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One Morphotype, Three Physiotypes: Sympatric Species of Clusia with Obligate C3 Photosynthesis, Obligate CAM and C3 -CAM Intermediate Behaviour 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
U. Lüttge 《Plant biology (Stuttgart, Germany)》1999,1(2):138-148
Abstract: Among about 150 species of the genus of Clusia, morphologically very similar neotropical shrubs and trees, 20 have been studied ecophysiologically and 39 original publications were screened here for key data on the potential performance of the various species. I have collected data on carbon isotope discrimination (873C), day-night oscilliations of malate (Amal), citrate (Acitr) and titratable protons (AH), maximum rates of net CO2 exchange in the dark (Dark Jco2) and in the light (Light Jco2) apparent rate of photosynthetic electron transport at PS II (ETR), effective quantum yield of non-cyclic electron transport at PS II (AF/F'm) at 1000 umol m-2 s-1 PPFD, and potential quantum yield of PS II of leaves adapted to short periods of darkness at midday (Fv/Fm midday) and after relaxation overnight (Fv/Fm predawn). The 20 species can be arranged from predominant C3 photosynthesis to principally CAM. There may be only a few bona fide obligatory CAM species in the genus, but it is doubtful if there are obligatory C3 species. The data were then used to provide comparisons of intrinsic capabilities for Clusia species occurring sympatrically at two sites each, in Brazil and Venezuela. No clear advantage of CAM emerges from these comparisons under the stress of high insolation and low water availability at these sites. Different Clusia species are successful in different ways and with different intrinsic ecophysiological capacities. The conventional expectations in CAM as a drought and light stress adaptation are confounded in Clusia to the extent that on some occasions C3 photosynthesis seems to be the superior strategy. However, it appears, that C3/CAM plasticity which is so widespread in the genus, with many species and potentially rapid speciation, allows a particularly wide ecological amplitude. 相似文献
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Britta Herzog T. E. E. Grams Angela Haag-Kerwer Erika Ball A. C. Franco U. Lüttge 《Plant biology (Stuttgart, Germany)》1999,1(3):357-364
Abstract: The large majority of the Ca . 150 species of the neotropical shrub and tree genus Clusia have the potential to perform Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM). They are either obligate CAM plants or C3 /CAM intermediate plants. Only a very small percentage of the plants studied so far are apparently obligate C3 species. Among these was C. criuva , until recent laboratory studies showed that it may also have a certain CAM capacity under artificial stress conditions. Measurements of stomatal conductance (porometry) and chlorophyll fluorescence variables of C. criuva occurring along a transect from deep shade inside a gallery forest across the semi-shaded ecotone towards a cerrado and into the exposed cerrado itself in central Brazil now show that it can adapt its photosynthetic apparatus to effective performance of C3 photosynthesis under highly different photosynthetic photon flux densities. In addition, however, it does have a certain potential for CAM and cannot be considered as a strictly obligate C3 plant. Should a basic capacity for performing CAM be a general property of the genus, the quest for CAM traits in other remaining putatively obligate C3 species of the genus ought to be pursued. 相似文献
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Britta Herzog Carin Hübner Erika Ball R. do N. Bastos A. C. Franco F. R. Scarano U. Lüttge 《Plant biology (Stuttgart, Germany)》1999,1(4):453-459
