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1.
The diel cycle is a key regulator of the cell-cycle in many dinoflagellates, but the mechanisms by which the diel cycle entrains the cell-cycle remain poorly understood. In this study, we describe diel phasing of the cell-cycle in the Florida red tide dinoflagellate Gymnodinium breve Davis, determine the diel cue which serves to entrain the cell-cycle, and provide evidence for the presence of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK), a cell-cycle regulator which may be responsive to this cue. Four laboratory isolates from the West Coast of Florida were compared. When grown on a 16:8 h LD cycle, all isolates displayed phased cell division, with the S-phase beginning 6–8 h into the light phase, and mitosis following 12–14 h later, as determined by flow cytometry. A naturally occurring bloom of G. breve, studied over one diel cycle, displayed diel cell-cycle phasing similar to that in the laboratory cultures, with the S-phase beginning during daylight and the peak of mitosis occurring approximately 4 h after sunset. In the laboratory cultures, the dark/light "dawn" transition was found to provide the diel cue which serves to entrain the G. breve cell-cycle, whereas the light/ dark "dusk" transition did not appear to be involved. Evidence for the presence of CDK in G. breve was obtained using two approaches: (1) identification of a 34-kDa protein, immunoreactive to an antibody against a conserved amino acid sequence (α-PSTAIR) unique to the CDK protein family and (2) inhibition of the cell-cycle by olomoucine, a selective CDK inhibitor. Together, these results provide the basis from which one can begin addressing mechanisms by which the diel cycle regulates the cell-cycle in G. breve. 相似文献
2.
Gymnodinium acidotum Nygaard is a freshwater dinoflagellate that is known to harbor a cryptomonad endosymbiont whose chloroplasls give the organism an overall blue-green color. The ultrastructure of G. acidotum was examined with particular attention being given to the three dimensional nature of the flagellar apparatus. The fiagellar apparatus is composed of two functional basal bodies that are slightly offset and lie at an angle of approximately 90° to one another. As in other dinoflagellates the transverse basal body is associated with a striated, fibrous root that extends from the proximal end of the basal body to the transverse flagellar opening. At least one microtubular root extends from the proximal end of the transverse basal body, and a multi-membered longitudinal microtubular root is associated with the longitudinal basal body. The most striking feature of the flagellar apparatus of G. acidotum is the large fibrous connective that extends from the region of the proximal ends of the basal bodies to the cingulum on the dorsal side of the cell. A similar structure has been reported from only one other dinoflagellate, Amphidinium cryophilum Wedemayer, Wilcox, and Graham. The presence of this structure as well as similarities in external morphology suggest thai these two species may be more closely related to each other than either is to other gymnodinioid taxa. The taxonomic importance of dinoflagellate flagellar apparatus components is discussed. 相似文献
3.
A simple and rapid method for isolation of nuclei from Gymnodinium mikimotoi Miyake et Kominami ex Oda is described along with chemical characterization of the nuclei. The isolated nuclei were completely free of whole cells, 99.96% free of cytoplasmic contamination, and were collected with a yield of 40% from harvested whole cells. Each nucleus contained 47 pg of DNA and the ratio of DNA to acid-soluble proteins to acid-insoluble proteins was 1:0.25:1.21, respectively. SDS electrophoresis of acid-extracted proteins showed one histone-like protein, which we termed HGm, with an apparent molecular mass of 12 kDa. V8 protease digestion analysis of HGm, the histone-like protein from Crypthecodinium cohnii (HCc), and two histone-like proteins from Gymnodinium dorsum , showed that the HGm digestion pattern was more similar to that of HCc than to that of either of the G. dorsum histone-like proteins. 相似文献
4.
