S-腺苷甲硫氨酸的研究进展

S-腺苷甲硫氨酸(SAM)是甲硫氨酸和三磷酸腺苷相结合的代谢物,广泛存在于动植物和微生物体内,参与40多种生化反应,主要作为三种代谢途径(转甲基、转硫基、转氨丙基)的前体,临床上被广泛用于治疗肝病、抑郁症、关节炎等。SAM的制备方法主要有化学合成法、酶促合成法、发酵法三种。化学合成的SAM是消旋体,需进行光学拆分,且存在产率低、原料L-高半胱氨酸价格昂贵和环境污染等问题。酶促合成法合成的SAM纯度高,但原料ATP成本太高。发酵法已成为目前生产SAM最常用的方法,欧洲利用发酵法生产SAM已实现了产业化,但国内的起步较晚,目前还处于实验室研究阶段。因此,应加强发酵法生产SAM的产业化关键技术研究。     

阻断消耗途径提高毕赤酵母工程菌S-腺苷甲硫氨酸产量

【背景】S-腺苷甲硫氨酸(S-adenosyl-L-methionine, SAM)作为所有生物体内的重要中间代谢物,不仅可作为膳食补充剂,还具有良好的临床应用价值。【目的】将毕赤酵母重组菌GS115/DS16的SAM消耗途径阻断,进一步提高SAM的产量。【方法】分别敲除毕赤酵母重组菌GS115/DS16的S-腺苷同型半胱氨酸水解酶基因sah1、S-腺苷甲硫氨酸脱羧酶基因spe2和L-甲硫氨酰tRNA合酶基因msm1,构建工程菌G/Dsah、G/Dspe和G/Dmsm。检测3个工程菌的生长和SAM产量,以及L-Met添加量对SAM积累的影响。【结果】与出发菌GS115/DS16相比,工程菌G/Dsah、G/Dspe和G/Dmsm的单位菌体SAM产量分别提高了29.3%、55.6%和24.8%,其生长无显著差异。L-Met添加量优化后(0.06%),G/Dsah和G/Dmsm单位菌体的SAM产量分别提高了26.4%和28.9%。【结论】构建的毕赤酵母工程菌可用于SAM的工业化生产,该代谢工程策略可用于改进其他化学品的生产。     

pH对S-腺苷-L-蛋氨酸发酵的影响

研究了不同pH控制方式对S-腺苷-L-蛋氨酸(SAM)发酵过程及产量的影响。通过对发酵过程中不控制pH、控制恒定pH、两阶段控制pH和三阶段控制pH实验,研究了不同条件下对菌体干重、葡萄糖代谢和SAM产量的影响。控制合适的pH有利于菌体生长与SAM的生物合成,菌体生长最适pH为6.0,SAM转化最适pH为6.5,采用三阶段控制pH,使SAM产量比不控制pH提高了133%,比控制pH6.5提高了18.6%,比两阶段控制pH提高了10%。     

微生物转化生产S-腺苷甲硫氨酸

S-腺苷甲硫氨酸(S-adenosyl-L-methionine,SAM)是具有广阔市场前景的活性氨基酸,微生物转化法是近年来报道较多的SAM生产方法.综合近年来SAM生产菌株的基因改造和发酵优化方面的进展,从提高SAM合成酶表达和酶活、优化甲醇和甘油的流加方式、改善ATP的生成和L-甲硫氨酸的补料、阻断下游代谢路径等方面,综述了促进SAM合成及其积累的多重策略及机制.最后结合笔者多年研究实践,讨论了微生物转化生产SAM的未来研究方向.     

丁醇产生菌育种研究进展

生物丁醇产业因发酵法的产量、产率和比例低等原因受到限制。菌种改良是解决问题的一个重要和根本的策略。诱变育种仍然是工业育种的主要方法,复合诱变和理性化筛选更有效。基因工程育种对丙酮丁醇梭菌和大肠杆菌丁醇合成途径进行改造和构建优化,还可改造途径外影响合成的其它基因,以获得高产菌株,发展最为迅猛,但效果仍低于诱变育种。今后的菌种改良方向仍为提高产量和比例。     

