窝雏数处理对两种雀形目幼鸟生长的影响

基于 1 997～ 1 999年野外实验 ,对高寒草甸小云雀和黄嘴朱顶雀两种雀形目鸟的窝雏数进行增减处理。结果表明 ,对照组的幼鸟生长率和离巢体重都大于增加组 ,说明窝雏数增加后 ,幼鸟质量下降。随着窝雏数增加 ,这两种幼鸟生长率显著下降 (小云雀 :r =-0 965 ,P =0 0 3 5 <0 0 5 ;朱顶雀 :r =-0 82 8,P =0 0 2 2 <0 0 5 )。窝雏数改变对小云雀幼鸟出飞重影响不显著 (r =-0 41 8,P =0 5 2 8>0 0 5 ) ,而对黄嘴朱顶雀有显著的影响 (r=-0 90 1 ,P =0 0 1 4<0 0 5 )。     

两种雀形目鸟类的窝雏数处理实验:检验Lack假说

于1997—1999年在位于青海省北部的中国科学院海北高寒草甸生态系统定位站进行。选择地面筑巢的小云雀(Alauda gulgula)和灌丛筑巢的黄嘴朱顶雀(Acanthis flavirostris)为代表进行窝雏数处理实验。根据Lack假说的预报检验(1)常见窝卵数是否是最大生产力窝卵数;(2)窝雏数处理对雏鸟质量和亲鸟投入是否产生影响;(3)两种鸟的响应方式是否相同。其结果如下：①小云雀和黄嘴朱顶雀的常见窝卵数分别是3和5枚。年间变化不明显,用幼鸟出飞率作为生产力,两种鸟的扩增窝幼鸟出飞率下降,常见窝卵数(分布频率最高)等同于最大生产力窝卵数;②小云雀的幼鸟的生长参数不随窝雏数的改变而变化．而黄嘴朱顶雀有明显变化．说明窝雏数处理对后者幼鸟质量有明显影响。③用递食率作为亲鸟投资指标,小云雀亲鸟的递食率随窝雏数的增加而增加,但雏期不变;而黄嘴朱顶雀递食率不变,但雏期延长。④扩增窝雏数后,两种亲鸟表现出不同的响应方式,小云雀表现为提高单位时间递食次数,而黄嘴朱顶雀延长育幼时间。这两种方式不是通过影响雏鸟质量就是通过影响亲鸟存活率来降低子代和亲代的适合度。结果支持了自然选择将窝卵数调节到亲鸟能喂活最大数量子代的限度。即常见窝卵数就是最大生产力窝卵数的Lack假说。     

Effects of yak dung patch dropped in cold season on soil and pasture on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

To clarify how dung patches from grazing yaks affect soil and pasture in the alpine meadow of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, yak dung was collected, mixed and redistributed in a cold grazing season. The soil physical and chemical properties and forage growth were then monitored under the yak dung patch, and 10 cm and 50 cm from the edge of yak dung patches. The result has shown that yak dung significantly improved soil moisture, total organic matter, and soil available N and P under or close to the dung patches. The forage production at 10 cm from the dung patch (303 g/m²) was significantly higher than that at 50 cm from the dung patch (control) (284 g/m²) in the second year, while the production was similar to the control in the first and the third year. The process of yak dung decomposition was slow and yak dung remains were observed 3 years after the drop. The dung patches also formed a strong ‘shell’, very difficult for plant underneath to penetrate and grow. Therefore, almost all plants under yak dung patches died, leading to decline in forage yield in the first, second, and the third year. In practice in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau regions, yak dung is often collected as fuel by the local farmers. Removing yak dung from alpine meadow may on one hand lead to losses in soil nutrients, but on the other hand reduces some of the negative effects, e.g. the reduction of forage yield under yak dung patches.     

Effects of grazing disturbance on plant diversity,community structure and direction of succession in an alpine meadow on Tibet Plateau,China

To elucidate the effects of grazing intensity and grazing time on plant diversity and community structure, as well as the successional differentiation in an alpine meadow, a controlled grazing trial, with six grazing intensities on an alpine meadow was conducted in the eastern Qilian Mountain region for four years. Using species accumulation curves, RDA ordination and variance decomposition, we analyzed the changes in proportion of dominant species, richness, abundance, as well as the life forms of plant communities under grazing disturbance. Both the grazing intensity and grazing time had a significant effect on these dominant species, richness, abundance, as well as the life forms in the plant community (P < 0.01). More detailed results showed that: (1) The richness and abundance of plant species were highest in the light grazing plot, and these increased as time passed. In the heavy grazing plot, the abundance of plant species decreased as time passed, but the richness of these species did not change significantly. (2) The abundance of Gramineae and Umbelliferae were negatively and significantly correlated with the duration of grazing treatments, whereas Plantaginaceae and Geraniaceae were positively and significantly correlated with the grazing intensity. Over time, the abundance of bunch-type plants decreased and other life forms of plants have increased. With the increase in grazing intensity, the plants' abundance with the rosette type did not change, but other life forms of plants decreased. The results of variance decomposition indicated that grazing disturbance has had greater effects on life forms and plant populations, followed by the changes in the dominant species and their abundance, with lesser effects on the richness of the species. Grazing intensity had a greater effect than the duration of the grazing treatment had. The results of PCA showed that the climax community in both the lowest and the highest grazing intensity plots had changed over time. In the sample plots with light grazing intensity, the plant community changed to an Elymus nutans + Poa crymophila community, but later changed to a Melilotoides ruthenicus + Kobresia humilis community under heavy grazing.     

