AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPE STUDY OF SPERMATID DIFFERENTIATION IN THE TOAD, BUFO ARENARUM HENSEL

The differentiation of the spermatids of Bufo arenarum has been described from a study of electron micrographs of thin sections of testis. The development of the acrosome from the Golgi complex takes place in much the same manner as in mammalian spermatogenesis but no acrosome granule is formed. A perforatorium is described for the first time in this species. It is formed by a convergence of dense filaments that arise between the nuclear membrane and the head cap. During maturation of the spermatid the chromatin undergoes striking physicochemical alterations. Fine chromatin granules uniformly dispersed in the karyoplasm are replaced by larger and larger aggregates and these ultimately coalesce to form a very dense sperm head. Two centrioles of cylindrical form are situated very near the base of the sperm head. The longitudinal fibrils of the tail flagellum take origin from one, and the dense fibrous substance of the undulating membrane is closely related to the other. Phase contrast cinematographic observations on the swimming movements of living toad sperm, when considered in relation to the fine structural components of the tail, suggest that there is a contractile component in the undulating membrane as well as in the axial fibrils. The differences in the structure of mammalian and amphibian sperm tails are discussed in relation to differences in the character of their movements.     

中华大蟾蜍输卵管分泌物在受精过程中作用的探讨

未曾包被输卵管分泌物的卵球,即无胶膜卵球,在授与高浓度精液(0.9—3.8×10~8个精子/毫升)条件下,并不能受精,从而进一步证实,输卵管分泌物是卵球受精的必要因素。透射电镜观察表明,未曾接触输卵管分泌物的体腔卵球和体外排出卵球的卵黄膜中,有许多纤维束(直径1200—1500A),纵横交织。在输卵管中运行时,卵球外周包被输卵管分泌物。输卵管各部分(直部、卷曲前部和卷曲部)分泌物中,都含有松散卵黄膜纤维束的因子,经其作用,卵黄膜纤维束松散成微纤维(直径50一70A)。卵黄膜纤维束松散程度与胶膜作用时间的长短呈现正的相关性;卵黄膜纤维束松散程度与卵球受精率可能亦具有正的相关性。     

蛋清破花粉壁的研究

花粉含有人类所需的各种营养成分,具有较高的营养和保健价值,因为花粉外壁含有油胡萝卜素和类胡萝卜素酯组成的物理,化学及酶稳定的花粉素,故影响对花粉的深加工,本文报道经长期研究的蛋清破花粉壁的方法,以微球菌（Ｍ．ｌｙ８ｓｏｄｅｉｋｔｉｃｕｓ）为对照,发现花粉外壁含有肽聚糖,不但为研究花粉破壁进行了提供了依据,而且能用于多种花粉产品的生产。     

四种细胞因子在中华蟾蜍脑中的分布

采用免疫组织化学SABC法,研究白介素-1α、干扰素-γ、神经生长因子-β和肿瘤坏死因子-α在成体中华蟾蜍脑中的表达和分布特点。结果发现,白介素-1α阳性细胞数量很多,分布于脑的各个区域。白介素-1α多在细胞的胞体中,而原始海马锥体细胞,中脑的背前侧被盖核和腹后侧被盖核中的细胞可见阳性的突起。干扰素-γ阳性细胞数量较多,分布在端脑的原始海马和隔区,丘脑腹外侧核,下丘脑的视前区、视交叉上核和腹侧漏斗核,中脑被盖的背前侧被盖核、腹前侧被盖核、背后侧被盖核和腹后侧被盖核中,小脑的Purkinje细胞层和延髓的网状核,其中原始海马,背前侧被盖核和背后侧被盖核,视交叉上核,Purkinje细胞层和网状核中的细胞中可见阳性突起。神经生长因子-β阳性细胞数量较少,主要存在于下丘脑的视前区和视交叉上核,中脑被盖的腹前侧被盖核,小脑的Purkinje细胞层和延髓的网状核中,其中视前区、Purkinje细胞层和网状核中细胞可见阳性突起。肿瘤坏死因子-α阳性细胞数量最少,分布范围仅限于中脑被盖背前侧区和延髓的网状核及中缝核,但细胞具有阳性突起。因此,白介素-1α和干扰素-γ在成体动物脑中分布较为广泛,可能是神经细胞生命活动所必需的;而神经生长因子-β和肿瘤坏死因子-α在成体动物脑中分布范围狭窄,其作用可能仅限于脑中的某些特殊区域。     

