典型工业发酵过程环境变化下的细胞自适应行为与系统优化

工业发酵过程中,当细胞遭受到极端环境胁迫或剧烈环境变化时,细胞必须要作出必要的举动来适应环境的剧烈变化。细胞的自适应行为有可能不能应对剧烈的环境变化,导致发酵失败;但也有可能产生意想不到的效果,改善发酵性能。文中以毕赤酵母Pichia pastoris生产异源蛋白和丁醇发酵过程为例,阐述了环境变化条件下的细胞自适应行为及其基于自适应行为的发酵过程优化方法和策略,为利用基于细胞自适应行为的发酵过程优化提供参考。     

Effect of wood ash treatment on improving the fermentability of wood hydrolysate

Softwood hydrolysates were overlimed with wood ash to improve the fermentability of hydrolysates. It could be demonstrated in fermentation tests that wood ash treatment increases fermentability compared to the hydrolysates untreated and treated with alkaline compounds such as Ca(OH)(2), NaOH, and KOH, which are commonly used for overliming. The enhanced fermentability of the hydrolysate treated with wood ash is due to the reduction of the inhibitors of the fermentation such as furan and phenolic compounds and to nutrient effects of some inorganic components from the wood ash on the fermentation.     

翼形轴流桨在红霉素发酵中的应用研究

在20t工业发酵罐中,研究了翼形轴流桨搅拌对红霉素发酵过程的影响。重点考察了粘度,溶氧,效价等过程参数变化,以及搅拌功耗与发酵产量之间的关系。研究结果表明：（1）与传统的涡轮搅拌桨相比,翼形轴流桨搅拌其发酵过程参数（粘度,溶氧,效价等）随时间的变化曲线有明显的差异;（2）在相同的生产条件下,用翼形轴流桨代表涡轮桨可有效提高生产效率。     

搅拌对红霉素发酵的影响

在20t工业发酵罐中,研究了涡轮桨和翼形轴流桨搅拌对红霉素发酵过程的影响,重点考察了粘度、溶氧、效价、搅拌电流和糖代谢等过程参数的变化,以及搅拌功耗与发酵产量之间的关系。研究结果表明：(1)不同的搅拌桨搅拌其发酵过程参数(粘度,溶氧,效价等)随时间的变化曲线有明显的差异;(2)搅拌功耗同发酵产量之间的关系,翼形桨明显不同于涡轮桨;(3)在相同的生产条件下,用翼形桨代替涡轮桨可节省搅拌功耗。     

S-腺苷甲硫氨酸的研究进展

S-腺苷甲硫氨酸(SAM)是甲硫氨酸和三磷酸腺苷相结合的代谢物,广泛存在于动植物和微生物体内,参与40多种生化反应,主要作为三种代谢途径(转甲基、转硫基、转氨丙基)的前体,临床上被广泛用于治疗肝病、抑郁症、关节炎等。SAM的制备方法主要有化学合成法、酶促合成法、发酵法三种。化学合成的SAM是消旋体,需进行光学拆分,且存在产率低、原料L-高半胱氨酸价格昂贵和环境污染等问题。酶促合成法合成的SAM纯度高,但原料ATP成本太高。发酵法已成为目前生产SAM最常用的方法,欧洲利用发酵法生产SAM已实现了产业化,但国内的起步较晚,目前还处于实验室研究阶段。因此,应加强发酵法生产SAM的产业化关键技术研究。     

泥炭固体发酵生产单细胞蛋白研究

对以泥炭为唯一碳源,固体发酵生产单细胞蛋白(SCP)进行了一系列的研究。选用酵母菌和黑曲霉进行混合发酵培养,考察影响单细胞蛋白生产的各个因素,如菌种接种量,培养基含水量,发酵时间,发酵温度,培养基外加氮源等。通过正交实验设计确定了优化的培养条件。即:菌种接种量为10%,培养基含水量为300%,28℃培养72 h,以蛋白胨为氮源。     

A comparison of laboratory and pilot-scale fermentations in winemaking conditions

