not significant there.     

Deterioration of Norway spruce vitality despite a sharp decline in acid deposition: a long‐term integrated perspective

Since the late 1970s, several long‐term ecological studies were conducted to better understand the biogeochemical functioning of Norway spruce stands in the Ardennes as these nutrient‐poor ecosystems were subject to high levels of acid deposition and exhibited symptoms of tree health decline. Between 1978 and 2009, acid deposition declined sharply, especially sulfur and to a lesser extent nitrogen deposition. The aim of this study was (i) to determine if the Norway spruce stands recovered after the reduction of acid deposition and (ii) to explain why such a recovery occurred or not. Therefore, we collected data from different projects carried out in the Ardennes to characterize the long‐term temporal trends in soil solution chemistry, foliar nutrition, and crown condition. In parallel, a model describing the nutrient cycling in forests (NuCM) was calibrated and used to check the consistency of the observed temporal trends and to explain them. The soil solution concentration of most of the elements decreased between 1978 and 2002, which was ascribed to a decrease in atmospheric deposition. For potassium, a decline in the exchangeable pool was also showed based on the simulation carried out with NuCM. As nitrogen (N) deposition remained at an elevated level, Norway spruce stands were progressively saturated in N and mineral nutrition became more and more unbalanced. Except the foliar N and Al concentration that remained constant and increased respectively, the foliar concentration of all other nutrients decreased between 1993 and 2009, which can be explained by the decrease in ion concentration in solution. These nutritional disorders weakened trees and were probably exacerbated during the 2003 summer drought, after which symptoms of vitality loss progressively appeared. In these N‐saturated ecosystems, the N cycle was disrupted by this health decline, which increased NO₃^? leaching reinforcing soil acidification and risk of aluminum (Al) toxicity.     

Biodiversity of Dutch forest ecosystems as affected by receding groundwater levels and atmospheric deposition

Forests in the Netherlands are heavily under stress. Recent surveys suggest that about one-third of the forest area in the Netherlands is affected by desiccation. Generally, plant species of moist situations decline, whereas drought tolerant species tend to increase. Besides desiccation, adverse ecological effects of acidification and nitrogen deposition also occur. Their combined action is held responsible for, among others, the decline of oligotrophic vascular plants, lichens and mycorrhizal fungi. At the same time, N-demanding species increase, which is partly caused by nitrogen deposition, and is partly a secondary effect of desiccation through aeration and concomitant mineralization. Nutrient balance of trees is disrupted. Effects on animals also occur: small snails in forest on acid soil decrease, causing Ca deficiency in birds. Measures to reduce these impacts include restoration of the former hydrology, liming, fertilization and removal of N-saturated littler layers.     

Assessment of the potential role of metals in sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh) decline in Ontario, Canada

Spatial and temporal differences in the crown condition of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh) in Ontario remain largely unexplained. In this study, the potential role of metals in sugar maple dieback was explored by measuring metal concentrations in foliage and forest floor (LFH) at 35 forest stands in south-central Ontario that exhibit varying levels of decline and span a climatic, soil acidity and acid deposition gradient. Foliar and forest floor metal concentrations varied among sites by between two and ten-fold, with acidic sites exhibiting the highest concentrations of many metals in the forest floor and foliage. Sites with moderate decline symptoms (decline index (DI)?>?10, averaged between 1986 and 2004) had significantly greater Cd, Zn, Cu, Pb and Mn concentrations and lower Ca concentrations in the forest floor compared with healthy sites (DI?<?10). Foliar concentrations of Cd, Sr and Mn were also significantly greater and Ca was significantly lower in sites with moderate decline symptoms compared with healthy sites. However the highest metal concentrations in foliage and the forest floor found in this study are lower than critical values reported in the literature. The notable exception is Mn where values at acidic sites may be high enough to negatively impact sugar maple.     

Evaluation of soil saturation, soil chemistry, and early spring soil and air temperatures as risk factors in yellow-cedar decline

