甘油浓度对蓝狐精子深低温冷冻保存的影响及冻融前后精子的超微结构

人工采取8只优质芬兰雄性蓝狐的精液,分别利用2％、4％、6％和8％甘油浓度的卵黄-Tris-果糖-柠檬酸钠稀释液进行稀释,制成细管冻精。在冻融后0、O．5、2、4、6h检测4种浓度组的精子运动度、质膜完整率、顶体完整率;并利用透射电镜观察冻融前后精子的超微结构变化。冻融后0h,4％甘油浓度组冻融精子的运动度、质膜完整率、顶体的完整率均最高(分别为41．8％、43．6％、48．4％),2％浓度组最低(分别为24．5％、27．6％、31．7％);随着检测时间延长,2％与4％组的精子特性差异显著,但2％、6％、8％3个组间差异不显著;6h时各组间精子的运动度均不超过10％,最高质膜完整率和顶体完整率分别为11．8％、12．7％。说明蓝狐精液稀释剂中甘油的适宜浓度应为4％,冻融后精子的活力维持时间较短。蓝狐精子冻融过程中质膜极易发生膨胀或断裂、顶体囊泡化或溃散,而质膜和顶体丢失现象较少。     

环境因子及超低温冻存对黄姑鱼精子活力的影响

通过测定精子的激活率、运动时间及寿命研究了环境因子变化对黄姑鱼精子活力的影响及超低温冻存后黄姑鱼精子的活力。结果表明,黄姑鱼精子激活与运动的适宜盐度为25～35、适宜pH为7.5～8.5。在pH 8.0～8.5、盐度25条件下,精子激活率达(85.33±2.52)%,运动时间及寿命分别为(336±14.02)s及(405.33±12.22)s。精子激活与运动的适宜NaCl、KCl、MgCl₂及葡萄糖溶液浓度分别为300～500 mmol·L^-1、600 mmol·L^-1、800～1000 mmol·L^-1及900mmol·L^-1;精子在缺少HCO₃^-的人工海水中未能被激活;精子在无Ca²⁺或无Mg²⁺的人工海水中激活率均大于80%,但运动时间及寿命均有所缩短。以Cortland及HBSS溶液为稀释液、10%EG为抗冻剂冻存黄姑鱼精子,冻精激活率>80%,运动时间均超过200s。     

低温和超低温保存对中国大鲵成熟精子的影响

中国大鲵Andrias davidianus是中国特有的一种濒危有尾两栖类动物,为了保护这一珍稀物种并且为中国大鲵人工辅助繁育建立一套可靠的技术,对中国大鲵的精子在0—4℃下低温短期保存和在液氮中超低温长期保存进行了研究。研究表明中国大鲵精子原液在常温下一般仅存活3—5h,4℃下能存活6d,0℃下存活时间可达9d。精子原液中添加Ringer氏液或Holtferter氏液,精子存活率比原液保存显著降低。在改良的超低温冻存条件下,中国大鲵精子在液氮中保存两周后解冻,精子复苏率可达10%—15%。利用扫描和透射电镜观察冻融前后中国大鲵精子的超微结构,发现受冷冻损伤精子质膜出现膨胀、破裂;精子穿孔器和轴丝显著弯曲,甚至断裂;波动膜明显脱落或膜结构损坏;精子线粒体嵴变形。结果表明,超低温冻存导致部分中国大鲵精子超微结构发生变化而产生冻伤,进而导致精子活力、复苏率下降。研究为建立规范化的中国大鲵精液保存程序和中国大鲵规模化人工繁育提供重要参考。     

低剂量三聚氰胺对小鼠精子质量影响的研究

采用灌胃法,研究了三聚氰胺在1.0 mg/kg、2.0 mg/kg、4.0 mg/kg浓度下染毒35 d时,小鼠体重、精子运动参数和精子形态的变化.结果显示,4.0 mg/kg 处理组小鼠部分精子运动参数显著性降低(P＜0.05),1.0 mg/kg 和2.0 mg/kg 浓度组各项精子运动参数与对照比较变化不显著(P＞0.05);在染毒一周后,2.0 mg/kg 浓度组小鼠体重增长显著性下降(P＜0.05),4.0 mg/kg 浓度组小鼠体重极显著降低(P＜0.01);3个处理浓度组对小鼠精子形态影响均不显著.总之,食物中低浓度三聚氰胺对小鼠精子活性和形态无明显的影响.     

