哺乳动物毛色调控机制及其适应性进化研究进展

哺乳动物类群呈现出的丰富毛色是引人注目的一种生物现象,是研究和理解哺乳动物适应性进化的理想模型之一。哺乳动物的毛色多态在躲避天敌、捕食、求偶及抵御紫外线等方面都具有重要作用。哺乳动物毛发的色素化过程由体内黑色素的数量、质量和分布状况所决定。黑色素的形成过程复杂,包括黑素细胞的分化、成熟,黑素体等细胞器的形态发生及黑色素在黑素细胞中的合成代谢和转运等过程;而在细胞色素化的每个阶段/时相都伴随着一些重要功能基因的参与,并通过基因之间的相互作用形成了黑色素生物代谢的复杂调控网络,进而形成不同的毛色有助于哺乳动物适应不同生存环境。对哺乳动物不同毛色形成机制的探究一直以来都是遗传学及进化生物学的重要研究领域和聚焦热点。本文综述了哺乳动物毛色色素化过程的主要分子机制以及毛色适应性进化的遗传基础,以期为哺乳动物毛色多态及其适应性进化的分子机制研究提供参考。     

黑色素皮质素受体1基因对水牛毛色遗传的影响

MC1R在很多动物的色素沉积过程中发挥关键作用。为了阐明MC1R基因是否与水牛毛色性状相关,本研究对216头遗传背景清楚的水牛进行了该基因编码区DNA序列测定。研究的样品包括49头黑色河流型水牛（包括摩拉水牛和尼里-拉菲水牛）,136头毛色为灰色或白色的沼泽型水牛（包括德宏水牛、滇东南水牛、德昌水牛、贵州水牛和西林水牛）和31头尼里-拉菲水牛或摩拉水牛与沼泽型水牛的杂交后代。序列分析发现在水牛群体中存在3个单核苷酸突变位点（SNPs）,其中SNP684是同义替换,而SNP310和SNP384为非同义替换,并分别导致p.G104S和p.M128I氨基酸的改变。只有基因型为河流型等位基因纯合子胪铲的个体毛色表型为黑色。对黑色河流型水牛与灰色沼泽型水牛的杂交后代基因型和毛色表型的分析进一步揭示：河流型等位基因E^BR或编码p.104S的等位基因对保证MC1R具有正常功能起重要作用。生物信息学功能分析显示,p.G104S和p.M128I两个氨基酸替换对MC1R的功能有显著影响,进一步支持矿。等位基因或编码p.104S的等位基因与水牛黑色性状相关。     

葡萄球菌生物膜形成机制与ica之间的关系

ica位点编码的胞外多糖(PIA/PNAG)对理解葡萄球菌生物膜相关感染病理学方面具有重要的意义.关于ica位点与PIA/PNAG之间如何调节的研究还不全面,另外一种独立于ica的生物膜形成机制存在于表皮葡萄球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌中;细胞表面相关蛋白也能调节生物膜的形成,这些发现为探究它们在生物膜形成机制的潜在作用提供了重要基础.     

成骨细胞的骨形成调控机制

成骨细胞在骨的形成、发育、改建、修复过程中发挥重要作用,多种生长因子可影响成骨细胞的增殖、分化及其合成细胞外基质的作用。多种生长因子对成骨细胞的作用既有相同之处,也有不同点。寻找一种或联合应用几种不同的生长因子达到既能促进成骨细胞增殖又保持其成骨活性将是今后研究的热点。     

小鼠毛色遗传的控制机制及其在遗传学教学中的应用

小鼠是最常用的哺乳动物模式生物,其毛色有白色、灰色、黄色、黑色等,是典型的孟德尔遗传性状。但在本科遗传学教学中,一般只在介绍隐性致死基因的时候才提到小鼠毛色遗传的例子。作者深入挖掘和整理了小鼠毛色遗传的分子机制,并把这个例子贯穿于讲解孟德尔遗传以及介绍分子遗传学的基因结构、基因功能、基因调控、基因互作、基因的表观遗传学修饰和数量性状遗传等,尝试用同一个案例贯穿本科遗传学教学,培养学生建立由表及里的系统分析能力,既凸显遗传学研究的前沿性和完整性,又吸引了学生的注意力,激发了学生的学习兴趣,收到了很好的教学效果。     

细菌生物膜的形成与调控机制

细菌通过自身合成的水合多聚物粘附在固体表面,以固着的方式生长从而形成生物膜,细菌生物膜的形成涉及到几个明显的阶段,包括起始的附着、细胞与细胞之间的吸附与增殖、生物膜的成熟、及最后细菌的脱离等四个阶段,生物膜的形成增加了细菌对抗生素的抗性以及帮助细菌逃逸寄主的免疫攻击等,从而引起临床上持续性的慢性感染等各种问题;生物膜结构非常复杂,除了细菌分泌的各种胞外多糖,胞外蛋白质外,最新的研究表明,DNA也是生物膜的一个重要成分.针对近年来的最新文献报道分别对生物膜的形成、结构以及调控机制等进行综述.     