Yellow‐cedar (Callitropsis nootkatensis (D. Don) Oerst.) is a valuable tree species that is experiencing a widespread decline and mortality in southeast Alaska. This study evaluated the relative importance of several potential risk factors associated with yellow‐cedar decline: soil saturation, soil aluminum (Al) toxicity or calcium (Ca) deficiency, and air and soil temperature. Data were collected from permanent vegetation plots established in two low‐elevation coastal forests exhibiting broad ranges of cedar mortality. Measurements of each risk factor were contrasted among classified forest zones to indicate if there were strong links with decline. Hydrology alone is weakly associated with yellow‐cedar decline, but could have a predisposing role in the decline by creating exposed conditions because of reduced forest productivity. Yellow‐cedar decline is not strongly associated with soil pH and extractable Al and Ca, but there appears to be Ca enrichment of surface soils by feedback from dead yellow‐cedar foliage. Air and soil temperature factors are strongly associated with decline. Based on these results, an hypothesis is presented to explain the mechanism of tree injury where exposure‐driven tree mortality is initiated in gaps created by soil saturation and then expands in gaps created by the tree‐mortality itself. The exposure allows soils to warm in early spring causing premature dehardening in yellow‐cedar trees and subsequent freezing injury during cold events. Yellow‐cedars growing in the protection of shade or snow are not preconditioned by this warming, and thus not as susceptible to cold injury. Yellow‐cedar decline appears to be associated with regional climate changes, but whether the cause of these changes is related to natural or human‐induced climate shifts remains uncertain. Management implications, the possible role of climate, and recommended research are discussed.     

酸性森林土壤中Ali/(Ca+Mg)摩尔比值的分布特征及影响因素

研究了西南和华南酸性森林土壤中Al_i/(Ca+Mg)摩尔比值的分布特征与影响因素,用主成分分析(PCA)和偏最小二乘法(PLS)回归综合评价各种影响因素及其相对重要性. 2000～2002年连续3年的监测结果表明,大多数土壤水中该摩尔比值都小于临界值1.0,说明土壤铝释放还未对植被造成显著伤害.偏最小二乘法(PLS)回归显示,土壤铝饱和度(AlS)是影响A层土壤水中Al_i/(Ca+Mg)摩尔比值的首要因素;土壤铝饱和度愈高,土壤水中Al_i/(Ca+Mg)摩尔比值愈高.5个流域中,尽管流溪河流域酸沉降量偏低,但由于土壤铝饱和度较高,A层土壤水中Al_i/(Ca+Mg)摩尔比值高于其他流域.土壤水中无机铝(Al_i)浓度是影响深层(B₁、B₂、BC层)土壤水中Al_i/(Ca+Mg)摩尔比值的主导因素;土壤水中无机铝浓度愈高,Al_i/(Ca+Mg)摩尔比值愈高.各流域内摩尔比值沿土壤深度的变化与无机铝浓度的变化基本一致.可以认为,土壤铝饱和度是影响土壤水中Al_i/(Ca+Mg)摩尔比值区域性差异的主要因素,土壤水中无机铝浓度是影响Al_i/(Ca+Mg)摩尔比值纵向差异的主要因素.     

酸沉降影响下庐山森林生态系统水相硫的分布与动态研究

从1997年7月到1999年8月,在庐山植物园选取针叶林和阔叶林各一片样地,对降雨、透冠水、干流水、渗漏水和地表径流进行了监测.结果表明庐山降雨SO2-4浓度有升高趋势,1998年降雨中SO2-4浓度为4.21±3.48mg/L.林冠对干沉降硫有吸收和截获作用,透冠水和干流水中SO2-4明显高于雨水,针叶林中分别为13.68±17.40mg/L和15.50±25.20mg/L,阔叶林分别为6.18±6.37mg/L和7.35±7.73mg/L,是森林中硫沉降的重要组成部分.针叶林地下水中SO2-4含量与雨水的显著正相关(R2=0.758,n=6),与透冠水和树干流中SO2-4含量之和极显著正相关(R2=0.880,n=8),说明日本柳杉针叶林加重了硫沉降,对土壤中SO2-4有较大影响;阔叶林的相关性都不显著,说明阔叶林虽然对SO2-4在土壤中的输入有所贡献,但相对作用较小.针叶林SO2-4输入高而输出低;阔叶林输入低而输出高,可能处于稳态平衡.针叶林地表径流中SO2-4含量受雨水影响较大,阔叶林中的则可能主要是土壤溶液中保存的SO2-4持续淋洗的结果.     

氮沉降对森林凋落物分解的影响

氮沉降增加作为全球变化的重要现象之一,已经并将继续对森林凋落物分解产生影响.综述了国内外氮沉降对森林凋落物分解影响及其机理的研究现状.氮沉降对凋落物分解的影响可分为直接影响和间接影响.氮沉降通过影响森林地被物组成和凋落物化学成分,间接影响凋落物分解.氮沉降对凋落物分解的直接影响表现为促进、无影响和抑制3种效果.分析了产生以上影响效果的作用机理,介绍了氮沉降对森林凋落物分解影响的研究方法,探讨了目前研究存在的问题,讨论了未来该方面研究的重点和方向.