几种不同浓度的离子及单糖对中华鲟精子活力的影响

本文研究在不同浓度Na 、K 、Ca2 、Mg2 、Cu2 及葡萄糖、果糖溶液中,中华鲟(Acipenser sinensisGray)精子活动情况。结果表明:Na 浓度为2‰时,中华鲟精子寿命时间(Life time,LT)最长,为347s,而Na 浓度为1‰时,中华鲟精子剧烈运动时间(Acute movement time,AT)最长,为98.67s,精子激活率在Na 浓度小于等于2‰时,为100%,随着Na 浓度的增加中华鲟精子激活率明显下降;与Na 溶液不同,在K 浓度为0.005‰时中华鲟精子活力最佳,其AT和LT最长,分别为80s和174s。而精子激活率随K 浓度增加而增强,在浓度为0.005‰时激活率最强为60%,然后快速下降;在Ca2 、Mg2 、Cu2 三种溶液中,随着三种溶液浓度的增加,中华鲟精子剧烈运动时间和寿命逐渐缩短,精子激活率逐步下降;与Ca2 、Mg2 、Cu2 三种溶液完全不同的是,随着葡萄糖和果糖两种单糖浓度的增加,中华鲟精子AT及精子LT逐渐延长。结果说明适量浓度的Na 、K 可以延长中华鲟精子AT及其LT,激活精子活力;而Ca2 、Mg2 、Cu2 三种溶液即使在较低浓度下都表现出对中华鲟精子AT、精子LT及其激活率明显的抑制作用;而葡萄糖和果糖则能有效地延长中华鲟精子AT和LT。     

复合酶制剂对蓝狐不同生长期蛋白质消化和代谢的影响

在蓝狐不同生长期日粮中, 分别添加不同剂量的复合酶制剂, 利用饲养试验、消化代谢试验等实验手段,从营养学角度探讨复合酶制剂对蓝狐蛋白质消化和代谢的影响。研究结果表明: 复合酶制剂能有效提高蛋白质的消化率和代谢率。育成期, 同对照组相比, III 组粗蛋白(CP) 消化率和代谢率分别提高了13.05 % ( P < 0.01)和13.28 % ( P < 0.05) , 在6 组中最高; 长冬毛期, II 组粗蛋白的消化率和代谢率最高, 同对照组相比, 分别提高了10.43 % ( P < 0.05) 和10.09 % ( P < 0.05) ; 复合酶制剂对蓝狐消化、代谢的影响与其剂量有关, 适宜剂量的复合酶制剂, 均能有效提高蓝狐对蛋白质的消化、代谢机能, 可在蓝狐养殖业中推广应用。从蓝狐养殖的经济效益分析, 育成期复合酶的适宜添加剂量为0.6 %; 而长冬毛期的适宜剂量为0.4 %。     

牛精子蛋白质组学技术平台的建立及冻融前后精子差异蛋白初步分析

本研究通过探索不同的精子蛋白制备方法、水化液成分和优化2D电泳程序以建立牛精子蛋白质组学研究技术平台,同时以牛鲜冻精为实验材料通过差异凝胶电泳寻找冻融前后精子蛋白的改变。结果表明：使用改进的热TRIzol法裂解精子细胞制备蛋白,结合优化的2D电泳技术可建立稳定的牛精子蛋白质组学研究技术平台。差异凝胶电泳揭示牛精子在冻融后有质和量的改变：冻融后缺失的蛋白点有20个,表达下调的有2个,表达上调的有10个。作为一项阶段性的实验成果,本研究建立的2D平台和所发现的冻融引起的差异表达蛋白质点为揭示冷冻损伤机理和性控精液的差异蛋白质组学研究奠定了较好的基础。     

蓝狐-卫星DNA的克隆及序列分析

利用限制性内切酶酶切蓝狐基因组, 经琼脂糖凝胶电泳, 对特异性亮带进行克隆、测序及序列分析。结果获得42个卫星DNA序列, 该卫星DNA单体大小为737 bp, G+C含量为51.9%, 单体之间同源性为91%~97%; 每个单体由3个约245 bp的亚重复串联构成, 亚重复之间的同源性为49%~55%; 在物种进化过程中, 该卫星DNA有G+C含量逐渐降低而A+T含量逐渐上升的趋势; 该卫星DNA为犬科动物种属所特有, 与犬着丝粒相关卫星DNA为同类卫星DNA, 同源性为74%, 命名为α-卫星DNA。     

