两个国内小型猪品种GH基因部分序列的多态性分析

目的对西藏小型猪和广西巴马小型猪生长激素基因（GH基因）部分序列的多态性进行分析。方法采用内切酶ApaI和Hin6I对西藏小型猪（108头）和广西巴马小型猪（132头）GH基因-119 bp～＋486 bp之间的区域进行PCR-RFLPs分析。结果 （1）从ApaI酶切产生的结果来看,ApaI酶切产生A（449 bp＋101 bp＋55bp）,B（316 bp＋133 bp＋101 bp＋55 bp）两种等位基因。等位基因A的频率高于等位基因B,等位基因A为优势基因。AA基因型频率高于AB和BB基因型频率;（2）从Hin6I酶切产生的结果来看,Hin6I酶切产生G1（605bp）、G2（498 bp＋107 bp）、G3（449 bp＋156 bp）、G4（449 bp＋107 bp＋49 bp）四种等位基因。等位基因G4的频率高于等位基因G1、G2、G3。等位基因G1频率很低。基因型G2G3、G2G4、G3G4、G4G4的频率较高。（3）由酶切产生的基因和基因型多态性,发现西藏小型猪与广西巴马小型猪在该基因部分序列差异不显著（P〉0.05）。结论国内的优质实验用小型猪,如西藏小型猪和广西巴马小型猪等位基因A频率均较高。     

4个猪种SLA-DQB基因外显子2多态性分析

目的:为研究SLA与抗病育种和经济性状的关系提供理论依据。方法:采用限制性内切酶HaeⅢ对大白猪、长白猪、杜洛克猪和马身猪SLA-DQB基因外显子2的273bp扩增产物多态性进行分析。结果:共检测到A,B,C和E等4个等位基因和AA、BB、AB、AC、AE等5种基因型。在大猪和马身猪中,A等位基因频率较高,分别为0.528和0.587;在长白猪中,检测到3个等位基因A、B和E,频率分别为0.611、0.278和0.111;而在杜洛克中,仅存在B等位基因。适合性检验表明,大白猪和杜洛克猪在该位点处于Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态(P0.05)。结论:SLA-DQB基因外显子2多态性在4个猪种具有明显差别。     

猪H-FABP基因PCR-SSCP分析

应用PCR-SSCP方法分析了H-FABP基因在山西白猪、马身猪、大白猪、长白猪和杜洛克猪5个猪种的多态性。结果表明:在H-FABP基因内含子1中发现了多态位点,该位点上具有两个等位基因A和B,马身猪BB基因型频率最高,B等位基因频率明显高于A等位基因频率;其余4个猪种AA基因型频率最高。序列测定的结果表明,SSCP的变异是由碱基C→T的替换造成的。     

合作猪SLA-DQA基因第4外显子多态性分析

合作猪的MHC-DQA基因的适应性变异,其抗原识别区域(即外显子4)通过PCR扩增和随后的单链构象多态性(SSCP)和序列分析,结果显示在439个合作猪个体,SLA-DQA第4外显子检出4个等位基因和6个基因型(AA、BB、DD、AB、AC和AD),其中A等位基因和AA基因型的频率最高,为优势基因和优势基因型。对不同型的PCR-SSCP条带测序分析,发现7个突变位点(5 068 bp T→C,5 109 bp和5 149 bp处缺失C,5 131 bp A→G导致丝氨酸变为甘氨酸,5 135 bp C→T,5 234 bp G→A,5 136 bp处插入A)。遗传学分析发现,合作猪多态信息含量(PIC)为0.240 1,属于低度多态,各种基因型的分布不显著。研究结果证实,合作猪SLA—DQA基因第4外显子为低度多态。     