We investigated the influence of the fermenter size on alcoholic fermentation. Experiments were carried out at pilot scale, in 100-L fermenters, and at laboratory scale, in stirred and static 1-L fermenters. Two musts, Grenache blanc and Sauvignon, were fermented with and without the addition of solid particles from grape musts. Highly clarified must fermentation kinetics was strongly affected by the scale of the experiment, with slower fermentation occurring in the 100-L fermenter. Alcohol, ester, and thiol synthesis in clarified sauvignon must fermentation was also strongly correlated with the fermentation scale. Addition of solid particles from grape tended to reduce the effects on kinetics associated with increasing the scale of the fermentation, by increasing the maximum rate of CO₂ production, and by shortening the duration of fermentation. The addition of such particles also decreased the effects of scaling up the fermentation on the concentration of some volatile compounds, i.e., isoamyl acetate, ethyl octanoate, but did not decrease this effect for other compounds, such as isobutyl acetate, isobutanol, and 3-mercaptohexanol.     

酪丁酸梭菌代谢工程菌的构建及其发酵特性

酪丁酸梭菌Clostridium tyrobutyricum可以利用葡萄糖、木糖、纤维二糖、阿拉伯糖等多种底物进行产酸发酵,主要发酵产物为丁酸和乙酸,是一种适合于木质纤维素同步糖化发酵生产丁酸的菌种。将酪丁酸梭菌乙酸发酵关键基因取代为丁酸发酵关键基因来构建突变株,可使突变株丁酸发酵量增多,乙酸发酵量减少。分别获得来源于丙酮丁醇梭菌的丁酸代谢关键酶基因——乙酰乙酰辅酶A转移酶基因(thl)、来源于酪丁酸梭菌本身的乙酸代谢关键酶基因片段——磷酸转乙酰基酶基因片段(pta)和来源于质粒pIMP1的红霉素抗性基因(em)。将它们与质粒pUC19相连构建为非复制性质粒pUC19-EPT。通过电转化将其导入酪丁酸梭菌中。利用红霉素抗性平板筛选获得转化子,通过PCR验证发现,获得的突变株染色体上pta被thl替换。在以葡萄糖为底物的发酵中,突变株丁酸得率为0.47,较野生型增大了34%,乙酸得率为0.05,较野生型下降了29%。     

植物乳杆菌DY6主要抑菌代谢物的分析和鉴定

【背景】被广泛应用于食品和饲料等多个行业的乳酸菌已成为制作生物防腐剂的研究热点。【目的】探究抑菌性能良好的植物乳杆菌DY6的抑菌物质,为其进一步应用提供参考依据。【方法】对植物乳杆菌发酵液中抑菌物质的理化特性进行研究,采用GC-MS分析发酵上清液代谢物,通过多元统计学分析方法推测主要抑菌物质,抑菌物质通过半制备进行初步分离后用GC-MS鉴定。【结果】植物乳杆菌DY6对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌都有较强的抑制作用。采用不同发酵时间的发酵液作为研究对象,测定发酵上清液的抑菌能力,发酵0-4 h上清液无抑菌能力,发酵至8 h抑菌能力逐步上升,发酵24-48 h发酵上清液抑菌能力趋于稳定,在48 h时抑菌能力最佳,抑菌直径为15.28mm。通过多元统计学分析乳酸菌发酵液差异标志物,发现主要差异物为有机酸(如乳酸、乙酸、丙酸等)和脂肪酸(如辛酸、癸酸等)。经过半制备液相分离发酵上清液得到的抑菌组分,主要有有机酸(如乳酸、乙酸、3-苯基乳酸、苯丙酸等)和脂肪酸(如癸酸、辛酸、壬酸等),另外还有少量的醛类和醇类物质。【结论】确定了植物乳杆菌DY6的抑菌物质主要为有机酸和脂肪酸,为其进一步防腐应用提供了理论基础。     

Occurrence and function of yeasts in Asian indigenous fermented foods

In the Asian region, indigenous fermented foods are important in daily life. In many of these foods, yeasts are predominant and functional during the fermentation. The diversity of foods in which yeasts predominate ranges from leavened bread-like products such as nan and idli, to alcoholic beverages such as rice and palm wines, and condiments such as papads and soy sauce. Although several products are obtained by natural fermentation, the use of traditional starter cultures is widespread. This minireview focuses on the diversity and functionality of yeasts in these products, and on opportunities for research and development.     

