中国脊椎动物新(亚)种统计及分析

采用网上检索和手工查阅的办法统计了中国近35年来脊椎动物新(亚)种发现的情况.结果表明:35年来共发现了811个脊椎动物新(亚)种,20世纪80年代发现的新(亚)种数量最多,越低等的类群发现的新(亚)种数量越多,其中鱼纲的动物占了一半以上,在高等脊椎动物中发现的主要是一些亚种,新(亚)种的模式标本产地多在比较偏远的地方.最后,对统计结果进行了分析.     

Taxonomy and distribution of Nonnapsylla Wagner, 1938 (Siphonaptera: Stephanocircidae: Craneopsyllinae)

The genus Nonnapsylla Wagner, 1938 (Craneopsyllinae) includes only 1 species, Nonnapsylla rothschildi Wagner, 1938 . Two subspecies are recognized by the shape of the dorsal margin of the helmet, apical shape of the spines in helmet and genal combs, length of first and fourth segments of the maxillary palpus, and shape of the hilla of the spermatheca. The validity of the characters used to separate the 2 subspecies of Nonnapsylla rothschildi Wagner, 1938 is discussed based on information from the literature, as well as from direct observation of type specimens and specimens collected in northwestern Argentina. We conclude that Nonnapsylla rothschildi wagneri Johnson, 1957 should be considered as a synonym of the nominal subspecies. We also extend the southern limits of the distribution of the species and report its presence in Argentina.     

Nemertean collections at the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History: type specimens and vouchers for Wesley R. Coe's 1940 publication

The Department of Invertebrate Zoology at the SantaBarbara Museum of Natural History houses a smallcollection of nemerteans from the Eastern PacificOcean. At present the collection containsapproximately 2000 specimen lots stored in alcohol. The historically important elements of the collectionwere obtained in transfers from the Allan HancockFoundation of the University of Southern California,the Kerkoff Marine Laboratory of the CaliforniaInstitute of Technology, and the Benthic InvertebrateMuseum of Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Thespecimens in these three collections voucher manyof the species treated in Wesley R. Coe's 1940revision of the nemerteans of the west coast of theAmericas. Type specimens were located for 4 of the 5new species group taxa and for 1 new subspecies grouptaxon erected in that publication. The Allan HancockFoundation material utilized by Coe was collected inthe 1930's during Pacific expeditions of the R/V Velero III. The material assembled by George andNettie MacGinitie at the Kerkoff lab contained anumber of specimens collected during the same timeperiod. The specimens from Coe's material at ScrippsInstitution of Oceanography were collected by TheodoreBullock and students in central California in 1939.     

Type specimens of argasid and ixodid ticks (Ixodoidea: Argasidae, Ixodidae) in the collection of the Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences (St. Petersburg)

The catalogue contains data on type specimens of 79 species and subspecies of argasid and ixodid ticks. The data on 32 holotypes, 35 lectotypes, and 2 neotypes are given; paratypes and paralectotypes of 47 taxa are present in the collection. Within each family, type specimens are listed in alphabetical order.     

A revision of the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Heterospathe elegans</Emphasis> (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Arecaceae</Emphasis>) complex in New Guinea

Summary  Three closely affiliated species of Heterospathe Scheff. (H. elegans (Becc.) Becc., H. humilis Becc. and H. versteegiana Becc.) from New Guinea are revised. They are reduced to a single species which is divided into two subspecies, and the new combination H. elegans subsp. humilis (Becc.) M. S. Trudgen & W. J. Baker is made. The subspecies can be readily distinguished by their growth habit. Epitypes are designated for the three previously published names, as informative material on the habit is not included in the existing type specimens. A new, potentially related species is described as H. pullenii M. S. Trudgen & W. J. Baker.     