A DIFFUSIBLE FACTOR WHICH SUSTAINS CONTACT INHIBITION OF REPLICATION

Confluent 3T3 cultures make and release into the medium a diffusible factor which sustains the state of contact inhibition of replication. Evidence is given that the factor is a specific and reversible inhibitor of the RNA synthesis which precedes cellular replication.     

EFFECT OF OVIDUCAL PROTEINASE UPON BUFO ARENARUM VITELLINE ENVELOPE. A FLUORESCENCE APPROACH

The intrinsic fluorescence of vitelline envelope from amphibian eggs was enhanced after having been treated with pars recta secretion fluid. At the same time the total number of binding sites for 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonate (ANS) was increased, with the affinity constant remaining unchanged. These observations are interpreted in terms of a structural change of the vitelline envelope submitted to pars recta fluid effect.     

山东临朐中中新世锄足蟾类化石及临朐蟾蜍的再研究

本文记述了产自山东临朐中中新统的大锄足蟾—新种 Macropelobates cratus sp. nov.,讨论了亚洲化石锄足蟾类与欧美相关类群的关系.此外,根据对化石的详细研究和对比,本文重新厘定了临朐蟾蜍 (Bufo linquensis, Young 1977) 的含义,对其原始描述作了补充和修订.     

花背蟾蜍视网膜感光细胞分化的研究

经电镜及间接荧光抗体对花背蟾蜍视网膜感光细胞分化的研究,结果表明:视网膜感光细胞在视网膜中央首先分化,同一切片中位于中央的细胞分化程度最高,离它越远、分化越低。以中央细胞为准,胚胎发育到21期,感光细胞开始分化,22期外节出现,外节盘膜是直接以外凸折叠形成的。同时在视网膜杆锥层出现视蛋白特异性荧光,说明光敏蛋白的合成,感光细胞轴突与双极细胞建立突触联系。至此(22期末),感光细胞行使功能的结构基本形成。到25期,外节盘数达300多层,突触结构发育成熟。     

THE EFFECT OF SOLUBLE EGG JELLY ON THE FERTILIZABILITY OF ACID-DEJELLIED SEA URCHIN EGGS*

Acid-dejellied Lytechinus pictus eggs bind few sperm and show decreased fertilizability. Addition of solubilized egg jelly increases sperm binding and fertilizability, presumably by increasing the frequency of the acrosome reaction. However, dejellied Strongylocentrotus purpuratus bind more sperm and show increased fertilizability in the complete absence of soluble egg jelly. Addition of soluble egg jelly greatly decreases fertilizability in S. purpuratus. Such species differences may be the basis for the controversy between Lillie and Tyler on the one hand, who believed that egg jelly increased egg fertilizability; while Loeb and Hagström on the other hand, believed jelly had no effect on, or actually decreased egg fertilizability. ¹²⁵I-labeling of dejellied S. purpuratus egg surfaces and immunofluorescent studies show that egg jelly persists on the surfaces of acid-dejellied eggs. Egg jelly appears to be a non-removable component of the vitelline layer of this species.     

