拮抗木霉耐多菌灵菌株的筛选

该文进行了耐多菌灵生防木霉菌株的筛选和生防效果的测定研究。为获得对灰葡萄孢霉等病原菌有显著拮抗能力的耐多菌灵木霉菌株,通过含药平板诱导和紫外线诱变,获得5株耐药性菌株,在多菌灵2.0g/L浓度下生长较好,Ec50值提高了40多倍;抗性菌株在含药培养基上连续继代转移培养10次,抗性程度未见下降;经过平板对峙和活体拮抗性测定,确定T42-2为最佳拮抗性耐多菌灵菌株,其对黄瓜灰霉病的防效达92.13%,并且对多菌灵、速克灵和三唑铜存在交互抗性。     

烃降解菌株T7-2产生的生物乳化剂及其理化性质研究

从石油污染海域海底泥中筛选到的1株低温石油烃降解菌, 经鉴定为红平红球菌(Rhodococcus erythropolis), 命名为T7-2。该菌株能以十六烷为碳源代谢产生一种对柴油等烃类具良好乳化作用的生物乳化剂。研究表明, 该乳化剂主要由糖类、脂类和蛋白质组成, 其比例为55.43:31.24:12.65。进一步研究证实, 该乳化剂糖类的单糖组成为甘露糖和鼠李糖; 脂类由十碳、十二碳、十六碳及十八碳脂肪酸组成; 蛋白质由16种氨基酸构成。本文还对乳化剂的理化性质进行了分析, 发现它是一种性能稳定、乳化效率高、适应范围较为广泛的生物乳化剂, 对海洋污染生物修复及石油开采都具有潜在的应用价值。     

烃降解菌株T7-2产生的生物乳化剂及其理化性质研究

从石油污染海域海底泥中筛选到的1株低温石油烃降解菌,经鉴定为红平红球菌(Rhodococcus erythropolis),命名为T7-2.该菌株能以十六烷为碳源代谢产生一种对柴油等烃类具良好乳化作用的生物乳化剂.研究表明,该乳化剂主要由糖类、脂类和蛋白质组成,其比例为55.43:31.24:12.65.进一步研究证实,该乳化剂糖类的单糖组成为甘露糖和鼠李糖;脂类由十碳、十二碳、十六碳及十八碳脂肪酸组成;蛋白质由16种氨基酸构成.本文还对乳化剂的理化性质进行了分析,发现它是一种性能稳定、乳化效率高、适应范围较为广泛的生物乳化剂,对海洋污染生物修复及石油开采都具有潜在的应用价值.     

一株多菌灵高效降解菌的分离鉴定及特性

从长期施用多菌灵农药的葡萄园中分离筛选得到一株多菌灵降解菌XJ-H,经Biolog微生物自动分析系统和16S rDNA序列比对以及系统聚类分析等鉴定菌株XJ-H为巴西固氮螺菌(Azospirillum brasilense).多菌灵降解菌XJ-H可利用多菌灵为唯一碳源、氮源进行生长,将其接种在600 mg·L-1多菌灵的无机盐培养基中,11d时多菌灵的降解率达到95.6%,平均降解能力为52.2 mg·L-1·d-1.     

根瘤菌-豆科植物共生体系在重金属污染环境修复中的地位、应用及潜力

土壤重金属污染严重影响了人类健康和生态系统稳定,已成为亟待解决的现实问题。在重金属污染地,氮素的极端不足是植被恢复主要限制因子之一。根瘤菌-豆科植物共生体系是固氮能力最强的生物固氮体系,在促进重金属污染地氮素循化和营养元素积累中具有重要作用。本文阐述土壤重金属污染的修复方法及其特点,微生物抗重金属的机理及促植物生长和重金属积累的特性,根瘤菌-豆科植物共生体系在土壤重金属污染修复中的优越性,研究现状及应用潜力。提出应用"豆科植物-根瘤菌共生体系"修复重金属污染土壤的新思路和新任务。     