Evolutionary history of the Persian Jird,Meriones persicus,based on genetics,species distribution modelling and morphometric data

The Persian Jird, Meriones persicus, is distributed from Eastern Anatolia to Afghanistan and western Pakistan. Six subspecies were described based on skull features and coat colours, but the validity of these subspecies is uncertain, and no molecular work has ever been conducted on this species. Iran appears to be a key geographical region in which to revise the systematic and evolutionary history of this species, because five of the six subspecies are present in this country. To evaluate the phylogeographical history and taxonomy of this species in Iran, we used a combination of genetic (cytochrome b gene sequences of 70 specimens) and geometric morphometric (2D landmarks on the ventral side of skull of 258 specimens) analyses. We also used ecological niche modelling to make inferences about the evolutionary history of these lineages. Our molecular data highlight the existence of four genetic lineages, but they only partly correspond to the previously described subspecies. Our molecular and morphometric data confirm the validity of M. p. rossicus and show that it has a wider geographical range than previously thought. M. p. gurganensis and M. p. baptistae are genetically very close. The skull of M. p. gurganensis is morphologically distinguishable from other subspecies. The subspecies M. p. persicus and M. p. baptistae are genetically distinct, but morphologically close. Meriones p. ambrosius is genetically close to M. p. persicus, and additional analyses with more specimens are needed to validate its subspecific status. The genetic structure observed in Iran seems to fit the topography and biogeography of the country and emphasize the role of the Abarkooh, Central and Lut deserts as barriers to gene flow. All intraspecific divergent events within the Persian Jird occurred during the last 1.4 My, suggesting that climatic changes probably trigger diversification within this species. Our genetic and species niche modelling results suggest that potential refugial areas persisted during glacial periods for this species in north‐western Zagros Mountains, north‐eastern Alborz Mountains and Kohrud Mountains.     

中国福建省长管蚜亚科五新种和一新亚种(同翅目:蚜总科:蚜科)

作者在整理福建省蚜虫标本时,发现长管蚜亚科５新种和一新亚种,蛇莓中钉毛蚜ＣｈａｅｔｏｓｉｐｈｏｎａｎｇｕｉｆｒａｇｕｍＺｈａｎｇｅｔＱｉａｏ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ红声小长管蚜ＭａｃｒｏｓｉｐｈｏｎｉｅｌｌａｅｒｙｔｈｒａｅａＺｈａｎｇｅｔＱｉａｏ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ多指瘤蚜ＭａｔｓｕｍｕｒａｊａｐｏｌｙｄａｃｔｙｌｏｔａＺｈａｎｇｓｐ．ｎｏｖ,龙栖山大指蚜Ｍｅｇｕｒｏｌｅｕｃｏｎｌｏｎｇｑｉｓｈａｎｅｎｓｅ,ｅ     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Leptoclinus maculatus diaphanocarus</Emphasis> (Schmidt, 1904) (Zoarcoidei: Stichaeidae) of the northen part of the Sea of Japan

Juveniles of Leptoclinus maculatus diaphanocarus were observed in great numbers in netting of bottom trawl in the period from April 28 to May 7 2007 in the Tatar Strait. Metamorphosis of juveniles reached its end at the body length from 8.5 to 11.0 cm. It was accompanied by change of coloration. After transition to the bottom mode of life, the frequency of occurrence of specimens of this species in catches drastically decreased. Principal counts are estimated, with consideration of additional material from far eastern seas of Russia. Two groups of specimens which would correspond to the Pacific and the Atlantic subspecies sensu Andriashev are not found. It is suggested that, for determination of the actual taxonomic status of intraspecies groups of the species L. maculatus, additional comparative material on morphology and genetics is needed from different regions.     

Historical herbarium specimens in plant molecular systematics — an example from the fern genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lindsaea</Emphasis> (Lindsaeaceae)

We extracted, amplified and sequenced DNA from historical herbarium specimens and silica-dried samples of the fern genus Lindsaea in order to study the sequencing success between the two kinds of samples. High quality sequences were obtained from 57% of the herbarium samples. The specimens age was found to be of little importance for sequencing success when less than 75 years, but the colour of a specimen was found more indicative of sequencing success. Shorter DNA fragments were sequenced successfully twice as often as longer fragments from the herbarium material; in relatively recently collected silica-dried material longer sequences were obtained almost as frequently as short ones. No obvious differences in sequencing success between material originating from different herbaria was observed. We conclude that by using specifically designed DNA extraction protocols and by sequencing short DNA fragments from carefully selected specimens, herbarium material and type specimens can be successfully used in molecular systematics. Typical material or specimens from the type locality (topotypes) should be preferred, when placing a species in a phylogeny.     