Abstract: The C3 /CAM intermediate species, C/usia parviflora Saldanha et EngI., and the obligate CAM species Clusia hilariana Schlecht., occur sympatrically in the coastal sand dune vegetation of the Restinga of Brazil. Their photosynthetic activity at an exposed and at a shaded site was compared by measuring gas exchange (porometry), chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters, organic acid levels (malic and citric) and carbon isotope ratios. At the shaded site, low photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFD) strongly restricted photosynthetic activity. However, C parviflora could readily make use of light flecks. At the exposed site, C. parviflora was much less affected by photoinhibition than C. hilariana . The CAM species showed higher apparent rates of linear photosynthetic electron transport (ETR) and higher effective quantum yield of PSII (ΔF/F'm ) than did C. parviflora during high insolation in the middle of the day, i.e., the time of Phase Ill of CAM. Nevertheless, it suffered much more severe acute photoinhibition that was not reversible after 20 min of darkening during this time, and even some chronic photoinhibition not reversible overnight. Comparative studies of sympatric physiotypes with different modes of photosynthesis of a given leaf morphotype, as available in the genus Cksia , challenge some CAM dogmas, e.g., CAM may not always be superior at exposed sites and may not always provide better photoprotection at high PPFD. However, the idea that C3 /CAM plasticity allows occupation of a wider range of habitats is supported. 相似文献
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Lüttge U 《The New phytologist》2006,171(1):7-25
The discovery of crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) in the trees of Clusia: arrival in the limelight of international research 8 II. Phylogeny 8 III. Photosynthetic physiotypes 10 IV. Metabolic flexibility: organic acid variations 12 V. The environmental control of photosynthetic flexibility 13 VI. Phenotypic plasticity: physiotypes and morphotypes 16 VII. Ecological amplitude and habitat impact 16 VIII. Conclusions and outlook 21 Acknowledgements 22 References 22 Summary It is the aim of this review to present a monographic survey of the neotropical genus Clusia on scaling levels from molecular phylogeny, metabolism, photosynthesis and autecological environmental responses to ecological amplitude and synecological habitat impact. Clusia is the only dicotyledonous genus with real trees performing crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM). By way of introduction, a brief historical reminiscence describes the discovery of CAM in Clusia and the consequent increase in interest in studying this particular genus of tropical shrubs and trees. The molecular phylogeny of CAM in the genus is compared with that in Kalancho? and the Bromeliaceae. At the level of metabolism and photosynthesis, the great plasticity of expression of photosynthetic physiotypes, i.e. (i) C(3) photosynthesis, (ii) CAM including CAM idling, (iii) CAM cycling and (iv) C(3)/CAM-intermediate behaviour, as well as metabolic flexibility in Clusia is illustrated. At the level of autecology, the factors water, irradiance and temperature, which control photosynthetic flexibility, are assessed. The phenotypic plasticity of physiotypes and morphotypes is described. At the level of synecology, the ecological amplitude of Clusia in the tropics and the relations to habitat are surveyed. 相似文献
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Carbon isotope discrimination in C3 -C4 intermediates 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Carbon isotope discrimination in C3–C4 intermediates is determined by fractionations during diffusion and the biochemical fractionations occurring during CO2 fixation. These biochemical fractionations in turn depend on the fractionation by Rubisco in the mesophyll, the amount of CO2 fixation. These biochemical fractionations in turn depend on the fractionation by Rubisco in the mesophyll, the amount of CO2 fixation occurring in the bundle sheath, the extent of bundle-sheath leakiness and the contribution which C4-cycle activity makes to the CO2 pool there. In most instances, carbon isotope discrimination in C3–C4 intermediates is C3-like because only a small fraction of the total carbon fixed is fixed in the bundle sheath. In particular, this must be the case for Flaveria intermediates which initially fix substantial amounts of CO2 into C4-acids. In C3–C4 intermediates that refix photorespiratory CO2 alone, it is possible for carbon isotope discrimination to be greater than in C3-species, particularly at low CO2 pressures or at high leaf temperatures. Short-term measurements of carbon isotope discrimination and gas exchange of leaves can be used to study the photosynthetic pathways of C3-C4 intermediates and their hybrids as has recently been done for C3 and C4 species. 相似文献