THE ECOLOGICAL GENETICS OF INTRODUCED POPULATIONS OF THE GIANT TOAD,BUFO MARINUS. III. GEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNS OF VARIATION

The allele frequencies at ten polymorphic loci are described from 31 Bufo marinus populations in the Moreton Bay region in southeastern Queensland, Australia and the variation of these is found to be non-random in all cases. The pattern of non-randomness varies among loci, being clinal in two instances. The allele frequencies at the same ten loci are also described for 12 populations sampled from throughout B. marinus' Australian range. The frequency variation on this larger geographical scale is non-random at all but two loci (Mpi and Hbdh) and also varies among loci, in this case being clinal in four instances. In both cases, the patterns of variation are most reasonably explained as having resulted from genetic drift occurring during the recent range expansion which B. marinus is known to have experienced in Australia. It seems that natural selection has played little, if any, role in generating the observed gene frequency patterns. These results emphasize the need for caution in interpreting geographical patterns of variation. They show that even when clinal patterns exist at some loci but not at others, one cannot conclude that the patterns result from natural selection, unless the demographic histories of the studied populations are known and are inconsistent with the alternative hypothesis that the patterns result from genetic drift.     

MORPHOGENESIS IN VERTICILLIUM: A SELF-PRODUCED,DIFFUSIBLE MORPHOGENETIC FACTOR

A microsclerotial isolate of Verticillium albo-atrum produces a diffusible morphogenetic factor (DMF). At certain levels, DMF stimulates production of microsclerotia and melanin and inhibits hyphal elongation and sporulation. At higher concentrations it can inhibit production of microsclerotia and melanin as well as germination of Verticillium spores. Near-ultraviolet radiation (mostly 3200–4000 A, emission peak 3650 A), which inhibits production of microsclerotia and melanin, appears to act by suppressing synthesis of DMF. Once formed, DMF withstood 5 days’ exposure to near-UV. Dark-reared liquid cultures (shake or still) produced DMF while those reared under near-UV did not. DMF is active from pH 4 to pH 10, seems to be non-volatile, is dialyzable and water-soluble. In preliminary tests, it was insoluble in ether, ethanol and methylene dichloride. Acetone inactivated it. It may be 1 substance or a group of substances. We have developed assays for DMF in agar and liquid media employing the germination of Verticillium spores.     

花背蟾蜍蝌蚪皮肤在类坏死条件下超微结构的变化~*

已知发生类坏死的无尾两栖类蝌蚪皮肤,可加速被眼诱导为角膜的进程。采用弱酸(0.01N醋酸)和弱碱(0.001N氨水)处理花背蟾蜍蝌蚪皮肤使之发生类坏死,对比观察了正常和发生类坏死皮肤的超微结构,结果发现皮肤在类坏死条件下发生下列变化:(1)表皮细胞内的张力原纤维显得疏松,有变粗及聚集的现象,弱酸处理者更明显;(2)表皮细胞中细胞器减少,细胞质内出现大量液泡;相邻细胞的细胞间隙变狭窄;(3)表皮细胞核内的染色质分布不均匀,浓缩为较大的团块,使核内出现不规则的空隙;(4)基膜中胶原纤维明暗相间的条纹结构较模糊。文中对类坏死条件下皮肤超微结构的变化和加速角膜诱导进程间的可能关系进行了讨论。     

中华绒螯蟹卵子皮层反应的初步研究

中华绒螯蟹每个成熟卵的皮层内约有１２３０００枚皮层颗粒。皮层颗粒略呈球形,直径约０．４μｍ,外围一层薄膜,内含酶多种以及粘多糖,蛋白质等。受精时,一个真正起受精作用的精子穿入卵质膜以后,近穿入下的皮层颗粒破裂,随即破裂由近及远,迅速有序地向四周蔓延,播及全卵的所有皮层颗粒。全部皮怪颗粒因破裂而排出的内含物大部分和卵膜内层组合成坚厚的受精巢,用耿防阻多精受精。同时排出的内含物还引起卵子渗透压的骤升,     

A MICRO INJECTION STUDY ON THE PERMEABILITY OF THE STARFISH EGG

The experiments with the NH₄Cl are similar to, and corroborate micro injection experiments performed in connection with some work on mustard gas in which the writer collaborated. Eggs immersed in sea water containing decomposed mustard gas, at a certain low concentration are not affected. If, however, the solution be injected, the egg quickly cytolyzes owing to the free HCl present. A similar impermeability of the protoplasmic surface film to certain substances was also encountered in injection work on Amœba. Amœbœ immersed in an aqueous solution of eosin will not take the stain till after death. On the other hand, the eosin, when injected into the Amœba, quickly permeates the protoplasm, to be arrested only at the surface. The semipermeability of a living cell appears primarily to be a function of its surface film. It is immaterial whether this film be that of the original cortex of the cell, a film newly formed over a cut surface, or a film that surrounds an artificially induced vacuole within the cell. As long as such a surface film exists neither the acid group of the NH₄Cl nor the alkaline group of the NaHCO₃ can, within certain concentration limits, penetrate the protoplasm. These solutions, if injected beneath the surface film, however, will produce their characteristic effects upon the protoplasm.     