中国血革螨科记述及一新属的建立：蜱螨亚纲：寄螨目

本文对中国血革螨科进行整理,总共记录了５３种和亚种,并建立了畸胸螨属Ｔｅｒａｓｔｅｒｎａｇｅｎ．ｎｏｖ．,新属与中国血革螨亚科中唯一的血革螨属Ｈａｅｍｏｇａｍａｓｕｓ相并列。     

云南眼蝶一新种及四新亚种（蝶亚目：眼蝶科）

本文记述云南省眼蝶科１新种──德钦阿芬眼蝶ＡｐｈａｎｔｏｐｕｓｄｅｑｅｎｅｎｓｉｓＬｉ,及４亚种─—拟网纹荫眼蝶宾川亚种ＮｅｏｐｅｓｉｍｕｌａｎｓｂｉｎｃｈｕａｎｅｎｓｉｓＬｉ,黄斑荫眼蝶峨嵋亚种Ｎ．ｐｕｌａｈａｅｍｅｉｎｓｉｓＬｉ,奥荫眼蝶漾濞亚种Ｎ．ｏｂｅｒｔｈｕｅｒｉｙａｎｇｂｉｅｎｓｉｓＬｉ与蒙链荫眼蝶勐腊亚种Ｎ．ｍｕｉｒｈｅａｄｉｍｅｎｇｌａｅｎｓｉｓＬｉ。模式标本保存于中国科学院昆明动物研究所。     

中国环蛱蝶属的新种,新亚种及新级位：鳞翅目：蛱蝶科

本文描述采自陕西的环蛱蝶属１新种－周环蛱蝶Ｎｅｐｔｉｓｃｈｏｕｉｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．;将黄环蛱蝶伊洛亚种ＮｅｐｔｉｓｔｈｅｍｉｓｉｌｖｓＦｕｈｓｔｏｒｆｅｒ提升为种,即伊洛环蛱蝶ＮｅｐｔｉｓｉｌｖｓＦｒｕｈｓｔｏｒｆｅｒ,认为黄环蛱蝶台湾亚种ＮｅｐｔｉｓｔｈｅｍｉｓｎｉｅｒｉＮｏｍｕｒａ应为伊洛环蛱蝶ＮｅｐｔｉｓｉｌｖｓＦｒｕｈｓｔｏｒｆｅｒ的１个亚种,描述了伊洛环蛱蝶的１新亚种－四川亚种Ｎｅｐｔｉｓｉ     

Miocene honey bees from the Randeck Maar of southwestern Germany (Hymenoptera, Apidae)

The Miocene Randeck Maar (southwestern Germany) is one of the only sites with abundant material of fossil honey bees. The fauna has been the focus of much scrutiny by early authors who recognized multiple species or subspecies within the fauna. The history of work on the Randeck Maar is briefly reviewed and these fossils placed into context with other Tertiary and living species of the genus Apis Linnaeus (Apinae: Apini). Previously unrecorded specimens from Randeck Maar were compared with earlier series in an attempt to evaluate the observed variation. A morphometric analysis of forewing venation angles across representative Recent and Tertiary species of Apis as well as various non-Apini controls was undertaken to evaluate the distribution of variation in fossil honey bees. The resulting dendrogram shows considerable variation concerning the wing venation of Miocene Apini, but intergradation of other morphological characters reveals no clear pattern of separate species. This suggests that a single, highly variable species was present in Europe during the Miocene. The pattern also supports the notion that the multiple species and subspecies proposed by earlier authors for the Randeck Maar honey bee fauna are not valid, and all are accordingly recognized as Apis armbrusteri Zeuner.     

Redescription of Ilyocryptus sarsi Stingelin, 1913

Ilyocryptus sarsi Stingelin, 1913, earlier regarded as a subspecies of I. sordidus Liévin, 1848, is a valid species, relatively common and widely distributed in South America. It is here redescribed based on material from a number of localities in Brazil. The type specimen is lost, and therefore a neotype is selected from Sars' (1901) specimens, hatched from dried mud from Ipiranga, Paraná, Brazil. Differences between I. sarsi, I. sordidus and some other species are indicated. Recent problems in the systematics of the sordidus-group are discussed. The validity of all species in the sordidus-group described after Liévin and Stingelin is in need of checking.     