川西北高寒草甸蚁丘植物群落演替：种类组成与物种多样性

蚂蚁通过构建蚁丘,提高了群落生境异质性,影响群落物种组成,甚至生态系统结构和功能。我们在川西北典型高寒草甸调查了平地（非蚁丘,即距离蚁丘4～5m的草地）和不同大小广布弓背蚁（Cam-ponotus herculeanus）蚁丘（小蚁丘、中蚁丘和大蚁丘3种,平均面积大小分别为309．45cm^2、948．45cm^2、2124．90cm^2）上的植物种类组成、物种多样性,以及每个物种的高度,盖度和多度,在此基础上分析了蚁丘植物群落演替进程中的优势种变迁及其机制。调查发现,与平地相比,天气晴朗条件下蚁丘的土壤温度在白天较高,而在夜晚较低,日变化的波动性较大;蚁丘中心的相对湿度低于边缘,更低于平地。群落结构分析表明,不同大小蚁丘之间植物物种丰富度和多样性差异不显著,但是优势种变化明显。随蚁丘增大,钩状嵩草（Kobresia uncinoides）的群落地位（重要值）逐渐上升,小、中、大蚁丘上的次优种分别为拉拉藤（Galium aparine）、羊茅（Festuca ovina）、垂穗披碱草（Elymus nutans）。蚁丘上禾草类优势度显著高于平地,而杂草类优势度则显著低于平地。平地上菊科（Compositae）和毛莨科（Ranunculaceae）植物占优势,蚁丘上莎草科（Cyperaceae）和禾本科（Gramineae）植物占优势。文中还讨论了蚁丘植物群落演替的可能机制,以及蚁丘对整个草甸群落组成和动态的潜在意义。     

Plant Community Succession on Ant-hills of a Sub-alpine Meadow in Northwestern Sichuan,China: Species Composition and Diversity

Ants may increase habitat heterogeneity by means of building ant-hills, thereby changing community species composition and ecosystem structure and functioning. We investigated plant height, coverage and abundance for each species and calculated species richness and diversity for ant-hills of Camponotus herculeanus differing in size (309.45cm2, 948.45cm2, 2124.90cm2 for the small, intermediate and large ant-hills, respectively). The dominant species was subsequently identified for the three size-classes of ant-hills and the mechanism underlying anthill community succession was derived. Our results showed that diurnal temperature fluctuation was greater in ant-hills than the surrounding flat soil, where the temperature of the ant-hills was higher in daytime but lower at night relative to the counterpart. The soil moisture was lower in center than in edge of ant-hills whose moisture was lower than the flat soil. Plant species diversity and richness were not significantly different among the three classes of ant-hills while the dominant species conspicuously changed. The importance value of the most dominant species, Kobresia uncinoides, increased significantly with increasing ant-hill size; the subdominant species was Galium aparine, Festuca ovina, Elymus nutans for the small, intermediate and large ant-hills, respectively. The dominance of grasses was significantly higher, but that of forbs was lower on ant-hills than in surrounding communities. The ant-hills were dominated by species from Cyperaceae and Gramineae while Compositae and Ranunculaceae dominated the surrounding communities. In addition, we discussed the possible mechanisms driving ant-hill community succession and the potential significance of ant-hills to the whole community composition and dynamics in the alpine meadow.     