Gregory J. Doucette Elizabeth R. McGovern John A. Babinchak 《Journal of phycology》1999,35(6):1447-1454
Interactions between bacteria and species of harmful and/or toxic algae are potentially important factors affecting both the population dynamics and the toxicity of these algae. Recent reports of bacteria lethal to certain harmful algal bloom (HAB) species, coupled with a rapidly evolving interest in attempting to minimize the adverse effects of HABs through various prevention, control, and mitigation strategies, have focused attention on defining the role of algicidal bacteria in bloom termination. The aim of the present study was to determine whether algicidal bacteria active against Gymnodinium breve Davis, a dinoflagellate responsible for frequent and protracted red tides in the Gulf of Mexico, are present in the waters of the west Florida shelf. To date, we have isolated two bacterial strains from this region lethal to G. breve and have begun to characterize the algicidal activity of one of these strains, 41-DBG2. This bacterium, a yellow-pigmented, gram-negative rod, was isolated from waters containing no detectable G. breve cells, suggesting that such bacteria are part of the ambient microbial community and are not restricted to areas of high G. breve abundance. Strain 41-DBG2 produced a dissolved algicidal compound(s) that was released into the growth medium, and the algicide was effective against the four Gulf of Mexico G. breve isolates tested as well as a closely related HAB species that also occurs in this region, Gymnodinium mikimotoi Miyake et Kominami ex Oda. Nonetheless, data showing that a nontoxic isolate of Gymnodinium sanguineum Hirasaka from Florida Bay was not affected indicate that the algicidal activity of this bacterium does exhibit a degree of taxonomic specificity. Our efforts are currently being directed at resolving several critical issues, including the identity of the algicide(s), the mechanisms regulating its production and ability to discriminate between target algal species, and how the growth rate of 41-DBG2 is affected by the presence of G. breve cells. We have also proposed a conceptual model for interactions between algicidal bacteria and their target species to serve as a testable framework for ensuing field studies. 相似文献
5.
Keith R. Roberts 《Journal of phycology》1986,22(4):456-466
The detailed structure of the flagellar apparatus has been determined in a small dinoflagellate of the genus Gymnodinium. Although diminutive, this dinoflagellate possesses a complex flagellar apparatus consisting of a posteriorly directed microtubular root, a transverse striated fibrous root, several striated fibrous connectives that attach the basal bodies to one another as well as to the different roots, and a conspicuous non-striated fibrous connective that directly links the posteriorly directded microtubular root with the extended lobe of the nucleus. This represents the second discovery of a nuclear connective linked to the flagellar apparatus in the Dinophyceae but is the first report to elucidate the spatial relationships of the connective with the flagellar apparatus and the cell. A detailed diagrammatic reconstruction is provided and the similarities between these flagellar apparatus features are compared with those known for other dinoflagellates. Additionally, the structure and displacement of the nuclear connective are compared with nuclear connectives described in other protists. 相似文献
6.
The holozoic dinoflagellate, Gymnodinium fungiforme Anissimova, has been observed in both asexually and sexually reproducing cultures. Asexual reproduction is characterized by zoosporangium formation and subsequent new cell release. Sexuality is gametic, and planozygotes and hypnozygotes are present. The life cycle is highly dependent on feeding, and in food-depleted cultures the swimming cells rapidly disappear. These are replaced with resistant long-term resting cysts. Despite its small size (8.5–19 μm), G. fungiforme can feed on prey as large as the ciliated protozoan, Condylostoma magnum Spiegel (600–1000 μm in length), or small injured metazoans, and has been cultured phagotrophically with the chlorophyte, Dunaliella salina Teodoresco as a food source. Eleven additional species of algae including 1 chlorophyte, 7 chrysophytes and 3 rhodophytes, however, were not suitable as food sources. Feeding is characterized by the formation of ‘dynamic aggregations’ of hundreds of dinoflagellates that attach to the surface of a prey organism by a peduncle. G. fungiforme ingests the cytoplasm or body fluids of its prey and a feeding aggregation can ingest a C. magnum in 20–30 minutes. 相似文献
7.