Yeasts in sustainable bioethanol production: A review

Bioethanol has been identified as the mostly used biofuel worldwide since it significantly contributes to the reduction of crude oil consumption and environmental pollution. It can be produced from various types of feedstocks such as sucrose, starch, lignocellulosic and algal biomass through fermentation process by microorganisms. Compared to other types of microoganisms, yeasts especially Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the common microbes employed in ethanol production due to its high ethanol productivity, high ethanol tolerance and ability of fermenting wide range of sugars. However, there are some challenges in yeast fermentation which inhibit ethanol production such as high temperature, high ethanol concentration and the ability to ferment pentose sugars. Various types of yeast strains have been used in fermentation for ethanol production including hybrid, recombinant and wild-type yeasts. Yeasts can directly ferment simple sugars into ethanol while other type of feedstocks must be converted to fermentable sugars before it can be fermented to ethanol. The common processes involves in ethanol production are pretreatment, hydrolysis and fermentation. Production of bioethanol during fermentation depends on several factors such as temperature, sugar concentration, pH, fermentation time, agitation rate, and inoculum size. The efficiency and productivity of ethanol can be enhanced by immobilizing the yeast cells. This review highlights the different types of yeast strains, fermentation process, factors affecting bioethanol production and immobilization of yeasts for better bioethanol production.     

Detection of phase shifts in batch fermentation via statistical analysis of the online measurements: a case study with rifamycin B fermentation

Industrial production of antibiotics, biopharmaceuticals and enzymes is typically carried out via a batch or fed-batch fermentation process. These processes go through various phases based on sequential substrate uptake, growth and product formation, which require monitoring due to the potential batch-to-batch variability. The phase shifts can be identified directly by measuring the concentrations of substrates and products or by morphological examinations under microscope. However, such measurements are cumbersome to obtain. We present a method to identify phase transitions in batch fermentation using readily available online measurements. Our approach is based on Dynamic Principal Component Analysis (DPCA), a multivariate statistical approach that can model the dynamics of non-stationary processes. Phase-transitions in fermentation produce distinct patterns in the DPCA scores, which can be identified as singular points. We illustrate the application of the method to detect transitions such as the onset of exponential growth phase, substrate exhaustion and substrate switching for rifamycin B fermentation batches. Further, we analyze the loading vectors of DPCA model to illustrate the mechanism by which the statistical model accounts for process dynamics. The approach can be readily applied to other industrially important processes and may have implications in online monitoring of fermentation batches in a production facility.     

高产番茄红素链霉菌选育及摇瓶发酵研究

番茄红素的抗氧化能力目前在类胡萝卜素中最强,是近年来国际上功能食品成分研究的热点。在国内首次利用龟裂链霉菌（Streptomyces rimosus）发酵生产番茄红素,建立了分光光度计法和HPLC法等番茄红素测定方法;以一株龟裂链霉菌Fc作为出发菌株,进行紫外诱变,筛选到一株突变高产菌株Fc’,其番茄红素产量较出发菌株提高2.5倍;通过摇瓶发酵实验优化培养条件,使菌株Fc’的番茄红素产量达到230 mg/L,并且在不添加任何阻断剂的情况下,利用链霉菌发酵可获得纯度较高的番茄红素。该结果为今后利用链霉菌工业化生产番茄红素奠定了良好基础。     

营养及环境因素对黄色短杆菌发酵生产L-亮氨酸的影响

目的:研究葡萄糖、玉米浆、蛋氨酸等主要营养物质以及环境因素对发酵生产L-亮氨酸的影响。方法:应用单因素实验确定发酵条件,采用高效液相色谱法测定产量。结果:在最优发酵条件下,以种龄36h、接种量为10%,摇瓶产L-亮氨酸的量可达19.4g/L,采用10L罐分批补料发酵64h可积累29.47g/L的亮氨酸。结论:营养及环境因素对发酵生产L-亮氨酸具有重要影响。     

Modelling of the glucosinolate content in solid-state fermentation of rapeseed meal with fuzzy logic

A fuzzy model was developed to predict the glucosinolate content of rapeseed meal during solid-state fermentation. Process variables such as temperature, relative humidity, fermentation time and the resulting glucosinolate content of the meal were considered. The glucosinolate content calculated by the fuzzy model corresponded with the experimental results obtained by solid-state fermentation.     