猪PRLR基因PCR—SSCP多态性与产仔性能的关联分析

采用PCR-SSCP技术分析了杜洛克猪、长白猪、大白猪、马身猪、山西黑猪和山西白猪等6个品种472个个体催乳素受体基因(PRLR)的多态性,检测到A、B、C 3个等位基因和AA、AB、AC、BB、CC 5种基因型.在马身猪中, B等位基因为优势基因,频率为0.55;其他品种中,优势基因为A等位基因,频率分布在0.79～0.89之间;C等位基因除在大白猪频率略高外(0.20),在其他品种中频率都很低,在0～0.09之间.对AA、BB、CC三种纯合子进行克隆测序和同源序列比较,发现在扩增片段内有6处SNP,都发生在PRLR基因的第8内含子,分别是内含子8第26位、54位和99位的C→T突变,47位和68位的A→G突变,63位的G→A突变.利用最小二乘分析研究了PRLR基因型对母猪头胎总产仔数和产活仔数的影响,结果表明PRLR基因不同基因型母猪的头胎总产仔数和产活仔数差异均不显著.     

微卫星位点DYS19在中国人群中的多态研究

以人DNA为模板,经PCR扩增后,用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分离扩增片段,再经高灵敏度银染着色,对中国陕西汉族、广东汉族、宁夏回族、辽宁满族、四川彝族、西藏藏族、广西壮族、广西瑶族、新疆维吾尔族、湖南土家族等10个人群535名个体的Y染色体上微卫星位点DYS19的遗传多态性进行了研究。结果表明：中国人群中以等位基因C（194bp）为主要等位基因,基因频率范围在0.25-0.61;等位基因B（190bp）、D（198bp）次之,基因频率范围分别为0.08—0.36、0.06—0.42;而等位基因A（186bp）和E（202bp）频率较低,频率范围分别为0—0.07和0—0.38。在壮族中还检测出了一名携带F（206bp）等位基因的个体。中国人群DYS19等位基因的分布与蒙古人种群体以C型为主的结果相一致。X^2成对比较表明瑶族、藏族与大多数其它中国民族间DYS19表型分布存在差异（P< 0.05）或显著性差异（P< 0.01）。中国人群DYS19的基因频率至今在文献中尚未见报道。     

猪Mx1基因第14外显子多态性分析及新突变位点的 发现

采用PCR-RFLP方法对国内外7个猪种Mx1基因第14外显子的多态性进行分析, 共检测到3个等位基因, 6种基因型。其中杜洛克中仅存在AA基因型, 苏太猪中存在全部基因型, 只有在梅山猪和具有梅山猪血统的苏太猪中出现基因型BB。所有猪种中, 只有在地方猪种和培育猪种中出现等位基因B, 所有猪种除松辽黑猪外均以A为优势等位基因。卡方检验结果表明, 不同猪种间基因型分布差异较大, 梅山猪和松辽黑猪与其他所有猪种的基因型频率差异极显著(P＜0.01) , 苏太猪与除皮特兰猪外的所有猪种的基因型频率差异也极显著(P＜0.01) , 淮猪与杜洛克和约克夏这两个国外猪种基因型频率差异不显著(P＞0.05), 而与皮特兰和其他地方猪种的基因型频率均存在极显著差异(P＜0.01) 。通过测序在扩增片段中新发现了3种类型的碱基突变, 前2个分别导致了Thr和Glu向Ala和Arg的替换, 最后一个突变不引起氨基酸的变化, 且后两个突变位点为BB基因型所特有。     