Two subpopulations differing essentially by their mean cell size were observed regularly in cultures and natural samples of the naked dinoflagellate Gymnodinium cf. nagasakiense Takayama et Adachi (currently known as Gyrodinium aureolum Hulburt), a species which frequently forms red tides in North European seas. “Large” cells represented the typical forms; they were morphologically similar to cells of the closely related Japanese species G. nagasakiense, which did not form any subpopulation of reduced size. “Small” and “large” cells of G. cf. nagasakiense had the same DNA content, but the nucleus of the former appeared to be much more condensed during interphase. Each cell type was able to divide and had its own growth dynamics; therefore, any intermediary between pure populations of “small” and of “large” cells were observed in culture. The “large” form generated a “small” cell by an atypical budding-like division, whereas the “small” form gave back a “large” form, once it ceased to divide, by simple enlargement of its cell body. Factory inducing cell size differentiation are yet unclear. Neither nitrogen nor phosphorus starvation induced a significant increase in the relative proportion of “small” and budding cells. Although cell size differentiation is associated with the formation of gametes in a variety of dinoflagellates, we demonstrated that “small” cells of G. cf. nagasakiense are able to divide asexually, in contrast to gametes of most other species. The high proliferative power of “small” cells as compared with normal cells suggests that they could play a significant role during red tides of G. cf. nagasakiense; in contrast, cells of the Japanese species G. Nagasakiense could sustain high growth rates with larger cell size because this species generally blooms in waters much warmer than those found in northern Europe. 相似文献
8.
Yoshihiko Sako Takashi Yoshida Aritsune Uchida Osamu Arakawa Tamao Noguchi Yuzaburo Ishida 《Journal of phycology》2001,37(6):1044-1051
A sulfotransferase (ST) specific to N-21 of saxitoxin (STX) and gonyautoxin 2+3 (GTX2+3) designated as N-ST was purified to homogeneity from the cytosolic fraction of clonal-axenic vegetative cells of the toxic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum Graham GC21V, which causes paralytic shellfish poisoning. The enzyme transferred a sulfate group from 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) to N-21 in the carbamoyl group of STX and GTX2+3 to produce GTX5 and C1+2, respectively. The molecular mass of the purified enzyme was determined by SDS-PAGE to be 59 kDa. Gel filtration chromatography showed a native molecular mass of 65 kDa, indicating that the N-ST is a monomeric enzyme. The N-ST was specific to only N-21 of STX and GTX2+3, and O-22 sulfation was not observed. Moreover, the N-ST was not active toward neo STX and GTX1+4, which differed from STX and GTX2+3, respectively, in only N-1 hydroxylation. When various compounds previously reported to be substrates for STs in other organisms and paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins other than STX and GTX2+3 were added to the reaction mixture, N-ST activity was not decreased. The enzyme required PAPS as the sole source of sulfate. The enzyme was optimally active at pH 6.0 and 25° C, and its activity was enhanced by Mg2 + and Co2 + . The Km values of the N-ST for STX and GTX2+3 were 16.1 μM and 29.8 μM, respectively. 相似文献
9.
Donald M. Anderson Dean M. Jacobson Isabel Bravo John H. Wrenn 《Journal of phycology》1988,24(2):255-262
Gymnodinium catenatum Graham is an unarmored dinoflagellate responsible for episodes of paralytic shellfish poisoning. This species forms a resting cyst that is unique in several ways. The outer surface of the spherical, brownish cyst is microreticulate and composed of hundreds of 1-3 μm polygons. In several regions, these polygons are smaller, more uniform in shape, and oriented in distinct bands that define morphological features. These features on the cyst reflect the cingulum, sulcus, flagellar pore complex, and acrobase of the motile stage precursor to the cyst. The archeopyle is irregularly but extensively developed. Its margin is generally smooth and extends almost completely around the circumference of the cyst, though not consistently in the plane of the equator. The cyst wall is resistant to acetolysis and standard palynological preparation techniques. Gymnodinium catenatum Graham is emended to include the details of the cyst stage. The significance of this cyst is that it is the first described cyst of a naked dinoflagellate that bears oriented surface ornamentation reflecting features of the motile dinoflagellate. Its microreticulate surface ornamentation is unique to dinocysts, naked or armored, living or fossilized. Resistance of the cyst wall to harsh processing techniques suggests the presence of sporopollenin-like material commonly associated with cysts of armored dinoflagellates. From an ecological standpoint, the existence of a G. catenatum cyst has important implications with respect to species bloom dynamics and geographic distribution. In addition, the distinct differences between this cyst and those of the armored saxitoxin-producing gonyaulacoid species argues against a proposed evolutionary linkage. 相似文献
10.