黑玛丽精子包特性及pH和温度对其精子活力的影响

通过研究黑玛丽Poecilia latipinna精子包破裂的过程和影响因素、精子运动的情况及影响因素,结果发现,当精液用Hank’s平衡盐溶液(HBSS)稀释约5 min后精子包开始破裂,约12 min后全部破裂。释放出的精子暂时处于休眠状态,约50 min后,处于HBSS稀释液中的精子会被激活。应用计算机辅助精子分析系统对黑玛丽精子在不同pH和不同温度下HBSS中的精子运动百分数、运动时间和平均运动速率进行观察。在pH7~8的中性或弱碱性溶液中,精子运动活力较强;而在酸性(pH<7)或碱性较强(pH>9)的溶液中,精子的运动活力都会降低。在不同温度下的HBSS中精子的活力不同,精子在低温(4℃)条件下的运动时间显著长于在室温(20℃)条件下,但运动速度较慢。本研究初步探讨了黑玛丽的精子包特性以及pH和温度对精子运动活力的影响,旨在对黑玛丽等卵胎生鱼类的人工授精,以及生殖生物学特性等的研究提供更丰富的基础资料。     

氯化钠浓度对宽口光唇鱼精子活力的影响

本文观察了不同氯化钠浓度对宽口光唇鱼Ａｃｒｏｓｏｃｈｉｌｕｓｍｏｎｔｉｃｏｌａ精子活力的影响,并进一步建立数学模型进行分析论证,得出结论：在氯化钠浓度０—０５１％的范围内,精子快速运动时间和寿命相对延长,但在浓度超过０５１％,精子活动开始受到抑制,活动强度减弱,寿命缩短。     

蓝狐消化道内分泌细胞的免疫组化研究

蓝狐又名北极狐(Alopex lagopus),属于食肉目(Carnivora),犬科(Canidae),北极狐属(Alopex).     

Fertilization and early embryonic development in the blue fox (Alopex lagopus)

A total of 15 blue fox vixens aged 1–6 years were mated, 12 once on the first day of estrus and three a second time 48 hr after the first mating, and were killed 4 hr to 8 days following mating. Ova were collected from the oviducts, evaluated by stereomicroscopy, and studied by transmission (TEM; N = 49, 12 vixens) or scanning (SEM, N = 11, three vixens) electron microscopy. At 0–3 days after ovulation, the ova had not cleaved and were at different stages of meiotic maturation. In about one-half of these ova, representing all stages of meiotic maturation, a decondensing sperm head without nuclear envelope or a small pronucleus with partial nuclear envelope was observed. No clear relationship was found between maternal meiotic stage and the stage of paternal pronucleus formation. Sperm tails were never identified in the ooplasm. Cortical granules were released after sperm penetration at early stages of meiotic maturation. Thus the block against polyspermic penetration was activated during maturation of the oocyte. The first two-cell stage appeared 4 days after ovulation (3 days after mating), the first four-cell stage the following day (day 5), and the first eight-cell stage 6 days after ovulation (5 days after mating). In a single vixen mated late (7 days postovulation) two- to four-cell stages appeared the following day (day 8). This indicates that the time required for the first cleavage division decreases with increasing interval from ovulation to mating. The development of a functional nucleolus with fibrillar centers and fibrillar and granular components at the eight-cell stage indicates activation of embryonic RNA synthesis in fox embryos at the six- to eight-cell stage, suggesting that the embryonic genome is activated at this stage. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Comparative aspects of sperm membrane fatty acid composition in silver (Vulpes vulpes) and blue (Alopex lagopus) foxes, and their relationship to cell cryopreservation

Cryogenic protocols have been developed for the storage of farmed silver fox (Vulpes vulpes) spermatozoa. However, these same protocols and modifications of these protocols have failed to satisfactorily preserve spermatozoa collected from farmed blue foxes (Alopex lagopus). Because cryogenic success has been linked to membrane composition, the plasma membrane lipid composition of farmed blue fox and silver fox spermatozoa was studied. Silver fox spermatozoal membranes have significantly higher levels of docosapentaenoic acid (DPA; 22:5, n-6) compared to blue fox spermatozoa, and blue fox spermatozoal membranes have significantly higher levels of stearic acid (18:0). Silver fox spermatozoal membranes not only have a higher ratio of unsaturated/saturated membrane fatty acids, but also higher levels of membrane desmosterol and cholesterol.     