强化表达SAM合成酶促进SAM在毕赤酵母中累积

S 腺苷甲硫氨酸 (S adenosyl L methionine ,SAM)是生物体硫代谢的重要中间代谢物质 ,在体内起着转甲基、转硫基、转氨丙基的作用 ,具有重要的药用和保健价值。将酿酒酵母来源的SAM合成酶 2基因置于GAP启动子调控下 ,构建胞内组成型表达质粒 ,并电转化至毕赤酵母菌株GS115。经Zeocin抗性和培养筛选到一株高产SAM的重组菌。对重组菌表达工艺的研究表明 ,碳源、氮源、pH和溶解氧对SAM的累积有较大影响。在优化条件下 ,重组细胞培养 3天 ,SAM累积量可达 2 .49g/L。     

代谢过程中相关氨基酸对高密度发酵生产腺苷蛋氨酸的影响

对清酒酵母高密度发酵生产S-腺苷-L-蛋氨酸（SAM）代谢过程中的相关氨基酸进行了考察。分别考察了十二种氨基酸对生物量和SAM产量的影响。实验发现L-胱氨酸、L-半胱氨酸、L-赖氨酸、L-组氨酸和L-蛋氨酸对SAM的积累有利,其中L-赖氨酸和L-组氨酸可以提高生物量,进而提高SAM的产量;L-胱氨酸、L-半胱氨酸和L-蛋氨酸可以提高SAM的含量,但是会抑制生物量的增长。通过3种补加方式的比较,得到最优的补加方式为：L-赖氨酸和L-组氨酸在培养基中加入,L-胱氨酸,L-半胱氨酸和L-蛋氨酸采取在发酵过程前24h流加。通过正交实验确定补加量为：L-赖氨酸为1g／L,L-组氨酸为1g／L,L-胱氨酸为1．5g／L,L-半胱氨酸为1g／L,L-蛋氨酸为1g／L。将此结果应用于5L发酵罐培养,SAM最高产量为5．53g/L,生物量为128g／L。     

毕赤酵母发酵产S-腺苷蛋氨酸的甘油-甲醇混合流加策略

在毕赤酵母发酵生产S-腺苷蛋氨酸(SAM)的诱导阶段,以不同甘油-甲醇比例的甘油-甲醇混合培养基进行诱导培养,结果表明以10%(w/v)甘油含量的甘油-甲醇混合培养基进行诱导培养时最有利于SAM的表达,SAM产量达6.09 g/L,比0%甘油含量条件下的SAM产量提高了20.4%。对诱导方式进行优化,先以100%甲醇诱导24 h,然后再连续流加10%(w/v)甘油含量的甘油-甲醇混合培养基,SAM产量可达7.94 g/L,在此基础上,进一步改进诱导方式,SAM产量得到进一步的提高,达到9.80 g/L。     

L-蛋氨酸及甲醇浓度对毕赤酵母摇瓶发酵生产S-腺苷蛋氨酸的影响

利用甲醇传感器及高效液相色谱检测毕赤酵母摇瓶发酵过程的甲醇浓度及S-腺苷蛋氨酸(SAM)浓度,发现L-蛋氨酸浓度及甲醇浓度对毕赤酵母细胞生长及合成S-腺苷蛋氨酸具有影响,据此对摇瓶发酵过程的L-蛋氨酸浓度及甲醇浓度进行优化。优化结果表明:当L-蛋氨酸浓度为7.5 g/L时,最适于SAM积累,产量达到0.83 g/L;进而利用甲醇传感器对发酵过程的甲醇浓度进行检测及控制,考察不同甲醇浓度对SAM产量的影响,毕赤酵母产SAM的最佳甲醇浓度为15 g/L,在此浓度下SAM的产量达到1.41 g/L,比对照实验增加了21%。     

高产赖氨酸菌的选育与应用

赖氨酸是人体和哺乳动物的必需氨基酸,必须从食物中补充。赖氨酸具有重要的营养生理功能,在医药、食品和饲料工业中应用广泛。本文综述赖氨酸的生理功能、应用与生产、赖氨酸在细菌中的生物合成与调控、高产赖氨酸生产菌株的育种方法及应用。目前高产L-赖氨酸的菌株选育技术主要包括诱变技术、基因重组和基因敲除技术等。改良现有菌种和发掘、筛选新的菌种,利用微生物发酵法大量生产L-赖氨酸,具有广阔的市场前景。     

Progress in the microbial production of <Emphasis Type="Italic">S</Emphasis>-adenosyl-<Emphasis Type="SmallCaps">l</Emphasis>-methionine

