Lipids,amino acids,sugars, hardiness and growth of Festuca arundinacea

Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb. cv S.170) plants were grown in environments differing only in temperature: 6/4, 16/14 or 21/19°. The content of total and individual sugars and amino acids in leaf laminae and roots did not relate closely to the hardiness of the organ. The unsaturation of lipid fatty acids alone was clearly unrelated to hardiness because the difference in unsaturation was greater in the neutral lipids, glycolipids and phospholipids from roots than from leaves but only the latter differed in hardiness. Total amounts of lipids could have been related to hardiness but phospholipids and glycolipids in the roots were not. At least some of these changes may be related to adaptation of growth to temperature.     

Effect of amylose content on the lipids of mature rice grain

Most of the nonstarch lipids in brown rice (Oryza sativa) of three rices differing in amylose content were contributed by bran, germ, polish and subaleurone layer. Nonstarch lipids consisted of 82–91% neutral lipids (of which 73–82% were triglycerides), 7–10% phospholipids and 2–8% glycolipids. Linoleic, oleic and palmitic acids were the major fatty acids. Nonwaxy (24 and 29% amylose) milled rice had proportionally more starch lipids and less nonstarch lipids than waxy (2% amylose) milled rice. Starch lipids were mainly lysophosphatidyl choline, lysophosphatidyl ethanolamine and free fatty acids. The major fatty acids were palmitic and linoleic acids, followed by oleic acid.     

Lipid Composition of Citrus Leaves from Plants Resistant and Susceptible to Citrus Bacterial Canker

The contents and composition of lipids in citrus leaves in relation to their general resistance to infection by strains of Xanthomonas campestris pv. citri (Xcc) were determined. The composition and contents of total polar lipids and phospholipids and the degree of fatty acid unsaturation were significantly different between resistant and susceptible species. Leaves from resistant plants had less phospholipids, but more free sterols than those from susceptible plants. The predominant fatty acids in the phospholipids were palmitic (16:0), linoleic (18:2) and α-linolenic acid (18:3). The degree of fatty acid unsaturation was higher in susceptible plants than in resistant plants. Major phospholipids in citrus leaves were phosphatidylchloline (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), and phosphatidylinositol (PI). β-Sitosterol, campesterol and lanosterol were major sterols in the leaves of citrus plants with resistant species having a higher ratio of free sterols to total phospholipids than susceptible species. Differences in lipid metabolism may contribute to differences in Xcc-resistance of citrus leaves.     

Lipids in plant tissue cultures. VIII: Reversible changes in the composition of lipids and their constituent fatty acids in response to alternate shifts in the mode of carbon supply

When heterotrophic cell cultures of red goosefoot (Chenopodium rubrum) turned photoautotrophic, their contents of various glycolipids and phospholipids increased. The total lipids and the individual lipid classes, especially monogalactosyldiacylglycerols, became richer in linolenic and poorer in linoleic acids. When photoautotrophic cell cultures were rendered heterotrophic again a reversal of changes occurred; both the composition of lipids and the patterns of their constituent fatty acids became similar to those of the starting heterotrophic cultures.The results indicate that the biosynthesis of linolenic acid in photoautotrophic cell cultures involves mainly desaturation of linoleic acid and that chain extension of hexadecatrienoic acid is possibly another, though minor pathway. Monogalactosyldiacylglycerols are apparently the substrates preferred for linolenic acid biosynthesis, whereas various phospholipids are the substrates preferred for linoleic acid biosynthesis.During a growth period of 6 weeks, the levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the lipids from both heterotrophic and photoautotrophic cell cultures decrease with time, whereas the proportions of palmitic acid increase.     