Seasonal variations of plasma prolactin and LH concentrations in the female blue fox (Alopex lagopus)

A heterologous radioimmunoassay system developed for the rabbit and suitable for a wide range of mammalian species has been shown to measure prolactin in the plasma of the blue fox. Evaluation of prolactin levels throughout the year showed the concentrations displayed a circannual rhythm with the highest values occurring in May and June. Prolactin concentrations remained low (approximately 2.5 ng/ml plasma) from July until April with no consistent changes found around oestrus (March-April). In 8 pregnant females, the prolactin increase in late April and May coincided with the last part of gestation and lactation: concentrations (mean +/- s.e.m.) increased to 6.3 +/- 0.6 ng/ml at mid-gestation, 9.7 +/- 2.1 ng/ml at the end of gestation and 26.7 +/- 5.0 ng/ml during lactation. In 10 non-pregnant animals, the mean +/- s.e.m. values were 7.2 +/- 1.2 ng/ml in April, 8.8 +/- 2.2 ng/ml in May and 9.8 +/- 1.3 ng/ml in June. The prolactin profile in 4 ovariectomized females was similar to that observed in non-pregnant animals, but the plasma values tended to be lower during the reproductive season (April-June). In intact females, the only large LH peak (average 28 ng/ml) was observed around oestrus. During pro-oestrus, baseline LH levels were interrupted by elevations of 3.1-10.4 ng/ml. During the rest of the year, basal levels were less than 3 ng/ml. In ovariectomized females, LH concentrations increased within 2 days of ovariectomy and remained high (35-55 ng/ml) at all times of year.     

Study on the inheritance of the centric fusion in the blue fox,Alopex lagopus

The inheritance of a centric fusion in the blue fox,Alopex lagopus was investigated in 38 litters (258 animals) originated from matings of parents (64 animals) with all possible diploid numbers of chromosomes (2n=50, 49 and 48). In general, the Robertsonian translocation was inherited in accordance with the Mendelian principle. However, in the matings of females with 2n=49 and males with 2n=50 a significantly higher number of animals with 2n=50 was observed in the progeny. Moreover, observations on two litters indicated thede novo occurrence of the centric fusion and fission.     

Spermatozoon head size – the main differentiating feature between spermatozoa of blue and white Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus)

Morphology and sperm morphometry, this is an important determinant of male reproductive capacity. Morphometric data may provide relevant information in studies focused on evolutionary biology, sperm quality assessment, including prediction of the potential fertility, semen cryopreservation, or the effect of reprotoxicants. The paper presents the morphometric analysis of spermatozoa from two colour morphs of Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus), and attempts to determine the relationship between selected quality indicators and dimensions and shape of spermatozoa. The research material consisted of ejaculates collected once by manual stimulation from 20 one-year-old Arctic foxes (10 individuals of the blue morph and 10 of the white morph). Ejaculates were analysed for standard parameters (volume, sperm concentration, total number of spermatozoa in the ejaculate) and used for the preparation of microscopic specimens. It was found that, the dimensions of spermatozoa from Arctic foxes depend on the male colour morphs. Spermatozoa from white Arctic foxes were significantly longer (by 1.82 µm) and had larger heads (0.32 µm longer and 0.15 µm wider) compared to spermatozoa from blue Arctic foxes (P<0.05). The interactions between particular sperm dimensions indicated the occurrence of gametes differing in shape. The all correlation coefficients between the morphometric traits of spermatozoa were statistically significant. Our research proved that in the blue Arctic foxes, sperm dimensions (tail length and total sperm length) can be related to the percentage of spermatozoa with primary changes (respectively: r = -0.68 and r = -0.75; at P <0.05). However, in the case of white Arctic foxes, these characteristics depend on the ejaculate volume (respectively: r = 0.65 and r = 0.68; at P <0.05).     

Effects of fasting and exogenous melatonin on annual rhythms in the blue fox (Alopex lagopus)

The arctic fox (Alopex lagopus) is a winter-active inhabitant of the high arctic with extreme fluctuations in photoperiod and food availability. The blue fox is a semi-domesticated variant of the wild arctic fox reared for the fur industry. In this study, 48 blue foxes were followed for a year in order to determine the effects of exogenous melatonin and wintertime food deprivation on their reproductive and thyroid axes. Half of the animals were treated with continuous-release melatonin capsules in July 2002, and in November-January, the animals were divided into three groups and either fed continuously or fasted for one or two 22-day periods. Food deprivation decreased the plasma triiodothyronine and thyroxine concentrations probably in order to preserve energy due to a decreased metabolic rate. The same was observed in the plasma testosterone levels of the males but not in the plasma estradiol concentrations of the females. Exogenous melatonin advanced the autumn moult and seasonal changes in the voluntary food intake. It also advanced the onset of the testosterone peak in the males. The plasma estradiol levels of the females were unaffected, but the progesterone levels peaked more steeply in the sham-operated females. Melatonin exerted a strong influence not only on the reproductive axis of the males but also on the seasonal food intake. The species seemed quite resistant to periodic involuntary food deprivation.