工程大肠杆菌生产高附加值有机酸、醇研究进展

人类正面临日益严峻的化石资源枯竭与环境恶化等问题,利用可再生的生物质资源生产高附加值平台化合物受到越来越多的关注。文中主要讨论了代谢工程大肠杆菌Escherichia coli生产各种高附加值有机酸 (琥珀酸、3-羟基丙酸、葡萄糖二酸)、醇 (甘油、木糖醇) 的最新研究进展。此外,还简述了2,5-呋喃二甲酸、天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、衣康酸、乙酰丙酸、3-羟基-γ-丁内酯、山梨糖醇等几种平台化合物的应用及生产方式,到目前为止未见使用E. coli生产这些化合物的报道。     

酵母菌合成2-苯乙醇的研究进展

2-苯乙醇是一种具有令人愉悦的玫瑰风味的芳香醇,在食品、化妆品和药品等领域具有广泛的应用。本文对酵母菌合成2-苯乙醇的代谢途径及其调控过程、以及提高2-苯乙醇产量的国内外研究进展进行了综述,并对通过微生物转化法合成2-苯乙醇目前存在的不足及进一步研究方向进行了讨论。     

微生物发酵生产有机酸研究进展

发酵工程是生物技术的重要组成部分,微生物发酵生产是其研究成果转化为现实生产力并形成产业取得经济效益的一个重要环节。大多数有机酸均可通过微生物发酵进行生产,有此有机酸已进入工业化生产,其产品进入商业化,为食品、医药、化工以及农业等各个行业服务。这里仅介绍5种重要有机酸微生物发酵生产研究开发所取得的成果。一、乳酸L-乳酸已广泛应用于食品、医药、农业和化工等方面,它是食品工业的重要酸味剂、防腐剂;聚L-乳酸可用于制造生物塑料。美国、日本及欧洲一些国家的乳酸工业有较大发展。乳酸制成饮料,用于降低血压,这主要…     

根霉菌利用木质纤维素发酵生产有机酸的研究进展*

木质纤维素是世界上储量最丰富、最廉价的可再生生物质资源,利用木质纤维素发酵生产有机酸具有重大的经济效益及社会效益。为发掘影响木质纤维素利用的关键因素,对根霉菌的木糖代谢途径以及利用木质纤维素发酵生产乳酸、富马酸等重要有机酸的生产方式、发酵策略等进行了阐述,指出针对木糖的转化率是制约木质纤维素高效利用的瓶颈。     

酵母菌中谷胱甘肽的主要生理功能及其代谢调控

谷胱甘肽是生物体内一种重要的三肽小分子 ,具有广泛的生理功能。对谷胱甘肽在酵母细胞中的作用及其代谢调控机制 ,做了较为详细的介绍。这一带有基础性研究的内容 ,对于以酵母为生产菌的谷胱甘肽的生产 ,或是酵母的其他工业化生产 ,具有重要的启示。     

紫杉醇生物合成途径及调控研究进展

本文综述了紫杉醇的生物合成途径、代谢调控及基因工程方面的研究进展,总结了代谢调控与基因工程方法提高红豆杉属植物细胞培养紫杉醇合成量的研究状况,并在探讨生物合成途径理论的基础上,对紫杉醇生物合成的限速步骤进行了阐述,指出解决侧链合成的根速步骤问题会显著提高紫杉醇的生物合成量。     

利用异源生物生产青蒿素及其前体的研究进展

青蒿素是从中药青蒿中分离出来的一种倍半萜内酯类化合物,也是目前最有效的抗疟疾药物,对人类健康意义重大。该文通过对青蒿素生物合成途径及其相关酶的介绍,综述了利用异源生物通过组合生物合成途径生产青蒿素及其前体的最新研究进展。     

植物生物碱代谢生物学研究进展

目前,植物生物碱作为植物的化学防御武器,在植物的生态适应过程中发挥积极作用的观点已得到了普遍的接受。生物碱代谢生物学的研究近年来取得了长足的进步,主要集中在生物碱合成和贮存部位、转运途径、代谢调控因子、生物合成途径和关键酶及其编码基因等方面,现就这方面的进展作一简要综述,并提出了该领域尚存在的问题和前景展望。     