增氮对青藏高原东缘典型高寒草甸土壤有机碳组成的影响

土壤有机碳动态是陆地生态系统碳平衡研究的关键环节,有关青藏高原高寒草甸土壤有机碳组成对大气氮沉降增加的响应研究至今尚未开展。基于中国科学院海北生态站的大气氮沉降模拟控制实验平台,于2010年5月、7月和9月中旬分别测定不同施氮处理下0—10cm、10—20cm、20—30cm土壤中粗颗粒态有机碳(CPOC)、细颗粒态有机碳(FPOC)和矿质结合有机碳(MOC)含量,研究不同施氮类型(NH4Cl,(NH4)2SO4和KNO3)和施氮水平(0、10、20、40 kgN.hm-.2a-1)对土壤POC和MOC含量以及POC/MOC比值的影响。结果表明:青藏高原高寒草甸土壤POC积聚在土壤表层,占总土壤有机碳(SOC)含量的64%以上,稳定性较差。施氮水平显著改变了土壤CPOC、FPOC和MOC含量,而施氮类型的影响不显著。不同月份土壤POC和MOC含量对增氮的响应不同,反映了SOC组分对增氮响应的时间异质性。在生长季中期,施氮倾向于增加表层土壤POC含量,而在生长季初期和末期恰好相反。土壤MOC对增氮的响应不敏感。另外,施氮显著降低生长季初期表层土壤POC/MOC比例,SOC稳定性增加。表明,青藏高原高寒草甸土壤有机碳活性组分较高,未来大气氮沉降增加短期内即可降低活性有机碳含量,相应地改变了其组成和稳定性。     

Influence of Dry Season and Food Quality and Quantity on Behavior and Feeding Strategy of Propithecus verreauxi in Kirindy, Madagascar

According to optimal foraging theory, herbivores can base food choice mainly on the quality or the quantity of food, or both. Among herbivorous primates, folivorous lemurs living in the highly seasonal environment of Madagascar have to cope with the shortage of high-quality food during the dry season, at least in deciduous forests. We studied (Verreaux's sifaka) in Kirindy, western Madagascar, to understand the influence of dry season and food quality and quantity on behavioral patterns and feeding strategy (qualitative vs. quantitative dietary choice) of a folivorous lemur in a deciduous forest. We followed 7 groups (4 groups/period; 3 individuals/group/month) during 4 periods of the year (wet season: February–March; early/middle/late dry season: May–June; July–September; October–November). We collected samples of plants eaten and examined behavioral and feeding patterns, considering food quality (macronutrients, proteins/fibers ratio, and tannins) and abundance. We found 1) a significant reduction of home range, core area, and daily path length from the wet to the dry season, possibly related to dietary change and 2) a daily period of inactivity in the dry season for energy conservation. Regarding the feeding strategy, Kirindy sifakas showed 1) high variation and selection in choosing food items and 2) a dietary choice based mainly on quality: Kirindy sifakas fed on plant species/families independently from their abundance and tannins represented a feeding deterrent during the dry season. Overall, behavioral and dietary adaptations allow Kirindy sifakas to overcome the shortage of high-quality food in the lean period.     

穿透雨减少和氮添加对毛竹叶片和细根化学计量学的影响

全球气候变化导致的干旱和人类活动引起的大气氮沉降升高,将会直接影响森林生态系统的结构与功能。叶片和细根作为植物最重要的资源获取功能器官,其化学计量学特征可指示其资源利用、生存适应策略。在当前气候变化背景下,了解植物的化学计量特征和适应特征将有助于预测未来森林生态系统功能的变化。通过为期1年的双因素交互实验,探讨了穿透雨减少和氮添加影响下,我国亚热带重要森林类型毛竹林的叶片及细根碳（C）、氮（N）、磷（P）元素化学计量比的响应特征,对于认识毛竹林生态系统对全球变化的适应和养分利用策略具有重要意义。研究表明：（1）穿透雨减少处理显著降低叶片N、P含量,显著增加细根N含量,对叶片C含量和细根C、P含量无显著影响;氮添加处理显著增加土壤N含量和叶片N含量,对叶片C、P含量及细根C、N、P含量无显著影响。（2）穿透雨减少、氮添加处理及两者交互作用对土壤C：N：P均无显著影响。（3）穿透雨减少处理显著增加叶片C：N、C：P和N：P;氮添加处理显著降低叶片C：N,对叶片C：P、N：P无显著影响;穿透雨减少、氮添加交互作用显著降低叶片C：N和C：P,对叶片N：P无显著影响。（4）穿透雨减少处理显著降低细根C：N,对细根C：P及N：P无显著影响;氮添加处理及穿透雨减少、氮添加交互作用对细根C：N：P无影响。综上短期处理的研究结果,穿透雨减少处理产生的水分胁迫对毛竹产生了关键限制作用,毛竹采取了降低叶片N和P含量、增加细根N含量,提高叶片的N和P利用效率、保持细根稳定的P利用效率的策略。氮添加未能缓解穿透雨减少对毛竹产生的干旱胁迫,毛竹通过改变地上部分叶片和地下部分细根之间的N素分配格局和N、P利用效率以应对水分胁迫。氮添加处理下叶片N含量显著增加,C：N显著降低,而细根C、N、P含量及化学计量比没有显著变化。由此可知毛竹地上部分叶片和地下部分细根对穿透雨减少、氮添加及两者交互作用表现出不同的响应策略。本研究可为全球变化背景下毛竹人工林可持续经营提供理论依据。