Determination of the lipid classes and fatty acid profile of Niger (Guizotia abyssinica Cass.) seed oil

Niger seeds (Guizotia abyssinica Cass.), which are of interest as a new source of vegetable oils, were subjected to Soxhlet-extraction with n-hexane and the extract analysed using a combination of CC, GC, TLC and normal-phase HPLC. The total lipid content was ca. 300 mg/g seed material, and the fatty acid profile showed a high content of linoleic acid (up to 63%) together with palmitic acid (17%), oleic acid (ca. 11%), and stearic acid (ca. 7%). CC separation over silica gel eluted with solvents of increasing polarity yielded 291 mg/g of neutral lipids, 5.76 mg/g of glycolipids, and 0.84 mg/g of phospholipids. GC analysis showed that the major fatty acid present in all lipid classes was linoleic acid together with minor amounts of palmitic, oleic and stearic acids. Polar lipid fractions, however, were characterised by higher levels of palmitic acid and a lower content of linoleic acid. Phospholipid classes separated by normal-phase HPLC consisted of phosphatidylcholine (ca. 49%), phosphatidylethanolamine (22%), phosphatidylinositol (14%), phosphatidylserine (ca. 8%), and minor amounts (2-3%) of phosphatidylglycerol and lysophosphatidylcholine.     

Lipid composition of a plasma membrane enriched fraction of maize roots

The lipid composition of a plasma membrane enriched fraction isolated from corn (Zea mays) roots was examined. On a wt basis, the lipid: protein ratio was 1.11. Phospholipids comprised 60% of total lipids with the major phospholipids being phosphatidylcholine (62%) and phosphatidylethanolamine (21%). Free sterol was the major neutral lipid. The sterol:phospholipid molar ratio was 0.31. The fatty acid composition of the membrane was predominantly linoleic (60%) and palmitic (30%).     

Metabolism of fatty acids by bovine spermatozoa

The incorporation of (14)C-labelled myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acids in vitro into the lipids of bovine spermatozoa was measured at intervals from 2min to 2h. All acids were rapidly incorporated into diglycerides, myristic acid being metabolized to the greatest extent. Whereas the low incorporation of acids into total phospholipids reflected the relative stability of the major phospholipid fractions in sperm, the minor phospholipids, particularly phosphatidylinositol, showed comparatively high metabolic activity. Although, in general, saturated acids were incorporated more actively than unsaturated substrates, stearic acid was poorly incorporated into all lipids except phosphatidylinositol. In regard to fatty acid composition of sperm lipids it was notable that diglycerides contained myristic acid as the major component, and this acid was also a prominent moiety of phosphatidylinositol. Docosahexaenoic acid was the principal fatty acid of the major phospholipid classes. These findings have been discussed in relation to the role of lipids in the metabolism of spermatozoa.     

Effect of growth temperature on lipid composition of Streptococcus faecium

The effect of growth temperature on the lipid and fatty acid composition of Streptococcus faecium has been studied. No differences in the qualitative composition of S. faecium lipids were observed. In all isolated fractions (neutral lipids, glycolipids, and phospholipids plus other polar lipids), the major fatty acids were palmitic (C-16:0), palmitoleic (C-16:1), octadecenoic (C-18:1), and cyclopropane (C-19:0). Changes in the fatty acid composition of the different fractions were observed which depended on growth temperature; the most significant one was the decrease of octadecenoic acid and the increase of palmitic acid in glycolipids and polar lipids as the temperature increased. The level of cyclopropane C-19:0 was approximately eightfold lower at 8 degrees C than at the other temperatures tested (20, 30, and 45 degrees C).     

Lipids and fatty acid composition of developing winged bean seeds

The moisture, lipids and fatty acid composition of developing winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) seeds were studied. The moisture content decreased steadily as the seeds matured. The lipid content increased gradually and reached a maximum ca 6 weeks after flowering (WAF). In the early stage (2 WAF) of the developing seeds there were more polar lipids (glycolipids and phospholipids) than neutral lipids but, as the seeds developed, neutral lipids gradually accumulated while the polar lipids decreased until 6 WAF. Thereafter, both the neutral lipid and polar lipid levels remained little changed. The amounts of palmitic and stearic acids decreased, but the level of behenic acid increased as the seeds matured. On the other hand, the oleic acid content increased while that of linolenic acid decreased rapidly as the seeds matured. The concentration of linoleic acid, however, fluctuated during the development of the seeds.     