联苯菊酯降解菌株BF-3的分离筛选、鉴定和降解特性

【背景】联苯菊酯是人工合成的类似天然除虫菊素的一种仿生杀虫剂,近年来被广泛应用于农业病虫害的防治。联苯菊酯化学性质较稳定,在环境中的残留期长,是我国出口果蔬、茶叶中残留较严重的农药之一。微生物降解具有降解速度快、无二次污染等优点,被认为是有效去除农药残留的绿色生产技术。【方法】通过富集驯化,从农药厂排污口的污泥中筛选分离能够降解联苯菊酯的菌株,经形态学观察、生理生化特性测定及16SrRNA序列分析对其进行鉴定,通过单因素试验对菌株的降解特性进行研究。【结果】分离到1株联苯菊酯的降解菌株BF-3。菌株BF-3为革兰氏阳性菌,被鉴定为蜡状芽孢杆菌;该菌株在联苯菊酯质量浓度为100mg·L^-1的无机盐液体培养基（MSM）中呈现s型生长,7d后对联苯菊酯的降解率达到87．9％。单因素试验表明,菌株最适降解条件为pH7．0、30oC,初始菌株D600am=1．0。【结论与意义】蜡状芽孢杆菌BF．3能够有效降解联苯菊酯,在环境中联苯菊酯残留的生物修复方面具有应用潜力。     

分枝杆菌TZh51菌株的分离鉴定及其生物修复污染土壤的特性

[目的]为获得降解芘的微生物菌株,并用其生物修复被多环芳烃污染的土壤.[方法]芘降解菌的分离采用平板升华法.根据表型观察、生理生化特性和16S rDNA的序列同源性分析,对菌株进行分类学鉴定.通过活菌计数、HPLC测定多环芳烃的残留量,研究菌株在固体、液体无机盐培养基以及在污染土壤中降解多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)的能力.[结果]分离到4株能降解芘的菌株TZh51、TZh52、TG42和TG52.实验结果表明,TZh51降解PAHs的能力强于其余3株菌.TZh51被鉴定为分枝杆菌属(Mycobacterium sp.),但与已发表的分枝杆菌菌株M11为不同的种.TZh51接种在芘膜的固体无机盐培养基上,测定获得最大芘降解量的条件是培养温度为3512和芘膜厚度为130 ng/mm2.在芘浓度为50、100 mg/L的液体无机盐培养基中培养,6天时TZh51的芘降解率分别达到91.9%、71.8%,10天时菌体数量分别达到最大值为2.0、6.0×108cfu/mL;TZh51降解芘的效果强于M11.在种植作物的处理中,到第6周时TZh51的菌体数量达到每克干土含7.2×108个菌落数,到第8周时菲、荧蒽和芘的降解率分别达到91.4%、86.9%和85.8%;[结论]TZh51具有很强降解PAHs的能力;另外,TZh51与作物联合生物修复污染土壤的效果明显.     

阿特拉津降解菌T_3 AB_1的分离鉴定及土壤修复

【目的】从阿特拉津污染土壤分离高效降解菌株,进行分类学鉴定、降解特性及黑土修复能力初步研究,为阿特拉津污染土壤微生物修复提供新的菌株。【方法】通过形态特征、生理生化特征和16S rDNA序列分析方法进行菌株鉴定;通过培养时间、温度、pH值等环境因素的研究得出菌株的最佳降解条件;通过降解菌株接种于不同种类除草剂为唯一碳氮源培养基获得该菌株的降解谱;通过土壤接种和敏感作物盆栽生测试验验证菌株对阿特拉津污染土壤修复能力。【结果】本试验从黑龙江省讷河市长期施用阿特拉津的玉米田地中分离出一株能以阿特拉津为唯一碳氮源生长的细菌T3AB1,初步鉴定为节杆菌属(Arthrobacter sp.),该菌株在72 h内对500 mg/L阿特拉津(pH 8.0)的降解率高达99%,其降解能力较高的条件为pH7.0-8.0、25-30℃、摇培72-108 h,该菌株能够利用甲氧咪草烟、咪唑乙烟酸、氟磺胺草醚、氟乐灵、异噁草松为唯一碳氮源进行生长,处理168 h的降解率能够达到12.66%-40.54%,该菌株处理21 d能够显著恢复敏感作物水稻的各项生物量指标,且随着处理时间的延长,其对土壤的修复作用也会逐渐增强。【结论】从黑龙江省污染土壤中筛选得到的高效降解阿特拉津的节杆菌属近缘种T3AB1,土壤接种实验表明该菌株具有很好的土壤修复作用,可为阿特拉津生物修复的研究提供适宜菌种资源。     