马毛色遗传的分子基础与应用

毛色不仅是马品种和个体识别的重要依据,而且还可以作为某些疾病筛查的有力工具和手段。马的毛色主要由黑色素细胞产生的真黑素和褐黑素两种黑色素的分布及比例所决定,许多基因对黑色素的产生和分布的调控起着重要的作用,各基因相互间共同作用最终形成各种单毛色和复毛色,这些基因主要包括MC1R、ASIP、KIT、TYRP和EDNRB。另外STX17、MATP和PMEL17也在马毛色形成过程具有重要的作用,同时还发现个别毛色基因与黑色素瘤疾病有关。文章对近年来马主要毛色候选基因的作用机理、DNA序列多态性与毛色性状及黑色素瘤疾病的关系等研究进行了详细的阐述,为今后马匹育种工作和疾病防治提供重要理论依据。     

日本科学家发现大脑皮质形成机制

日本科学家发现了一种胎儿阶段大脑皮质形成的机制，对研究癫痫等疾病的病因可能会有所帮助。     

浅析公立医院战略绩效形成机制

组织绩效的内涵决定了公立医院绩效的基本形态,公立医院的本质属性和社会责任决定了公立医院战略绩效的内容方向,公立医院战略绩效的内涵特征使得分析绩效形成十分困难。通过建立简约化模型,分阶段讨论,排除特殊状态,形成了常态下公立医院战略绩效形成分析模型,该模型对科学管理绩效具有一定指导作用。     

茶叶挥发性成分形成机制的研究进展

茶叶的挥发性成分是决定茶叶品质的重要因子,它不仅是区分不同茶类品质特征的重要指标,同时也是捕获和培养消费者忠诚度最重要的因素。目前对茶叶中的挥发性成分的研究大多数都是停留在挥发性成分的分离鉴定上,对其可能的形成机制及影响因素则没有系统性的研究和全面的总结。从萜烯醇类的生物合成、胡萝卜素类和脂肪酸的氧化降解、微生物的作用等几个方面对茶叶挥发性成分的形成机制进行了综述。     

荷斯坦奶牛红毛性状的基因检测及红毛形成机制的探讨

荷斯坦奶牛黑素皮质素受体1(MC1R)基因310G缺失突变产生e等位基因,导致红白花毛色。实验利用PCR-RFLP和DNA测序技术建立了荷斯坦奶牛红毛性状的基因检测方法,并在4个荷斯坦奶牛全同胞家系中得到了证实,可见其可用于鉴定携带e等位基因的种公牛,以指导奶牛育种。通过分析黑素皮质素(MC)受体蛋白家族序列,找到了MC1R蛋白结构与功能的区域(TM3、TM6、TM7和EL3)。利用VHMPT软件预测MC1R突变蛋白的结构,结果显示其丢失了TM3、TM6、TM7和EL3区,也失去了与α-促黑素(α-MSH)结合的区域,最终导致红毛的产生。     

The Relationship Between Coat Color and Aggressive Behaviors in the Domestic Cat

The authors explored a possible relationship between coat color and aggressive behaviors in the domestic cat. This study used an Internet-based survey to collect information on coat color, affiliative behaviors toward cats/humans, agonistic behaviors toward cats/humans, other “problem” behaviors, and cat and guardian demographic data. A total of 1,432 cat guardians completed the online survey; after exclusions based on study protocol, data analysis included 1,274 completed surveys. Guardians reported sex-linked orange female (tortoiseshells, calicos, and “torbies”), black-and-white, and gray-and-white cats to be more frequently aggressive toward humans in 3 settings: during everyday interactions, during handling, and during veterinary visits. Kruskal-Wallis 1-way analysis of variance was used to compare possible differences between the 2 sexes and among different coat colors. Analyses of aggression due to handling, as well as aggression displayed during veterinarian visits, showed little difference among coat colors in these settings.     

Human hair melanins: what we have learned and have not learned from mouse coat color pigmentation

Hair pigmentation is one of the most conspicuous phenotypes in humans. Melanocytes produce two distinct types of melanin pigment: brown to black, indolic eumelanin and yellow to reddish brown, sulfur‐containing pheomelanin. Biochemically, the precursor tyrosine and the key enzyme tyrosinase and the tyrosinase‐related proteins are involved in eumelanogenesis, while only the additional presence of cysteine is necessary for pheomelanogenesis. Other important proteins involved in melanogenesis include P protein, MATP protein, α‐MSH, agouti signaling protein (ASIP), MC1R (the receptor for MSH and ASIP), and SLC7A11, a cystine transporter. Many studies have examined the effects of loss‐of‐function mutations of those proteins on mouse coat color pigmentation. In contrast, much less is known regarding the effects of mutations of the corresponding proteins on human hair pigmentation except for MC1R polymorphisms that lead to pheomelanogenesis. This perspective will discuss what we have/have not learned from mouse coat color pigmentation, with special emphasis on the significant roles of pH and the level of cysteine in melanosomes in controlling melanogenesis. Based on these data, a hypothesis is proposed to explain the diversity of human hair pigmentation.     