THE DENATURATION OF EGG ALBUMIN BY ULTRA-VIOLET RADIATION

The coagulation of isoelectric egg albumin solutions, on exposure to ultraviolet radiation, involves three distinct processes, (1) the light denaturation of the albumin molecule, (2) a reaction between the light denatured molecule and water which may be similar to heat denaturation but occurs at a lower temperature, and (3), the flocculation of the denatured molecules to form a coagulum. The light denaturation is unimolecular, independent of temperature, and occurs over a wide pH range. The reaction between the light denatured molecule and water has a temperature coefficient of 10⁺ and occurs rapidly at 40°C., a temperature at which heat denaturation is inappreciable.     

花背蟾蜍(Bufo raddei Strauch)眼形态发生过程中角膜上皮表面结构的扫描电镜观察

扫描电镜观察表明,花背蟾蜍眼形态发生过程中角膜上皮细胞表面形态结构的变化,大致可分三个阶段。1.从神经管期至肌肉感应期预定角膜上皮表面无明显变化;2.在心跳期和鳃血循环期预定角膜上皮表面出现较多的细胞缢束和其下细胞表面的下陷;3.在以后各期,角膜上皮中纤毛细胞的纤毛逐渐退化消失,在右鳃盖封闭期纤毛细胞全部消失。上述变化与视网膜及其中光感受器的发育分化密切相关,纤毛的退化和消失更精确地反映了这种依赖关系,似可作为角??膜上皮分化的一个形态指标。     

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE EGG WHITE PROTEINS OF SOME SPECIES OF THE AVIAN ORDER GRUIFORMES

No agreement has been reached on the classification of the avian order Gruiformes as defined by Peters (1934) and Wetmore (1960). Starch gel electrophoresis of egg white proteins was therefore carried out in an attempt to obtain additional taxonomic data. Individual and intrafamilial variability was observed to be small, and the protein patterns thus seem to provide a basis for classification above the familial level. These protein patterns, together with the historically conventional characters, suggest that a relationship exists between the Rallidae, Heliornithidae, Eurypygidae, Turnicidae, and Psophiidae; and that the Gruidae and Aramidae are not far removed from this assemblage. The Aramidae are thought to occupy a separate but intermediate position between the Gruidae and the rail-like assemblage. The Otididae have a very different pattern which, together with the unusual combination of classical characters, suggests that the bustards should be removed from the order. The insufficient sampling from the Cariamidae and Rhynochetidae does little to clarify their systematic positions.     

ON PROPAGATION OF CORTICLA FACTOR AND CYTOPLASMIC FACTOR PARTICIPATING IN CLEAVAGE FURROW FORMATION OF THE NEWT'S EGG*

From Cynops pyrrhogaster eggs just after the start of the first cleavage, a fragment of cortical layer with a small entire cleavage furrow was cut out. In the fragment, the cortex had already acquired susceptibility to and the subcortical cytoplasm had already accquired inducibility for furrow formation. The fragment was transplanted to the animal hemisphere of uncleaved fertilized eggs or eggs immediately after the onset of the first cleavage, from which a portion of the host cortex was removed. Observation was made on division of the graft, and on propagation of the cortical susceptibility and the cytoplasmic inducibility of the graft onto the host egg. The transplant divided succesively on the host egg in many cases, but the furrow of the graft never advanced to the surface of the host egg. Neither the cortical factor nor the cytoplasmic factor was transmitted across the graft to the recipient egg.