海洋石油污染物的微生物降解与生物修复

石油是海洋环境的主要污染物 ,已经对海洋及近岸环境造成了严重的危害。微生物降解是海洋石油污染去除的主要途径。海洋石油污染物的微生物降解受石油组分与理化性质、环境条件以及微生物群落组成等多方面因素的制约 ,N和P营养的缺乏是海洋石油污染物生物降解的主要限制因子。在生物降解研究基础上发展起来的生物修复技术在海洋石油污染治理中发展潜力巨大 ,并且取得了一系列成果。介绍了海洋中石油污染物的来源、转化过程、降解机理、影响生物降解因素及生物修复技术等方面内容 ,强调了生物修复技术在治理海洋石油污染环境中的优势和重要性 ,指出目前生物修复技术存在的问题。     

菌株B10对食用菌木霉病的拮抗作用及菌株鉴定

在食用菌实际生产中发现1株对栽培袋中致病菌木霉具有较强抑菌作用的菌株,命名为B10,通过菌体拮抗试验、发酵上清液拮抗试验,结果表明B10对木霉29菌体拮抗抑菌圈32.3 mm,拮抗带宽达到24.3mm。36 h发酵上清液对木霉有良好的抑制作用,最大抑菌圈25.22 mm,最大拮抗带宽16.85 mm,抑制现象明显。对B10做生理生化实验和16S rDNA序列测定,鉴定结果为死谷芽胞杆菌。本研究为今后芽胞杆菌在食用菌产业生物防治中的应用奠定了基础。     

木霉属中国新纪录种Trichoderma pleuroticola和T. pleurotum

【目的】对蔬菜大棚土壤中和阿魏菇腐烂的菌盖上分离的两株木霉菌进行分类鉴定。【方法】结合形态学分类特征和ITS序列分析的方法进行鉴定。【结果】从蔬菜大棚的土壤中和阿魏菇腐烂的菌盖上分离的两株木霉菌分别为Trichoderma pleuroticola和T.pleurotum。T.pleuroticola的形态特征与T.harzianum相似,但其分生孢子显著大于T.harzianum的分生孢子,且在PDA上产生黑褐色的色素以及黄色的结晶物。T.pleurotum典型特征是分生孢子梗单生,有时匍匐,分枝散生,初级分枝和分生孢子梗顶端聚生,类似粘帚霉。【结论】分离的两株木霉分别是T.pleuroticola和T.pleurotum,为木霉菌中国新纪录种。     

木霉突变体T1010变异特性分析

木霉突变体T1010与出发菌株实验比较,其生长速度、产孢量、菌丝重量分别提高13．62％、48．52％、29．03％;T1010对培养液中氨态氮的吸收率比出发菌株仍2提高37．09％,T1010对无机磷的吸收率比出发菌株提高15．17％,T1010对K’吸收率比出发菌株高16．49％,在pH值为7．34的培养液中培养3d后,T1010的pH值为5．77,出发菌株的pH值为6．67;突变体T1010对培养液中葡萄糖的吸收能力比出发菌株提高19．64％,突变体T1010利用培养液中的氨基酸量较少,比出发菌株降低18．26％。拮抗作用结果显示,T1010对病菌瓜萎蔫镰刀菌抑制作用、覆盖作用分别比出发菌株提高87．45％、57．38％。     

Characterization of biosurfactant produced by Pseudoxanthomonas sp. PNK-04 and its application in bioremediation

Biosurfactant producing bacterium was identified as Pseudoxanthomonas sp. PNK-04 based on morphological, physiological, biochemical tests and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. This strain was screened for biosurfactant production using different carbon sources by measuring the surface tension of the medium at different time intervals, and hemolytic activity. The produced biosurfactant was found to be a rhamnolipid based on the formation of dark blue haloes around the colonies in CTAB–methylene blue agar plates and the content of rhamnose sugar. The rhamnolipids produced by this bacterium were found to contain mono- and dirhamnose units linked to β-hydroxy alkonic acids containing 8–12 carbon atoms. This biosurfactant has high emulsifying activity when compared to chemical surfactants such as Tween-80 and Triton X-100 with respect to aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. Further, the biosurfactant stimulates the degradation of 2-chlorobenzoic acid, 3-chlorobenzoic acid and 1-methyl naphthalene by Pseudoxanthomonas sp. PNK-04 probably by aiding in the uptake and increasing the solubility.     