猪显性白毛调控基因（KIT）的研究

猪的白毛色性状由显性基因KIT决定。本文从KIT基因的定位、突变分析、分子基础和作用机制等方面综述了对该基因的研究现状,叙述了KIT基因的研究意义。 Abstract：The dominant coat color in pigs is controlled by KIT gene.The current status of KIT gene is expressed in location、mutation、molecular basis and mechanism.Significance of KIT gene is also discussed in this paper.     

外生菌根合成的条件及形成机制

文章综述了生态、土壤生物等对外生菌根合成的影响,并且进一步论述了菌根合成的内在机制,提出菌根的形成是一个外部生态条件和内在机制的统一及各种因素综合作用的同步的动态过程。     

Molecular and biochemical mechanisms of human iris color: A comprehensive review

Eye color is determined as a polymorphism and polygenic trait. Brown is the most common eye color in the world, accounting for about 79%, blue eye color for about 8–10%, hazel for 5%, and green for 2%. Rare-colored eyes include gray and red/violet. Different factors are involved in determining eye color. The two most important factors are the iris pigment and the way light is scattered from the iris. Gene expression determines the iris pigmentation and how much melanin is present in the eye, which is the number of melanin subunits that identify eye color. The genes involved in the pigmentation of single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) have a significant role; and even some genes are included only in the eye color through SNP. MicroRNAs also affect melanocyte synthesis, which is usually affected by the downregulation of essential genes involved in pigmentation. In this study, we assess the biochemical pathways of melanin synthesis, and the role of each gene in this pathway also has been examined in the signaling pathway that stimulates melanin synthesis.     

Human Perceptions of Coat Color as an Indicator of Domestic Cat Personality

ABSTRACT

Associations between mammalian coat color and behavior have been investigated in a number of species, most notably the study of silver foxes by the Institute of Cytology and Genetics at the Russian Academy of Sciences. However, the few studies conducted regarding a potential relation between coat color and domestic cat personality have shown mixed results, even though many people believe that differently colored cats have distinct personalities. Understanding how humans might perceive personality in relation to coat color may have important ramifications regarding whether cats are relinquished to shelters or adopted from them. In order to assess human perceptions of differently colored cats, we conducted an anonymous, online survey, using a 7-point Likert scale and 10 terms describing personality traits that were chosen based on previous studies of animal personality. This survey examined how people assigned these given terms (active, aloof, bold, calm, friendly, intolerant, shy, stubborn, tolerant, and trainable) to five different colors of cats (orange, tricolored, white, black, and bi-colored). There were significant differences in how participants in this study chose to assign personality terms to differently colored cats. For example, participants (n = 189) were more likely to attribute the trait “friendliness” to orange cats, “intolerance” to tri-colored cats, and “aloofness” to white and tri-colored cats. No significant differences were found for “stubbornness” in any colors of cats. White cats were seen as less bold and active and more shy and calm than other colors of cats. While survey respondents stated that they placed more importance on personality than color when selecting a companion cat, there is some evidence that they believe the two qualities are linked. We anticipate our findings will be relevant to further study in domestic cat personality and to those who work in animal rescue, particularly in how shelters promote differently colored cats and educate potential adopters.     

植物叶色形成调控机制研究进展

彩叶植物具有色彩鲜艳、观赏期长等特点,有助于提高城市绿化的观赏性.叶绿素、类胡萝卜素和花青素等天然色素的含量变化使叶片产生绿色、黄色、白色和紫红色等颜色,3种色素在光反应、响应生物和非生物胁迫中发挥重要作用.本文对影响叶绿素、类胡萝卜素和花青素生物合成途径遗传调控和外部环境因子综述,为解释叶片呈色机制提供理论基础.现有...     

甘蓝型黄籽油菜种皮色泽QTL作图

甘蓝型黄籽油菜具有低纤维、高蛋白及高含油量的优点,因而己成为广大油菜育种工作者研究的重点之一。利用甘蓝型黑籽品系油研2号作父本,计蓝型黄籽品系GH06为母本,获得132个单株的F2群体;以AFLP和SSR为主要分析方法,构建了包括164个标记的甘蓝型油菜遗传连锁图谱,其中包括125个AFLP标记、37个SSR标记及一个RAPD和一个SCAR标记,分布在19个连锁群上,覆盖油菜基因组2549．8cM,标记间平均距离15．55cM。利用多区间作图法,对种皮色泽QTL进行分析,在第5及第19连锁群上各检测到一个QTL位点,分别解释表型变异46％及30．9％。     

黑素皮质激素受体1（MC1R）基因与猪的毛色

猪的真黑色素与褐黑色素的合成量与分布主要受控于黑素皮质激素受体1基因。本文综述了该基因的定位、突变与多态检测,黑素皮质激素受体的作用机制,提出了对黑素皮质激素受体1基因进一步研究的看法。 Abstract：The amount and distribution of eumelanin and phaeomelanin are mainly controlled by Melanocortin Receptor 1 gene.The location、mutation and polymorphism testing of Melanocortin Receptor 1 gene and mechanism of Melanocortin Receptor 1 in pigs are discussed in the paper.The further research about the gene is also suggested.