Fatty acids of lipids from cultured soybean and rape cells

Lipids from cultured cells, leaves and seeds of two varieties each of soybean (Glycine max) and oil seed rape (Brassica napus) were separated into neutral lipids, glycolipids and phospholipids and their fatty acids were analysed. Usually, the fatty acid composition differed between corresponding fractions from cultured cells, leaves and seeds. Differences were least marked in (i) the phospholipids from cultured cells and leaves of soybean and (ii) the neutral lipids from cultured cells and seeds of rape. In the cultured cells, the fatty acid composition of the phospholipids differed from that of the glycolipids and neutral lipids, and fatty acids of chain length greater than C₁₈ comprised a large proportion of the fatty acids of the glycolipids.     

Lipids of Leaves and Seeds

The lipid components of the chlorophyll lipoproteins isolated from the leaves of Cayratia japonica, Vicia sativa, and Artemisia princeps were separated and identified by column, thin-layer, and paper chromatographies. The lipids were mainly composed of carotenoids, quinones including plastoquinone, sterols and their esters, di- and monoglycerides, free fatty acids, chlorophylls and their degradation products, glycolipids including plant sulfolipids, and phospholipids, in which the glycolipids were predominant. The fatty acid composition was characteristic depending on each separated lipid component. Comparison of the lipid distributions was made between whole leaf and chlorophyll lipoprotein, and also between chlorophyll lipoproteins from young leaves and from full-grown leaves.     

Lipids in Cruciferae IX. The Effect of Growth Temperature and Stage of Development on the Fatty Acid Composition of Leaves, Siliques and Seeds of "Zero-erucic-acid" Breeding Lines of Brassica napus

Two breeding lines of “zero-erucic-acid” rapeseed (Brassica napus) were grown in climate chambers at a constant night temperature (12°C) and constant photoperiod (16 hours) but with different day temperatures (15, 20 and 25°C). Samples of leaves, siliques and immature seeds were analysed for total fatty acid pattern. The content of different acyl lipids and the fatty acid pattern of these lipids were also determined in some of the samples by use of preparative TLC followed by GLC of the fatty acids. The mature seeds produced by ten plants of each selection in each climate were analysed separately for total fatty acid composition. Mono- and digalactosyl diglycerides (MGDG, DGDG) were the predominant acyl lipids in leaves and siliques. In developing seeds they also were more abundant than the phospholipids, but in this case the neutral lipids, mainly triacylglycerols, contained about 95% of the total fatty acids. Large variations were found in the fatty acid composition of monogalactosyl diglyceride and digalactosyl diglyceride, isolated from leaves, siliques and immature seeds. The palmitic acid content of leaf MGDG was about 15 %, atypically high for MGDG from photosynthetic tissue. The linolenic acid content of the MGDG was about 45 %, 30 % and 10 % in the leaf, silique and seed tissues respectively. A hexadecatrienoic acid (16: 3) was found almost exclusively in the MGDG samples of leaves, siliques and immature seeds (about 25 %, 10 % and 3 % 16:3 respectively). The lipids of siliques — mainly photosynthetising tissue — were different from those of leaves and had especially high contents of stearic acid (6–12 % in the different lipids). For all lipid classes studied, leaves grown at the lowest day temperature had a slightly lower oleic and higher linolenic acid content than those grown at the highest temperature. On the other hand, increasing the day temperature caused a decreased level of oleic, an increased level of linoleic and an essentially unchanged level of linolenic acids in the mature seeds from both selections.     