产朊假丝酵母利用不同有机酸作碳源的研究

分别通过不同有机酸为惟一碳源,研究了产朊假丝酵母（Candida utilis）能够利用的有机酸的种类,旨在为微生物的基础研究和应用基础研究提供部分依据。分别通过对培养时间和菌体在不同有机酸合成培养基中OD值进行统计分析,发现培养时间和柠檬酸、乳酸、琥珀酸、L-苹果酸培养基的OD值极显著相关（P〈0.01）;培养时间和乙酸、酒石酸、富马酸和草酸培养基的OD值无相关性。通过对比菌体培养前后有机酸合成培养基pH值的变化发现乙酸、酒石酸、富马酸和草酸合成培养基的pH值没有明显变化,而苹果酸、乳酸、琥珀酸和柠檬酸为碳源的合成培养基的pH值均明显增大。从而说明产朊假丝酵母能利用L-苹果酸、乳酸、琥珀酸、柠檬酸为碳源,而不能利用乙酸、酒石酸、草酸、富马酸为碳源。     

四碳有机酸生物合成的代谢工程研究进展

四碳有机酸作为重要的平台化学品,广泛应用于食品、化工、农业、医药和生物材料等领域.与传统的石化法相比,利用微生物发酵生产四碳有机酸具有反应条件温和、过程绿色环保等优势,具有广泛的应用前景.文中总结了四碳有机酸的生物合成途径和代谢机制,着重讨论了天然菌株生产四碳有机酸以及基于菌种选育和代谢工程改造策略提高四碳有机酸合成能...     

生物可降解塑料单体二元羧酸的生物合成研究进展北大核心CSCD

塑料是最重要的聚合物材料之一,需求量巨大,但存在处理困难、污染大等缺点。环境友好型的生物可降解塑料有望成为目前塑料的替代品,以满足社会各界对于塑料制品日益增长的需求。二元羧酸是生物可降解塑料中重要的单体之一,可降解性强,应用广泛,并且可以通过全生物法合成。因此,本文重点选取了几种比较有代表性的二元羧酸,总结它们的生物合成途径以及其代谢改造手段,以期为中长链等复杂二元羧酸的生物法合成提供借鉴。     

Advances in production and structural derivatization of the promising molecule ursolic acid

Ursolic acid (UA) is a ursane-type pentacyclic triterpenoid compound, naturally produced in plants via specialized metabolism and exhibits vast range of remarkable physiological activities and pharmacological manifestations. Owing to significant safety and efficacy in different medical conditions, UA may serve as a backbone to produce its derivatives with novel therapeutic functions. This review aims to provide ideas for exploring more diverse structures to improve UA pharmacological activity and increasing its biological yield to meet the industrial requirements by systematically reviewing the current research progress of UA. We first provides an overview of the pharmacological activities, acquisition methods and structural modifications of UA. Among them, we focused on the synthetic modifications of UA to yield valuable derivatives with enhanced therapeutic potential. Furthermore, harnessing the essential advances for green synthesis of UA and its derivatives by advent of metabolic engineering and synthetic biology are of great concern. In this regard, all pivotal advances for enhancing the production of UA have been discussed. In combination with the advantages of UA biosynthesis and transformation strategy, large-scale microbial production of UA is a promising platform for further exploration.     

代谢工程改造野生耐酸酵母生产L-乳酸

以选育低pH条件下高产L-乳酸的酵母菌为目的,从自然样品中筛选分离得到一株能在pH 2.5 (乳酸调节) 的培养基中生长且不利用乳酸的酵母 (初步鉴定为木兰假丝酵母Candida magnolia);进一步将来源于米根霉As3.819的乳酸脱氢酶编码基因 (ldhA) 插入含有G418抗性基因的酵母穿梭载体,构建了重组质粒pYX212-kanMX-ldhA,电转化入野生型C. magnolia中,筛选获得了一株具有产L-乳酸能力的重组菌株C. magnolia-2;通过发酵实验表明,该重组菌产L-乳酸的最     

The histone deacetylases Rpd3 and Hst1 antagonistically regulate de novo NAD+ metabolism in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

NAD⁺ is a cellular redox cofactor involved in many essential processes. The regulation of NAD⁺ metabolism and the signaling networks reciprocally interacting with NAD⁺-producing metabolic pathways are not yet fully understood. The NAD⁺-dependent histone deacetylase (HDAC) Hst1 has been shown to inhibit de novo NAD⁺ synthesis by repressing biosynthesis of nicotinic acid (BNA) gene expression. Here, we alternatively identify HDAC Rpd3 as a positive regulator of de novo NAD⁺ metabolism in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We reveal that deletion of RPD3 causes marked decreases in the production of de novo pathway metabolites, in direct contrast to deletion of HST1. We determined the BNA expression profiles of rpd3Δ and hst1Δ cells to be similarly opposed, suggesting the two HDACs may regulate the BNA genes in an antagonistic fashion. Our chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that Rpd3 and Hst1 mutually influence each other’s binding distribution at the BNA2 promoter. We demonstrate Hst1 to be the main deacetylase active at the BNA2 promoter, with hst1Δ cells displaying increased acetylation of the N-terminal tail lysine residues of histone H4, H4K5, and H4K12. Conversely, we show that deletion of RPD3 reduces the acetylation of these residues in an Hst1-dependent manner. This suggests that Rpd3 may function to oppose spreading of Hst1-dependent heterochromatin and represents a unique form of antagonism between HDACs in regulating gene expression. Moreover, we found that Rpd3 and Hst1 also coregulate additional targets involved in other branches of NAD⁺ metabolism. These findings help elucidate the complex interconnections involved in effecting the regulation of NAD⁺ metabolism.     