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Leaf gas exchange and leaf water (18)O enrichment (Delta(18)O(L)) were measured in three Clusia species under field conditions during dry and wet seasons and in Miconia argentea during the dry season in the Republic of Panama. During the dry season, all three Clusia species used crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM); during the wet season Clusia pratensis operated in the C(3) mode, while Clusia uvitana and Clusia rosea used CAM. Large departures from isotopic steady state were observed in daytime Delta(18)O(L) of the Clusia species, especially during the dry season. In contrast, daytime Delta(18)O(L) was near isotopic steady state in the C(3) tree M. argentea. Across the full data set, non-steady-state predictions explained 49% of variation in observed Delta(18)O(L), whereas steady-state predictions explained only 14%. During the wet season, when Delta(18)O(L) could be compared with Clusia individuals operating in both C(3) and CAM modes, steady-state and non-steady-state models gave contrasting predictions with respect to interspecific variation in daytime Delta(18)O(L). The observed Delta(18)O(L) pattern matched that predicted for the non-steady state. The results provided a clear example of how non-steady-state control of leaf water (18)O dynamics can shift the slope of the relationship between transpiration rate and daytime Delta(18)O(L) from negative to positive. 相似文献
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J. A. C. SMITH H. GRIFFITHS † U. LÜTTGE C. E. CROOK§ N. M. GRIFFITHS¶ K.-H. STIMMEL 《Plant, cell & environment》1986,9(5):395-410
Abstract An investigation was carried out into the water relations of CAM and C3 bromeliads in their natural habitat during the dry season in Trinidad. Measurements were made of xylem tension with the pressure chamber and of cell-sap osmotic pressure and titratable acidity on crushed leaf samples. A steady-state CO2 and H2O-vapour porometer was also used so that changes in leaf water relations during individual day-night cycles could be directly related to gas-exchange patterns in situ. Xylem tension changed in parallel with transpiration rate and in general reached its maximum value in CAM bromeliads at night and in C3 bromeliads during the day. In addition, large nocturnal increases in cell-sap osmotic pressure and titratable acidity (ΔH+) typically occurred in the CAM bromeliads. The C3-CAM intermediate Guzmania monostachia showed slight nocturnal acidification, but had higher values of xylem tension during the day. Very high values of AH+ were observed in the CAM species when the tanks of the epiphytic bromeliads contained water: Aechmea nudicaulis showed a mean maximum ΔH+ of 474 mol m?3, the highest value so far observed for CAM plants. On some nights dew formed on the leaf surfaces of the epiphytes, partially curtailing gas exchange and leading to a marked decrease in xylem tension in both C3 and CAM species. Between-site comparisons were also made for a wide range of habitats from arid coastal scrub to montane rain forest. Compared with values characteristic of other life-forms, xylem tension and cell-sap osmotic pressure were low for all bromeliads, and did not differ significantly in co-occurring CAM and C3 bromeliads. Mean maximum xylem tension (10 species in total) ranged from 0.29 M Pa at the montane sites to 0.67 MPa at the most arid site, and mean minimum osmotic pressure (17 species) from 0.51 to 0.97 MPa. At the arid sites the bromeliads were exclusively CAM species, two of which (Aechmea aquilega and Bromelia plumieri) grew terrestrially in the undergrowth of the coastal scrub. Xylem tension in these species was low enough to indicate that they must be functionally independent of the substratum during the dry season. In the wetter part of Trinidad, no between-site differences in leaf water relations were found along an altitudinal gradient in the Northern Mountain Range; seasonal differences in this area were also small. Overall, leaf water relations and gas exchange in the bromeliads were strongly affected both by short-term changes in water availability and by longer-term climatic differences in the various regions of the island. 相似文献
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A. HAAG-KERWER T. E. E. GRAMS E. OLIVARES E. BALL S. ARNDT M. POPP E. MEDINA U. LÜTTGE 《The New phytologist》1996,134(2):215-226