牛α1-AT基因5’侧翼区新SNPS的鉴定及其与产奶性状的相关性

以中国荷斯坦奶牛(Chinese Holstein dairy cattle)为对象,以α1 抗胰蛋白酶基因(α1-AT)为候选基因,扩增5′侧翼区668 bp和999 bp的片段并进行测序.首次发现,在+3 142 bp处P1和+4 408 bp处P2分别发生C-T、T-C突变.随后采用PCR-RFLP方法对随机采自6个牛场,共计294头牛进行了检测,遗传变异和产奶性状分析结果显示：2个位点的等位基因在群体中都有分布,且处于中度多态.P1位点A和B等位基因的频率分别为50.34%和49.66%; AA、AB和BB基因型频率分别为23.81%、53.06%和23.13%;P2位点E和F等位基因的频率分别为30.61%和69.39%, EE、EF和FF基因型频率分别为11.90%、37.41%和50.68%. χ2适合性检验表明,该群体在P1位点的突变达到Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态（P>0.05）,在P2位点未达到平衡.基因与产奶性状关联分析表明,AB基因型个体产奶量与脂蛋比显著高于AA基因型个体(P＜0.05);FF基因型个体乳蛋白率显著高于EF基因型个体(P＜0.05);9种单倍型组合与乳脂率、乳蛋白率、体细胞数、产奶量及脂蛋比均存在不同程度相关性.     

山西白猪SLA-DQB基因多态性研究

为评价和选育山西白猪提供分子基础数据,采用PCR(polymerase chain reaction)-RFLP(restriction fragment length polymorphism)法对202头山西白猪SLA(swine leukocyte antigen)-DQB基因外显子2的273 bp扩增产物多态性进行研究.山西白猪经HaeⅢ酶切后产生6种基因型:167 bp/23 bp/29 bp/54 bp(AA)、84 bp/83bp/23 bp/29 bp/54 bp(BB)、167 bp/4 bp/102 bp(CC)、167 bp/23 bp/83 bp(EE)、167 bp/23 bp/29 bp/54 bp/4 bp/102 bp(AC)和167 bp/106 bp/4 bp/102 bp(CD);5种等位基因(A、B、C、D和E),其中等位基因A和基因型AA有明显优势.山西白猪SLA-DQB基因外显子2 HaeⅢ-RFLP带型较多.     

生长激素基因(GH2)多态性与猪部分生产性能的关系

采用PCR -RFLP对南昌白猪 (117头 )和大约克夏猪 (36 1头 )的GH 2基因 - 119～ +486bp的片段进行了扩增 ,并用ApaⅠ酶切 ,产生了 2个等位基因A(44 9+10 1+5 5bp)和B(316 +133+10 1+5 5bp)。分析了不同基因型对个体初生重、2月龄重、4月龄重、6月龄重、校正背膘厚、平均背膘厚、瘦肉率和料重比等生产性能的影响。结果表明 ,在南昌白猪中 ,不同GH 2基因型间在所测的生产性能上差异不显著 (P >0 0 5 ) ;在大约克夏猪中 ,AA型猪的瘦肉率最低、与BB型猪相比 ,差异显著 (P <0 0 5 )。     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

Scurvy in capybaras bred in captivity in Argentine

In order to determine if the absence of vitamin C in the diet of capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) causes scurvy, a group of seven young individuals were fed food pellets without ascorbic acid, while another group of eight individuals received the same food with 1 g of ascorbic acid per animal per day. Animals in the first group developed signs of scurvy-like gingivitis, breaking of the incisors and death of one animal. Clinical signs appeared between 25 and 104 days from the beginning of the trial in all individuals. Growth rates of individuals deprived of vitamin C was considerably less than those observed in the control group. Deficiency of ascorbic acid had a severe effect on reproduction of another population of captive capybaras. We found that the decrease in ascorbic acid content in the diet affected pregnancy, especially during the first stages. The results obtained suggest that it is necessary to supply a suitable quantity of vitamin C in the diet of this species in captivity.     

Changes in lactate dehydrogenase activity in chicken tissues in hyperthyreosis in ontogenesis

The lactate dehydrogenase activity in reactions of lactate oxidation and synthesis was studied in subfractions of the chicken brain, heart and liver at the embryonal, early postembryonal and adult stages of development after thyroxine administration. It has been shown that during embryogenesis thyroxine predominantly enhanced the rate of lactate oxidation in the mitochondrial tissues. A marked increase in the lactate synthesis was found in cytoplasm of the adult chicken tissues. Specificity of enzyme activity alterations was detected in the chicken brain during ontogenesis after thyroxine administration.     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.