S-Adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM), which exists in all living organisms, serves as an activated group donor in a range of metabolic reactions, including trans-methylation, trans-sulfuration and trans-propylamine. Compared with its chemical synthesis and enzyme catalysis production, the microbial production of SAM is feasible for industrial applications. The current clinical demand for SAM is constantly increasing. Therefore, vast interest exists in engineering the SAM metabolism in cells for increasing product titers. Here, we provided an overview of updates on SAM microbial productivity improvements with an emphasis on various strategies that have been used to enhance SAM production based on increasing the precursor and co-factor availabilities in microbes. These strategies included the sections of SAM-producing microbes and their mutant screening, optimization of the fermentation process, and the metabolic engineering. The SAM-producing strains that were used extensively were Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pichia pastoris, Candida utilis, Scheffersomyces stipitis, Kluyveromyces lactis, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Corynebacterium glutamicum, and Escherichia coli, in addition to others. The optimization of the fermentation process mainly focused on the enhancement of the methionine, ATP, and other co-factor levels through pulsed feeding as well as the optimization of nitrogen and carbon sources. Various metabolic engineering strategies using precise control of gene expression in engineered strains were also highlighted in the present review. In addition, some prospects on SAM microbial production were discussed.     

基于工业环境扰动的微生物适应性进化

合成生物学技术的快速发展极大提升了微生物细胞工厂的构建能力,为化学品的绿色高效生产提供了重要策略。然而,微生物细胞难以耐受高强度工业环境、抗逆性差,成为了限制其生产性能的关键因素。适应性进化是一种人为施加定向选择压力,使微生物经过长期或短期驯化,获得适应特定环境的表型或生理性能的重要方法。近年来,随着微流控、生物传感器、组学分析等技术的发展,适应性进化为提升微生物细胞在工业环境下的生产性能奠定了基础。本文论述了适应性进化的关键技术及在提高微生物细胞工厂环境耐受性和生产效率方面的重要应用,并展望了适应性进化实现微生物细胞工厂在工业环境下高效运行的重要前景。     

Recent advances in microbial production of mannitol: utilization of low-cost substrates,strain development and regulation strategies

Mannitol has been widely used in fine chemicals, pharmaceutical industries, as well as functional foods due to its excellent characteristics, such as antioxidant protecting, regulation of osmotic pressure and non-metabolizable feature. Mannitol can be naturally produced by microorganisms. Compared with chemical manufacturing, microbial production of mannitol provides high yield and convenience in products separation; however the fermentative process has not been widely adopted yet. A major obstacle to microbial production of mannitol under industrial-scale lies in the low economical efficiency, owing to the high cost of fermentation medium, leakage of fructose, low mannitol productivity. In this review, recent advances in improving the economical efficiency of microbial production of mannitol were reviewed, including utilization of low-cost substrates, strain development for high mannitol yield and process regulation strategies for high productivity.     

The microbial loop in the planktonic communities in lakes with various trophic status

The structure of planktic trophic chains was studied in eight lakes of European Russia and five lakes in Central Asia. The lakes differed in the level of productivity, morphometric parameters, and the type of agitation and mineralization. It is found that the microbial loop of picophototrophic organisms, bacteria, heterotrophic flagellates, infusoria, and viruses constitutes 12.3-64.7% of the total plankton biomass. Positive correlation between the biomass of microbial community and the primary production of phytoplankton is observed, whereas no relation is revealed between the share of microorganisms in the plankton biomass and the trophic status of the water body. The presence of a great number of cladocerans decreased the role of the microbial loop in the structural organization of the planktic community. Heterotrophic flagellates consuming 3-81% of daily bacterial production were the principal cause of bacteria elimination only in some of the studied water bodies.     

Biodiversity of soil microbial communities in agricultural systems

The productivity and health of agricultural systems depend greatly upon the functional processes carried out by soil microorganisms and soil microbial communities. The biodiversity of the soil microbial communities and the effect of diversity on the stability of the agricultural system, is unknown. Taxonomic approaches to estimating biodiversity of soil microbial communities are limited by difficulties in defining suitable taxonomic units and the apparent non-culturability of the majority of the microbial species present in the soil. Analysis of functional diversity may be a more meaningful approach but is also limited by the need to culture organisms. Approaches which do not rely on culturing organisms such as fatty acid analysis and 16S/18S rRNA analysis have provided an insight into the extent of genetic diversity within communities and may be useful in the analysis of community structure. Scale effects, including successional processes associated with organic matter decomposition, local effects associated with abiotic soil factors, and regional effects including the effect of agricultural management practices, on the diversity of microbial communities are considered. Their impact is important in relation to the minimum biodiversity required to maintain system function.     