Seeds of Trichosanthes kirilowii, an energy-rich diet

The kernels of Trichosanthes kirilowii seeds contain a green oil which makes up for 62% of their dry matter. This oil consists up to 95% of triglycerides, 2% of glycolipids, 1.3% of phospholipids and 1.8% of chlorophylls. As fatty acid components the triglycerides, glycolipids and phospholipids contain the unsaturated fatty acids linoleic and oleic acid and the saturated palmitic acid. In the triglycerides 19% of the C18:3 acid occur with the configuration delta9 cis, delta11 trans, delta13 cis. This acid is called trichosanic acid and is absent in glycolipids and phospholipids which contain instead another C18:3 fatty acid, which has conjugated double bounds and occurs with an amount of 21% and 3%, respectively. Typically, these oil seeds contain in addition up to 30% of their dry matter proteins and up to 2.5% mono- and oligosaccharides. The monosaccharides consist of rhamnose, galactose and glucose and the oligosaccharides represent a mixture of tri- and tetrasaccharides.     

Biological activity of polar lipids from bifidobacteria

Fractions of polar lipids have been isolated from bifidobacteria, and the immunoreactivity and serological specificity of glycolipids and phospholipids have been studied. Enzyme immunoassay (dot-EIA) of polar lipids demonstrates that the fractions of glycolipids and phospholipids of bifidobacteria are highly immunoreactive. Pronounced reactions of major glycolipids and phospholipids with a homologous polyvalent antiserum against B. adolescentis 94-BIM have been observed at antigen concentrations of approximately 100 ng. The antiserum contained high titers of specific antibodies against glycolipids and phospholipids of bifidobacteria, as demonstrated by heterogeneous solid-phase enzyme immunoassay (ELISA). Experimental data confirming the presence of subpopulations of specific antibodies (antiglycolipid and antiphospholipid) in the blood sera of immunized animals lead to the conclusion that the major glycolipids and phospholipids of bifidobacteria are specific markers appropriate for serological diagnostics.     

Use of lipid composition and metabolism to examine structure and activity of estuarine detrital microflora

Earlier studies have shown that the activity of the estuarine detrital microflora measured by various enzyme activities, muramic acid and adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) content, heterotrophic potentials, and respiratory activities correlates with the incorporation of C and P into the microbial lipids. In this study, these lipids were reproducibly fractionated into neutral lipid, glycolipid, and phospholipid classes. Distinct differences between the active microflora of oak leaves, sweet gum leaves, and pine needles were evidenced both in the rate of lipid synthesis and in the proportions of neutral lipids, glycolipids, and phospholipids. Successional changes in the microflora of leaves incubated in a semitropical estuary, previously suggested by ATP-to-muramic acid ratios and scanning electron micrography, were reflected in changes in the proportions of C in major lipid classes when analyzed from the same type of detritus. Short incubation times with C gave lipid compositions rich in phospholipids that are typical for the faster-growing bacterial populations; longer incubation with C gave lipid compositions richer in neutral and glycolipids, more characteristic of slower-growing eukaryotes or morphologically more complex prokaryotes. The metabolism of the lipids of the estuarine detrital microflora was examined by a pulse-chase experiment with C. Glycolipids lost C at a rate equal to the loss of C of the slow component of muramic acid. Individual phospholipids lost C from their backbone glycerol esters at different rates.     

Lipids and fatty acids of the southwestern corn borer,Diatraea grandiosella

The lipids of the adults and of several immature stages of the southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella, were studied after they were fed natural corn stalks or artificial diets. Linoleic acid (18:2) was the major fatty acid of the neutral lipids in both the natural and the artificial diets, but aleic acid (18:1) was the principal neutral lipid in all insect stages. Also, linoleic acid and oleic acid were the principal acids in the insect phospholipids of all stages. The content of linoleic acid in the natural diet was also high, but that in the artificial diet appeared to be much too low for insect requirements. Phosphatidyl choline (PC) and phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE) were the major phospholipids in all growth stages. Thus, in larvae diapausing in the field, the unsaturated fatty acid content of PC was 59·3 per cent, primarily 16:1 and 18:1, and PE was 87·4 per cent, primarily 18:1, 18:2, and 18:3, and the fatty acids in the number 1- and 2-positions of PC were 53·6 and 97·2 per cent unsaturated, respectively. The haemolymph of diapausing southwestern corn borer larvae contained primarily glycerides but also had some PC and PE. Fat body from diapausing larvae contained primarily 16:0, 16:1, and 18:1 in a ratio of 1 : 1 : 2. Thus lipids of the southwestern corn borer do not reflect dietary lipids as closely as do other insects studied.     