Mathematical models of ABE fermentation: review and analysis

Among different liquid biofuels that have emerged in the recent past, biobutanol produced via fermentation processes is of special interest due to very similar properties to that of gasoline. For an effective design, scale-up, and optimization of the acetone–butanol–ethanol (ABE) fermentation process, it is necessary to have insight into the micro- and macro-mechanisms of the process. The mathematical models for ABE fermentation are efficient tools for this purpose, which have evolved from simple stoichiometric fermentation equations in the 1980s to the recent sophisticated and elaborate kinetic models based on metabolic pathways. In this article, we have reviewed the literature published in the area of mathematical modeling of the ABE fermentation. We have tried to present an analysis of these models in terms of their potency in describing the overall physiology of the process, design features, mode of operation along with comparison and validation with experimental results. In addition, we have also highlighted important facets of these models such as metabolic pathways, basic kinetics of different metabolites, biomass growth, inhibition modeling and other additional features such as cell retention and immobilized cultures. Our review also covers the mathematical modeling of the downstream processing of ABE fermentation, i.e. recovery and purification of solvents through flash distillation, liquid–liquid extraction, and pervaporation. We believe that this review will be a useful source of information and analysis on mathematical models for ABE fermentation for both the appropriate scientific and engineering communities.     

Gas chromatography and gateway sensors for on-line state estimation of complex fermentations (butanol-acetone fermentation)

A fermentation system has been designed to demonstrate the use of gas chromatography (GC) for on-line monitoring of the butanol-acetone and other complex saccharolytic fermentations. Tangential flow ultrafiltration was used to sterilely and continuously obtain a cell-free filtrate from the fermentation broth for on-line GC analysis of butanol, butyrate, acetate, acetone, ethanol, and acetoin. The liquid injection system consists of a phosphoric acid contactor, a slider-type injection valve, and a heater to address the difficulties (ghosting) encountered in the analysis of carboxylic acids. The fermentation headspace gas was also analyzed by on-line GC for nitrogen and carbon dioxide, while hydrogen was measured by difference. Raw chromatographic data were analyzed by a chromatography data system. Both raw and processed data were transmitted to a VAX 11/750 computer for further processing (using the fermentation equation) and archiving. The fermentation equation, which has recently been derived and tested on completed fermentation data, was also found to be valid during transient fermentations and thus useful as a gateway sensor for calculating various fermentation parameters on-line. Such parameters include glucose concentration and gas composition, as well as a number of unobservable parameters (such as Y(ATP), excess ATP, and NAD reduced by FdH(2)), which characterize the state of the fermentation.     

微生物法生产二羟基丙酮的研究进展

以下综述了微生物发酵法制备二羟基丙酮的研究进展。利用微生物发酵法生产二羟基丙酮比化学合成法具有更大的优势,氧化葡萄糖酸杆菌是二羟基丙酮工业发酵生产中最有应用价值的菌株。发酵过程中底物、产物、氧气、菌体量等各种因素都会对二羟基丙酮产量产生影响,在各种发酵方式中反复流加工艺和固定化发酵工艺最有前途。重组菌株的构建和发酵工艺的优化是将来微生物发酵生产二羟基丙酮的发展方向。     

Recovery of purified lactonic sophorolipids by spontaneous crystallization during the fermentation of sugarcane molasses with Candida albicans O-13-1

Numerous studies have focused on how to obtain high yield of sophorolipids using low-cost materials as substrates, and there has been various work on the experimental methods for purifying lactonic sophorolipids. These studies have not yet obtained satisfied results in combining a low-cost fermentation process and the purification of lactonic sophorolipids. This study establishes a fed-batch fermentation process of purifying sophorolipids from Candida albicans O-13-1 using low-cost sugarcane molasses as the substrate. In the optimized conditions of this research, using sugarcane molasses as a substrate and product synthesis based on the temperature stage-controlled fermentation, our result indicates that sophorolipids production could reach 108.7 g/L. More importantly, lactonic sophorolipids can crystallize and precipitate during our established fermentation process. The structures and content of sophorolipids separated from the fermentation broth and sophorolipids crystallized in the fermentation broth were analyzed by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS). The fermentation process produced 90.5 g/L crystallized lactonic sophorolipids with 90.51% purity. This is an energy-saving and low-cost method to obtain such pure lactonic sophorolipids.