叶际微生物与植物健康研究进展

叶际微生物与植物有着密切的联系,对宿主生物多样性的维持、群落的稳定和生态系统的功能具有重要意义。随着分子生物学技术的快速发展,叶际微生物与植物的关系及对宿主健康的影响是近年来热点领域之一。基于明确定义的叶际概念,综述了叶际微生物群落结构、驱动因素及其与植物健康的关系,强调了叶际微生物的机遇性以及调控群落驱动因素在未来叶际微生物研究中的重要地位。加深对叶际微生物的认知,有利于实现农业微生物的功能最大化,以期为提高植物产量提供参考。     

Reprogramming microorganisms for the biosynthesis of astaxanthin via metabolic engineering

There is an increasing demand for astaxanthin in food, feed, cosmetics and pharmaceutical applications because of its superior anti-oxidative and coloring properties. However, naturally produced astaxanthin is expensive, mainly due to low productivity and limited sources. Reprogramming of microorganisms for astaxanthin production via metabolic engineering is a promising strategy. We primarily focus on the application of synthetic biology, enzyme engineering and metabolic engineering in enhancing the synthesis and accumulation of astaxanthin in microorganisms in this review. We also discuss the biosynthetic pathways of astaxanthin within natural producers, and summarize the achievements and challenges in reprogramming microorganisms for enhancing astaxanthin production. This review illuminates recent biotechnological advances in microbial production of astaxanthin. Future perspectives on utilization of new technologies for boosting microbial astaxanthin production are also discussed.     

Dealing with water stress and microbial preservation

The relevance of preserving microorganisms has been well accepted for several decades. Interest is now shifting towards investigating adequate preservation methods to improve microbial survival rates and to preserve new taxa of previously considered unculturable microorganisms. In addition, a growing interest in preserving fragile microbial consortia or communities with biotechnological interest motivates the improvement of preservation methods. In the present study, we reviewed the effect of water availability in microbial diversity shift. We describe the effect of drought on microorganisms at the molecular level and their molecular responses to this life-threatening challenge focusing on the production of xeroprotectants. We also review the interspecies interactions of those drought-tolerant microorganisms with other sensitive organisms including neighbouring prokaryotes and eukaryotes such as plants, and the potential role of these microorganisms at determining the ecological composition of stressed environments. We emphasize the importance of applying the knowledge derived from the molecular mechanisms used by desiccation-tolerant microorganisms for the improvement of the preservation techniques. An overview of the current and newer techniques for preserving microorganisms and microbial communities is provided. The biotechnological interest in preserving pure cultures, microbial consortia and communities is also discussed.     

Progress in the research of S-adenosyl-l-methionine production

This minireview mainly aims at the study of S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) production by microbial fermentation. A brief introduction of the biological role and application of SAM was presented. In general, SAM production can be improved by breeding of the producing strain through the conventional mutation or genetic engineering approach in the molecular or cellular scale, by optimization of culture conditions in the cellular scale or bioreactor engineering scale, or by multiscale approach. The productivity of SAM fermentation has been improved greatly through the efforts of many researchers using the methods previously mentioned. The SAM-producing strains used extensively are Pichia pastoris and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The effect of SAM on antibiotic production was also exemplified. The skill and scheme beneficial to the improvement of SAM production involves the enhancement of SAM synthetase (methionine adenosyltransferase) activity and selection of engineered constitutive promoters with appropriate strength; seeking for and eliminating the rate-limiting factors in SAM synthesis, namely, knocking off the genes that transform SAM and l-methionine (L-Met) to cysteine; release the feedback inhibition of SAM to methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase; blocking the transsulfuration pathway by interfering the responsible enzymes; enhancing ATP level through pulsed feeding of glycerol; and optimizing the L-Met feeding strategy. Precise control of gene expression and quantitative assessment of physiological parameters in engineered P. pastoris were highlighted. Finally, a discussion of the prospect of SAM production was presented.