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Comparative ecophysiology of CAM and C3 bromeliads. III. Environmental influences on CO2 assimilation and transpiration 总被引:11,自引:8,他引:3
H. GRIFFITHS U. LÜTTGE K.-H. STIMMEL C. E. CROOK N. M. GRIFFITHS ‡ J. A. C. SMITH § 《Plant, cell & environment》1986,9(5):385-393
Abstract Field measurements of the gas exchange of epiphytic bromeliads were made during the dry season in Trinidad in order to compare carbon assimilation with water use in CAM and C3 photosynthesis. The expression of CAM was found to be directly influenced by habitat and microclimate. The timing of nocturnal CO2 uptake was restricted to the end of the dark period in plants found at drier habitats, and stomatal conductance in two CAM species was found to respond directly to humidity or temperature. Total night-time CO2 uptake, when compared with malic-acid formation (measured as the dawn-dusk difference in acidity, ΔH+), could only account for 10–40% of the total ΔH+ accumulated. The remaining malic acid must have been derived from the refixation of respired CO2 (recycling). Within the genus Aechmea (12 samples from four species), recycling was significantly correlated with night temperature at the six sample sites. Recycling was lowest in A. fendleri (54% of ΔH+ derived from respired CO2), a CAM bromeliad with little water-storage parenchyma that is restricted to wetter, cooler regions of Trinidad. Gas-exchange rates of C3 bromeliads were found to be similar to those of the CAM bromeliads, with CO2 uptake from 1 to 3 μmol m?2 s?1 and stomatal conductances generally up to 100 mmol m?2 s?1. The midday depression of photosynthesis occurred in exposed habitats, although photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) limited photosynthesis in shaded habitats. CO2 uptake of the C3 bromeliad Guzmania lingulata was saturated at around 500 μmol m?2 s?1 PAR, suggesting that epiphytic plants found in the shaded forest understorey are shade-tolerant rather than shade-demanding. Transpiration ratios (TR) during CO2 fixation in CAM (Phase I and IV) and C3 bromeliads were compared at different sites in order to assess the efficiency of water utilization. For the epiphytes displaying marked uptake of CO2, TR were found to be lower than many previously published values. In addition, the average TR values were very similar for dark CO2 uptake in CAM (42 ± 41, n= 12), Phase IV of CAM (69 ± 36, n= 3) and for C3 photosynthesis (99 ± 73, n= 4) in these plants. It appears that recycling of respired CO2 by CAM bromeliads and efficient use of water in all phases of CO2 uptake are physiological adaptations of bromeliads to arid microclimates in the humid tropics. 相似文献
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Comparative ecophysiology of CAM and C3 bromeliads. I. The ecology of the Bromeliaceae in Trinidad 总被引:7,自引:5,他引:2
Abstract This article deals with the physiological ecology of the Bromeliaceae, a large neotropical family containing both terrestrial and epiphytic forms, as well as many species with crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM). The article is in two parts. In the first, we review what is known of the occurrence of CAM and C3 species in the Bromeliaceae. The photosynthetic pathways are discussed in the context of the major taxonomic divisions within the family and the great diversity of bromeliad life-forms. Of the three subfamilies, the Pitcairnioideae contain both C3 and CAM species and are essentially all terrestrial. In contrast, the Tillandsioideae are entirely epiphytic or saxicolous, with CAM species being restricted to the genus Tillandsia, And in the Bromelioideae all species show CAM, but terrestrial and epiphytic forms are found in about equal numbers. The evidence suggests that both CAM and the epiphytic habit arose more than once in the family's evolutionary history. In the second part we consider the photosynthetic ecology of the various bromeliad life-forms in more detail using the specific example of Trinidad (West Indies). CAM bromeliads tend to be centred on the drier regions of the island and C3 forms on the wetter areas. However, at any one site there is a marked vertical stratification of species within the forest profile. Based on the known habitat preferences of the bromeliads, six contrasting sites were selected for field studies in Trinidad. These ranged from arid coastal scrub to montane rain forest, the vegetational and climatic characteristics of which are described here. The constancy of δ13C values (carbon-isotope ratios) for individual CAM species in these markedly different habitats emphasized the need for ecophysiological studies to characterize environmental effects on CO2 assimilation and transpiration. The following papers in this series present the results of a comparative investigation of gas exchange and leaf water relations of CAM and C3 bromeliads in situ at the various sites. 相似文献