中国带斑蚜属记述（同翅目：斑蚜科）

本文记述中国带斑蚜属Ｃａｌｌｉｐｔｅｒｉｎｅｌｌａ Ｇｏｏｔ,１９１３２种,其一为新亚种：河北带斑蚜Ｃａｌｌｉｐｔｅｒｉｎｅｌｌａ ｃａｌｌｉｐｔｅｒａ ｈｅｂｅｉｅｎｓｉｓ ｓｕｂｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。新亚种的模式标本保存于中国科学院动物研究所。     

齿股蝇属一新种和一新亚种记述：（双翅目：蝇科）

作者在整理我国内蒙古和东北地区采集的蝇科标本,发现齿股蝇属Ｈｙｄｒｏｔａｅａ Ｒ．－Ｄ．,１９３０中一新种和一新亚种。昭盟齿股蝇Ｈｙｄｒｏｔａｅａ ｚｈａｏｍｅｎｇａ Ｘｕｅ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．和长白齿股蝇Ｈｙｄｒｏｔａｅａ ｓｃａｍｂｕｓ ｃｈａｎｇｂａｉｅｎｓｉｓ ｓｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．模式标本存于沈阳师范学院昆虫研究所。     

A catalog of bird specimens associated with Prince Maximilian of Wied-Neuwied and potential type material in the natural history collection in Wiesbaden

Bird specimens collected by 19^th century explorer and ornithologist Prince Maximilian of Wied-Neuwied form one of the foundation collections of the American Museum of Natural History in New York. However, parts of his collection remained in Germany and came to the Museum Wiesbaden. Since Wied described numerous new species without designating types, some of these specimens might be type material. Here we present a catalog of the 30 Wiesbaden specimens associated with him and discuss their potential type status. We conclude that 17 individuals in 11 species are potential type specimens that should be considered in future taxonomic work.     

A Mitochondrial Phylogeny and Biogeographical Scenario for Asiatic Water Shrews of the Genus Chimarrogale: Implications for Taxonomy and Low-Latitude Migration Routes

The six species and three subspecies in the genus Chimarrogale (Soricomorpha: Soricidae) are commonly referred to as Asiatic water shrews. The Chimarrogale are the most widely distributed group of Nectogaline shrews, extending throughout the Oriental region and Japan. Because of the limited numbers of specimens available for study, the phylogenetic relationships and biogeographical history of this genus have not been comprehensively discussed. We used mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences to estimate phylogenetic relationships and divergence times among four Chimarrogale species, including all three subspecies of Chimarrogale himalayica. We also conducted a species delimitation analysis and tested two alternative migration scenarios in Asia through species distribution modeling and a reconstruction of the ancestral distribution. Here, we present the first proposed hypothesis regarding the Asiatic water shrew phylogeny and reveal ten putative species within the four recognized species. Distinct phylogenetic statuses of Chimarrogale phaeura, Chimarrogale platycephala, and Chimarrogale styani were confirmed. Chimarrogale himalayica was strongly supported as paraphyletic. We suggest that three subspecies of Chimarrogale himalayica should be reconsidered as distinct species. However, these suggestions must be considered with caution because only a single locus of a mtDNA gene was used. Four additional putative species, possibly distributed in central southwestern China and Taiwan, are currently undescribed; therefore, comprehensive morphological analyses are warranted to test their taxonomic statuses. The estimated molecular divergence times indicated that rapid speciation occurred during the early Pliocene, and current distribution patterns may have been affected by global cooling during the Pliocene/Pleistocene boundary. Reconstruction of the ancestral distribution and species distribution modeling for Asiatic water shrews revealed a low-latitude migration route over which ancestral Chimarrogale migrated from Europe via Central Asia to their current distribution. Our results demonstrated that Asiatic water shrews could have evolved throughout the low-latitude migration route from Europe to East and Southeast Asia.