Biological Activity of Polar Lipids from Bifidobacteria

Fractions of polar lipids have been isolated from bifidobacteria, and the immunoreactivity and serological specificity of glycolipids and phospholipids have been studied. Enzyme immunoassay (dot-EIA) of polar lipids demonstrates that the fractions of glycolipids and phospholipids of bifidobacteria are highly immunoreactive. Pronounced reactions of major glycolipids and phospholipids with a homologous polyvalent antiserum against B. adolescentis 94-BIM have been observed at antigen concentrations of approximately 100 ng. The antiserum contained high titers of specific antibodies against glycolipids and phospholipids of bifidobacteria, as demonstrated by heterogeneous solid-phase enzyme immunoassay (ELISA). Experimental data confirming the presence of subpopulations of specific antibodies (antiglycolipid and antiphospholipid) in the blood sera of immunized animals lead to the conclusion that the major glycolipids and phospholipids of bifidobacteria are specific markers appropriate for serological diagnostics.     

Lipid profiles of conidia of Aspergillus niger and a fatty acid auxotroph

Conidial lipids of the wild-type (V35) Aspergillus niger and its unsaturated fatty acid auxotroph (UFA2) were compared. The wild type contained lower levels (7.6%) of phospholipids and higher levels (28.4%) of glycolipids than the mutant (16.5 and 22.2%, respectively). Oleic (33.4%), linoleic (22.5%), palmitic (12.8%), stearic (7.4%), and linolenic (6.2%) were the main fatty acids of the wild type (V35). The mutant grew only in the presence of unsaturated fatty acid having at least one delta 9cis double bond, and its conidial fatty acid profile was influenced by the exogenous acid. Analyses of the fatty acids of UFA2 grown in the presence of different fatty acid supplements support the original view that the mutant is defective in delta 9-desaturase activity.     

Lipid profiles of Aspergillus niger and its unsaturated fatty acid auxotroph, UFA2

A comparative study of the mycelial lipid composition of a wild strain (V35) and one unsaturated fatty acid auxotroph (UFA2) of Aspergillus niger has been performed. The lipid composition of both strains are qualitatively the same but quantitatively different. All the strains contain the following phospholipids: cardiolipin, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylethanolamine, lysophosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylserine; and triglycerides, diglycerides, monoglycerides, ergosterol, and sterol esters as the neutral lipids; mono- and di-galactosyl diglyceride as the major glycolipids along with small amounts of the corresponding mannose analogs. Phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine constitute the bulk of the phospholipids. The mutant (UFA2) contains a higher level of glycerides and lower levels of sterol (both free and esterified form), phospholipids, and glycolipids than the wild type. Aspergillus niger contains C16 to C18 saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Small amounts of long-chain (C20 to C24) and short-chain (C10 to C14) saturated and unsaturated acids are also present. Linoleic, oleic, and palmitic are the major acids, stearic and linolenic acids being minor ones. UFA2 grows only in the presence of unsaturated fatty acid (C16 or C18) and accumulates a higher concentration of supplemented acid which influences its fatty acid profile.     

Oxidation of Glycine via the Respiratory Chain in Mitochondria Prepared from Different Parts of Spinach

Mitochondria were prepared from roots, stalks, leaves, and leaf veins of spinach. The mitochondrial preparations were examined for their ability to oxidize glycine via the respiratory chain. It is shown that the glycine-oxidizing capacity is restricted to photosynthetically active tissue. The activity is present in mitochondria from the green parts of the leaves, but not in mitochondria from roots, stalks, or leaf veins.