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Achievable productivities of certain CAM plants: basis for high values compared with C3 and C4 plants 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
PARK S. NOBEL 《The New phytologist》1991,119(2):183-205
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Britta Herzog Susanne Hoffmann W. Hartung U. Lüttge 《Plant biology (Stuttgart, Germany)》1999,1(4):460-470
Abstract: Clusia multiflora H. B. K., an obligate C3 species and Clusia minor L. a C3/CAM intermediate species, are two physio-types of a similar morphotype. They can sympatrically occupy secondary savanna sites exposed to high insolation in the tropics. In C. multiflora severe stress, i.e., switching shade-grown plants to high light plus drought, resulted in leaves browning or yellowing and becoming necrotic. However, in long-term light stress C. multiflora was able to grow new leaves with their photosynthetic apparatus fit for high light conditions. Shade-grown C. minor readily overcame switching to high light conditions and drought, responding by a rapid change from C3 photosynthesis to CAM. Decreasing soil led to increased abscisic acid levels in the leaves of C. minor, however CAM induction was not directly related to this and was mainly determined by increased PPFD. Both species were capable of rapid accumulation of zea-xanthin for acute photoprotection following high PPFD exposure. The maximum capacity for zeaxanthin accumulation was larger in C. minor, but under steady high PPFD it only partially made use of this capacity, relying on high internal CO2 concentrations of Phase Ill of CAM, in addition to zeaxanthin, for acute photo-protection. Thus, by different means the two species perform well under high light conditions. However, C. multiflora needs time for development of adapted leaves under such stress conditions while the more flexible C. minor can readily switch from low light to high light conditions. 相似文献
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Comparative ecophysiology of CAM and C3 bromeliads. II. Field measurements of gas exchange of CAM bromeliads in the humid tropics 总被引:11,自引:4,他引:7
Abstract The results described represent the first detailed measurements of gas exchange of epiphytic plants with crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) in the humid tropics. A portable steady-state CO2 and H2O porometer was used to measure net exchange rates of CO2 and H2O vapour (JCO2, JH2O), leaf temperature (T1), air temperature (TA), air relative humidity (RH) and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) for bromeliads in the field during the dry season in February and March 1983 on the tropical island of Trinidad. Different lengths of tubing (up to 25 m) were used so that the gas exchange could be measured of bromeliads in situ in their epiphytic habitats. Derived parameters such as leaf-air water-vapour-concentration difference (Δw), water-vapour conductance of leaves (g) and internal CO2 partial pressure (piCO2) could be calculated. The particular problems of making such measurements in the humid tropics due to high relative humidities and high dew-point temperatures are discussed. The long and often broad, strap-like leaves of bromeliads are well suited for measurements with the steady-state porometer. It is shown that CAM activity varies along the length of individual leaves, and variability between different leaves is also demonstrated. The major phases of CAM, i.e. nocturnal stomalal opening, CO2 uptake and dark fixation as malic acid (Phase I), daytime stomatal closure and light-dependent assimilation of CO2 derived from decarboxylation of the malic acid (Phase III), and late-afternoon stomatal opening with direct light-dependent assimilation of atmospheric CO2 (Phase IV) were all clearly shown by CAM bromeliads in situ. Their expression and magnitude depended on the environmental conditions. An early-morning peak of CO2 uptake as is characteristic of Phase II of CAM was not detected during the night-day transition. A bromeliad intermediate between C3 and CAM, Guzmania monostachia, showed substantial net CO2 uptake in the early morning but no net uptake integrated over the whole of the night. 相似文献