木霉T6木聚糖酶制剂研究

本文研究了木霉Ｔ６（Ｔｒｉｃｈｏｄｅｒｍａ ｓｐ．）产木聚糖酶固态发酵过程和木聚糖酶制剂制备,结果显示,固体曲培养４ｄ时酶活力最高,固体曲最适液固浸提比为７：１。木聚糖酶在６０～６５％硫酸铵饱和度下盐析效果最好。冷冻干燥和４０℃烘干酶粉得率分别为６８．３％和４５．７％。酶最适反应ＰＨ为４．５,最适反应温度５０℃,在不同温度下１小时后的半失活温度为４７．７℃。     

木霉菌生态学及其在生防中的应用

本文就木霉菌生物学和生态学的研究进展作一评述,简要概述了木霉菌在土壤、植物地上部分和植物病害综合防治方面的应用,提出了今后该领域的研究方向。     

Identification of metabolites from degradation of naphthalene by a Mycobacterium sp.

A Mycobacterium sp. isolated from oil-contaminated sediments was previously shown to mineralize 55% of the added naphthalene to carbon dioxide after 7 days of incubation. In this paper, we report the initial steps of the degradation of naphthalene by a Mycobacterium sp. as determined by isolation of metabolites and incorporation of oxygen from ¹⁸O₂ into the metabolites. The results indicate that naphthalene is initially converted to cis- and trans-1,2-dihydroxy-1,2-dihydronaphthalene by dioxygenase and monooxygenase catalyzed reactions, respectively. The ratio of the cis to trans-naphthalene dihydrodiol isomers was approximately 25:1. Thin layer and high pressure liquid chromatographic and mass spectrometric techniques indicated that besides the cis- and trans-1,2-dihydroxy-1,2-dihydronaphthalene, minor amounts of ring cleavage products salicylate and catechol were also formed. Thus the formation of both cis and trans-naphthalene dihydrodiols by the Mycobacterium sp. is unique. The down-stream reactions to ring cleavage products proceed through analogous dioxygenase reactions previously reported for the bacterial degradation of naphthalene.     

Efficient bioremediation of tannery wastewater by monostrains and consortium of marine Chlorella sp. and Phormidium sp.

This study evaluated the bioremediation potential of two marine microalgae Chlorella sp. and Phormidium sp., both individually and in consortium, to reduce various pollutants in tannery wastewater (TW). The microalgae were grown in hazardous 100% TW for 20 days, and the reductions in biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorous (TP), chromium (Cr) and total dissolved solids (TDS) of the wastewater monitored periodically. Both marine isolates reduced the BOD and COD by ≥90% in the consortium and by over 80% individually. Concentrations of TN and TP were reduced by 91.16% and 88%, respectively, by the consortium. Removal/biosorption efficiencies for chromium ranged from 90.17–94.45%. Notably, the TDS, the most difficult to deal with, were reduced by >50% within 20 days by the consortium. The novel consortium developed in this study reduced most of the ecologically harmful components in the TW to within the permissible limits of discharge in about 5 to 15 days of treatment. Thus, both the tested marine strains of Chlorella and Phormidium sp. are promising for bioremediating/detoxifying TW and adequately improve the water quality for safe discharge into open water bodies, in particular when used as a consortium.     

分离自木霉PT2的一个新倍半萜糖苷(英文)

从海藻真菌木霉Trichoderma sp.PT2菌体提取物中分离到一个新倍半萜糖苷类化合物Trichodermoside(1)。并通过1D-,2D-NMR波谱数据鉴定了化合物的结构,并应用MTT法对化合物1的细胞毒活性进行了研究。     

Desorption of zinc by extracellularly produced metabolites of Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma reesei and Coriolus versicolor

AIMS: To determine the role of fungal metabolites in the desorption of metals. METHODS AND RESULTS: Desorption of Zn from charcoal by three different fungi was compared against metal desorption with reverse osmosis water, a 0.1% Tween 80 solution and a 0.1 mol l(-1) CaCl(2) solution. All three fungal filtrates desorbed three times more Zn than either 0.1% Tween 80 or 0.1 mol l(-1) CaCl(2). Metal chelator production in Trichoderma harzianum and Coriolus versicolor was constitutively expressed while chelator production in Trichoderma reesei was induced by Zn. The presence of Zn inhibited the production of metal chelators by C. versicolor. Only C. versicolor was found to produce oxalic acid (a strong metal chelator). All fungi caused a marked decrease in pH, although this was not enough to explain the increased desorption of the metals by the different fungal filtrates. CONCLUSIONS: Metal chelation via organic acids and proteins are the main mechanisms by which the fungal filtrates increase zinc desorption. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The results of this study explain why plants inoculated with T. harzianum T22 take up more metal from soil, than noninoculated plants while metabolites produced by fungi could be used for metal leaching from contaminated soils.