微生物发酵法生产L-苯丙氨酸的研究进展

L-苯丙氨酸 (L-Phe) 是一种重要的必需氨基酸,广泛应用于食品、饲料添加剂以及医药等领域.L-Phe主要由化学合成法、酶法和微生物发酵法等3种方法来生产.其中,微生物发酵法由于具有原料廉价易得、环境污染较小、产物纯度高等优点成为目前国内外工业化生产L-Phe的主要方法.本文主要以大肠杆菌为例对L-Phe生物合成途...     

Biodegradable polymers from organic acids by using activated sludge enriched by aerobic periodic feeding

This article describes a new process for the production of biopolymers (polyhydroxyalkanoates, PHAs) based on the aerobic enrichment of activated sludge to obtain mixed cultures able to store PHAs at high rates and yields. Enrichment was obtained through the selective pressure established by feeding the carbon source in a periodic mode (feast and famine regime) in a sequencing batch reactor. A concentrated mixture of acetic, lactic, and propionic acids (overall concentration of 8.5 gCOD L(-1)) was fed every 2 h at 1 day(-1) overall dilution rate. Even at such high organic load (8.5 gCOD L(-1) day(-1)), the selective pressure due to periodic feeding was effective in obtaining a biomass with a storage ability much higher than activated sludges. The immediate biomass response to substrate excess (as determined thorough short-term batch tests) was characterized by a storage rate and yield of 649 mgPHA (as COD) g biomass (as COD)(-1) h(-1) and 0.45 mgPHA (as COD) mg removed substrates (as COD(-1)), respectively. When the substrate excess was present for more than 2 h (long-term batch tests), the storage rate and yield decreased, whereas growth rate and yield significantly increased due to biomass adaptation. A maximum polymer fraction in the biomass was therefore obtained at about 50% (on COD basis). As for the PHA composition, the copolymer poly(beta-hydroxybutyrate/beta-hydroxyvalerate) with 31% of hydroxyvalerate monomer was produced from the substrate mixture. Comparison of the tests with individual and mixed substrates seemed to indicate that, on removing the substrate mixture for copolymer production, propionic acid was fully utilized to produce propionylCoA, whereas the acetylCoA was fully provided by acetic and lactic acid.     

Metabolic regulatory mechanisms and physiological roles of functional amino acids and their applications in yeast

ABSTRACT

In yeast, amino acid metabolism and its regulatory mechanisms vary under different growth environments by regulating anabolic and catabolic processes, including uptake and export, and the metabolic styles form a complicated but robust network. There is also crosstalk with various metabolic pathways, products and signal molecules. The elucidation of metabolic regulatory mechanisms and physiological roles is important fundamental research for understanding life phenomenon. In terms of industrial application, the control of amino acid composition and content is expected to contribute to an improvement in productivity, and to add to the value of fermented foods, alcoholic beverages, bioethanol, and other valuable compounds (proteins and amino acids, etc.). This review article mainly describes our research in constructing yeast strains with high functionality, focused on the metabolic regulatory mechanisms and physiological roles of “functional amino acids”, such as l-proline, l-arginine, l-leucine, l-valine, l-cysteine, and l-methionine, found in yeast.     

提高衣康酸产量的代谢工程育种研究进展

衣康酸(itaconic acid,IA)是一种白色结晶状的不饱和二元羧酸,它是化学和制药工业中许多相关化合物的前体,被广泛应用于树脂、塑料、胶乳和超吸附剂等的工业生产中。与化学法生产衣康酸相比,生物法具有原料来源广泛,生产过程能耗低,不污染环境等优点。介绍了衣康酸合成的生物代谢途径,以及在野生型宿主和异源宿主中生产衣康酸和提高衣康酸产量的生物技术,为今后开展利用生物技术生产衣康酸的研究提供参考。