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Rice carbon balance under elevated CO2 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
Hidemitsu Sakai Kazuyuki Yagi Kazuhiko Kobayashi Shigeto Kawashima 《The New phytologist》2001,150(2):241-249
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JUSTIN D. DERNER HYRUM B. JOHNSON† BRUCE A. KIMBALL‡ PAUL J. PINTER Jr ‡ H. Wayne POLLEY† CHARLES R. TISCHLER† THOMAS W. BOUTTON§ ROBERT L. LAMORTE‡ GERALD W. WALL‡ NEIL R. ADAM‡ STEVEN W. LEAVITT¶ MICHAEL J. OTTMAN ALLAN D. MATTHIAS†† TALBOT J. BROOKS‡‡ 《Global Change Biology》2003,9(3):452-460
We evaluated the influences of CO2[Control, ~ 370 µ mol mol ? 1; 200 µ mol mol ? 1 above ambient applied by free‐air CO2 enrichment (FACE)] and soil water (Wet, Dry) on above‐ and below‐ground responses of C3 (cotton, Gossypium hirsutum) and C4 (sorghum, Sorghum bicolor) plants in monocultures and two density mixtures. In monocultures, CO2 enrichment increased height, leaf area, above‐ground biomass and reproductive output of cotton, but not sorghum, and was independent of soil water treatment. In mixtures, cotton, but not sorghum, above‐ground biomass and height were generally reduced compared to monocultures, across both CO2 and soil water treatments. Density did not affect individual plant responses of either cotton or sorghum across the other treatments. Total (cotton + sorghum) leaf area and above‐ground biomass in low‐density mixtures were similar between CO2 treatments, but increased by 17–21% with FACE in high‐density mixtures, due to a 121% enhancement of cotton leaf area and a 276% increase in biomass under the FACE treatment. Total root biomass in the upper 1.2 m of the soil was not influenced by CO2 or by soil water in monoculture or mixtures; however, under dry conditions we observed significantly more roots at lower soil depths ( > 45 cm). Sorghum roots comprised 81–85% of the total roots in the low‐density mixture and 58–73% in the high‐density mixture. CO2‐enrichment partly offset negative effects of interspecific competition on cotton in both low‐ and high‐density mixtures by increasing above‐ground biomass, with a greater relative increase in the high‐density mixture. As a consequence, CO2‐enrichment increased total above‐ground yield of the mixture at high density. Individual plant responses to CO2 enrichment in global change models that evaluate mixed plant communities should be adjusted to incorporate feedbacks for interspecific competition. Future field studies in natural ecosystems should address the role that a CO2‐mediated increase in C3 growth may have on subsequent vegetation change. 相似文献
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JOSEPH C. von FISCHER LARRY L. TIESZEN† DAVID S. SCHIMEL‡ 《Global Change Biology》2008,14(5):1141-1155
We analyzed the δ13C of soil organic matter (SOM) and fine roots from 55 native grassland sites widely distributed across the US and Canadian Great Plains to examine the relative production of C3 vs. C4 plants (hereafter %C4) at the continental scale. Our climate vs. %C4 results agreed well with North American field studies on %C4, but showed bias with respect to %C4 from a US vegetation database (statsgo ) and weak agreement with a physiologically based prediction that depends on crossover temperature. Although monthly average temperatures have been used in many studies to predict %C4, our analysis shows that high temperatures are better predictors of %C4. In particular, we found that July climate (average of daily high temperature and month's total rainfall) predicted %C4 better than other months, seasons or annual averages, suggesting that the outcome of competition between C3 and C4 plants in North American grasslands was particularly sensitive to climate during this narrow window of time. Root δ13C increased about 1‰ between the A and B horizon, suggesting that C4 roots become relatively more common than C3 roots with depth. These differences in depth distribution likely contribute to the isotopic enrichment with depth in SOM where both C3 and C4 grasses are present. 相似文献