The toxic red tide dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense (Lebour) Balech (synonymous with Protogonyaulax tamarensis (Lebour) Taylor) was subjected to iron stress in batch culture over a 24-day time course. Monitoring of life history stages indicated that iron stress induced formation of both temporary (= pellicular) and resting (= hypnozygotic) cysts. Our experimental induction of sexuality appeared to be associated with iron limitation rather than the total depletion of biologically available iron. Degenerative changes in organelle (i.e. chloroplast, mitochondrion and chromosome) ultrastructure were largely restricted to pellicular cysts, suggesting that these temporary cysts were more susceptible to short-term iron stress effects than were hypnozygotes. These results are consistent with the hypothesized ecological roles of cysts in maintaining viability over brief (pellicular cysts) and extended (hypnozygotes) exposure to adverse environmental conditions. 相似文献
11.
Elisa Berdalet 《Journal of phycology》1992,28(3):267-272
Laboratory experiments were conducted to study the effects of agitation on growth, cell division, and nucleic acid dynamics of the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium nelsonii Martin. When cultures were placed on an orbital shaker at 100 rpm, cell division was prevented, cellular volume increased up to 1.5 times that of the nonperturbed cells, the form and location of the cell nucleus were modified, and the RNA and DNA concentrations per cell increased up to 10 times those of the controls. When shaking was stopped after 10 days, cells divided immediately at about 2/3 of the division rate of the unshaken populations, and all the altered parameters were restored. If the agitation continued for more than 20 days, total cell death and disintegration occurred. Several cellular types differing in size and shape were observed in the control and shaken cultures. One possible hypothesis for these results is that failure of the cell to divide results from physical disturbance of the microtubule assemblage associated with chromosome separation during mitosis. My study suggests that small-scale oceanic turbulence of sufficient intensity may inhibit growth of individual dinoflagellate cells, but immediate development of the population may continue when calm weather follows the active mixing period. 相似文献
12.
A new species of the dinoflagellate genus Cachonina, C. illdefina sp. nov., was isolated from a red tide off El Capitan State Park, Santa Barbara County, California, in October 1973. The organism is light yellowgreen in color with deeply incised girdle and sulcal grooves. Electron microscopy of the organism, revealed a typical dinokaryotic nucleus. The chloroplasts of the organism are connected, and often contain microtubule-like elements, 25 nm diam. The pyrenoids are characterized as excluding chloroplast thylakoids and ribosomes, although containing an amorphous matrix and numerous tubular invaginations from the cytoplasm. The pyrenoids become detached from the chloroplasts and degenerate into small vesicles. C. illdefina is not bioluminescent. 相似文献
13.
Christopher J. S. Bolch Susan I. Blackburn Gustaaf M. Hallegraeff René E. Vaillancourt 《Journal of phycology》1999,35(2):356-367
The toxic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum Graham has formed recurrent toxic blooms in southeastern Tasmanian waters since its discovery in the area in 1986. Current evidence suggests that this species might have been introduced to Tasmania prior to 1973, possibly in cargo vessel ballast water carried from populations in Japan or Spain, followed by recent dispersal to mainland Australia. To examine this hypothesis, cultured strains from G. catenatum populations in Australia, Spain, Portugal, and Japan were examined using allozymes and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Allozyme screening detected very limited polymorphism and was not useful for population comparisons; however, Australian, Spanish, Portuguese, and Japanese strains showed considerable RAPD diversity, and all strains examined represented unique genotypes. Multidimensional scaling analysis (MDS) of RAPD genetic distances between strains showed clear separation of strains into three nonoverlapping regional clusters: Australia, Japan, and Spain/Portugal. Analysis of genetic distances between strains from the three regional populations indicated that Australian strains were almost equally related to both the Spanish/Portuguese population and the Japanese population. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) found that genetic variation was partitioned mainly within populations (87%) compared to the variation between the regions (8%) and between populations within regions (5%). The potential source population for Tasmania’s introduced G. catenatum remains equivocal; however, strains from the recently discovered mainland Australian population (Port Lincoln, South Australia, 1996) clustered with Tasmanian strains, supporting the notion of a secondary relocation of Tasmanian G. catenatum populations to the mainland via a shipping vector. Geographic and temporal clustering of strains was evident among the Tasmanian strains, indicating that genetic exchange between neighboring estuaries is limited and that Tasmanian G. catenatum blooms are composed of localized, estuary-bound subpopulations. 相似文献
14.
The three-dimensional structure of the flagellar apparatus in Woloszynskia sp. was determined. This recently discovered dinoflagellate possesses two basal bodies that are offset from one another and lie at an angle of approximately 110°. The transverse basal body is associated with a striated fibrous root assemblage that consists of two differently staining fibrous portions with identical striation periodicity. Unlike the transverse striated fibrous roots reported in other dinoflagellates, this assemblage extends to the cell's right beyond the proximal end of the transverse basal body. The striated fibrous root complex is attached to the anterior end of the longitudinal microtubular root by a broad striated fibrous connective. The longitudinal basal body is also associated with the longitudinal microtubular root. The flagellar opening of each emerging axoneme is surrounded by a striated collar. The striated collars are linked to one another by a striated fibrous, striated collar connective. The variations and similarities of the flagellar apparatus and the ventral ridge/striated collar connective in Woloszynskia sp. are compared to similar components in other dinoflagellates. 相似文献
15.
16.
Howard J. Spero 《Journal of phycology》1987,23(Z2):307-317
The symbiotic association of the spinose planktonic foraminifer, Orbulina universa, with the dinoflagellate, Gymnodinium béii sp. nov., was examined with light and electron microscopy, and the symbiont was isolated into unialgal culture. The intact association is characterized by a diurnal movement of the symbionts from the distal regions of the spines during the day, to perialgal vacuoles within the host cytoplasm at night. This diurnal migration involves a daily endo- exocytotic cycle. Gymnodinium béii is non-motile and spindle-shaped within the host, whereas it is motile and gymnodinoid in shape when in culture. Ultrastructural examination revealed two or more stalked pyrenoids penetrated by lamellae, a typical dinokaryon nucleus and no trichocysts. A distinct ‘flange’projects over the sulcus from the hypocone. The swimming behavior of this dinoflagellate was characterized by intermittent darting events. Swimming speeds during a dart reached velocities of 770 μm. s?1 as compared to a mean, non-darting swimming velocity of 126 μm. s?1. Gymnodinium béii is eurythermal and division rates ranged between 0.16 and 0.65 divisions day?1 for culture temperatures between 6.5 and 25° C respectively. 相似文献
17.
Net population growth of some dinoflagellates is inhibited by fluid shear at shear stresses comparable with those generated during oceanic turbulence. Decreased net growth may occur through lowered cell division, increased mortality, or both. The dominant mechanism under various flow conditions was determined for the red‐tide dinoflagellate Lingulodinium polyedrum (Stein) Dodge. Cell division and mortality were determined by direct observation of isolated cells in 0.5‐mL cultures that were shaken to generate unquantified fluid shear. Larger volume cultures were exposed to quantified laminar shear in Couette‐flow chambers (0.004–0.019 N·m ? 2 shear stress) and to unquantified flow in shaken flasks. In these larger cultures, cell division frequency was calculated from flow cytometric measurements of DNA·cell?1. The mechanism by which shear inhibits net growth of L. polyedrum depends on shear stress level and growth conditions. Observations on the isolated cells showed that shaking inhibited growth by lowering cell division without increased mortality. Similar results were found for early exponential‐phase cultures exposed to the lowest experimental shear stress in Couette‐flow chambers. However, mortality occurred when a late exponential‐phase culture was exposed to the same low shear stress and was inferred to occur in cultures exposed to higher shear stresses. Elevated mortality in those treatments was confirmed using behavioral, morphological, and physiological assays. The results predict that cell division in L. polyedrum populations will be inhibited by levels of oceanic turbulence common for near‐surface waters. Shear‐induced mortality is not expected unless shear‐stress levels are unusually high or when cellular condition resembles late exponential/stationary phase cultures. 相似文献
18.
Keith R. Roberts 《Journal of phycology》1989,25(2):270-280
The three-dimensional structure of the flagellar apparatus in the gonyaulacoid dinoflagellate. Ceratium hirundinella var. furcoïdes (Schröder) Hub.-Pest. was determined using serial section electron microscopy. The flagellar apparatus is quite large and consists of several components. The two basal bodies nearly abut at their proximal ends and are separated by an angle of approximately 120° The broad longitudinal microtubular root extends from the cell's left edge of the longitudinal basal body and bends around the sulcal/cingular depression into the cell's left antapical horn. A transverse striated fibrous root is associated with the transverse basal body and a narrow electron dense extension is present along the anterior edge of the transverse basal body. This study revealed severa1 hitherto unreported fibrous components of the flagellar apparatus that link the various microtubular and fibrous components to themselves and to the two striated collars. A large striated fibrous connective links the two striated collars to one another. This fibrous connective is linked to another striated fibrous connective that originates from the longitudinal basal body and lies perpendicular to the longitudinal microtubular root. The readily identifiable and numerous components of the Ceratium flagellar apparatus are comparable to those of other dinoflagellates. The combined presence of well dpveloped striated collars, a striated collar connective, and a basal body angle of approximately 120° indicates that this flagellar apparatus is most like that described for Peridinioid dinoflagellates. Important similarities are also noticeable between this flagellar apparatus and that of Oxyrrhis marina. 相似文献
19.
The flagellar apparatus of the marine dinoflagellate Amphidinium rhynchocephalum Anissimowa was examined using the techniques of rapid freezing/freeze substitution and serial thin section three dimensional reconstruction. The flagellar apparatus is composed of two basal bodies that are offset from one another and lie at an angle of approximately 150° The transverse basal body is associated with two individual microtubules that extend from the proximal end of the basal body toward the flagellar opening. One of these microtubules is closely appressed to a striated fibrous root that also extends from the proximal base of the transverse basal body. The longitudinal basal body is associated with a nine member microtubular root that extends from the proximal end of the basal body toward the posterior of the cell. The longitudinal microtubular root and the transverse striated fiber are connected by a striated connective fiber. In addition to the microtubules associated with the transverse and longitudinal basal bodies, a group of microtubules originates adjacent to one of the transverse flagellar roots and extends into the cytoplasm. Vesicular channels extend from the flagellar openings to the region of the basal bodies where they expand to encompass the various connective structures of the flagellar apparatus. The possible function and evolutionary importance of these structures is discussed. 相似文献
20.
Annica M. Sundström Anke Kremp Niels Daugbjerg Øjvind Moestrup Marianne Ellegaard Regina Hansen Susanna Hajdu 《Journal of phycology》2009,45(4):938-952
A naked dinoflagellate with a unique arrangement of chloroplasts in the center of the cell was isolated from the northern Baltic proper during a spring dinoflagellate bloom (March 2005). Morphological, ultrastructural, and molecular analyses revealed this dinoflagellate to be undescribed and belonging to the genus Gymnodinium F. Stein. Gymnodinium corollarium A. M. Sundström, Kremp et Daugbjerg sp. nov. possesses features typical of Gymnodinium sensu stricto, such as nuclear chambers and an apical groove running in a counterclockwise direction around the apex. Phylogenetic analyses based on partial nuclear‐encoded LSU rDNA sequences place the species in close proximity to G. aureolum, but significant genetic distance, together with distinct morphological features, such as the position of chloroplasts, clearly justifies separation from this species. Temperature and salinity experiments revealed a preference of G. corollarium for low salinities and temperatures, confirming it to be a cold‐water species well adapted to the brackish water conditions in the Baltic Sea. At nitrogen‐deplete conditions, G. corollarium cultures produced small, slightly oval cysts resembling a previously unidentified cyst type commonly found in sediment trap samples collected from the northern and central open Baltic Sea. Based on LSU rDNA comparison, these cysts were assigned to G. corollarium. The cysts have been observed in many parts of the Baltic Sea, indicating the ecologic versatility of the species and its importance for the Baltic ecosystem. 相似文献