施肥对水稻产量和稻田土壤理化性质的影响

稻田土壤中养分的平衡主要取决于养分的输入与输出,其又主要受肥料的输入与植物所带走的养分所制约。不同的肥料品种、不同的施肥时期都影响养分在土壤中的吸收、转化与淋失,从而影响养分的输入与输出。稻田土壤生态系统中养分循环的研究已有很多报道。主要是不同耕作制度、不同施肥水平下,各输入输出因子的研究以及对土壤肥     

海南琼北地区不同植被类型物种多样性与土壤肥力的关系

研究海南岛琼化弃荒坡耕地不同植被类型植物多样性与土壤肥力演变的相互关系的结果表明,不同植被类型的α－多样性指数的增加和土壤肥力（有机质含量和氮含量）的增加正相关明显,β－多样性指数在草本植物群落与灌丛的过渡区变化较强烈,而土壤有机质含量变化较大的地方则是在疏灌丛与密灌丛之间,表现出在植被恢复的同时,土壤有机质含量也会有所增加,但后者一般稍滞后一段时间。在对土壤肥力与植被性状的关系进行多元回归分析后发现,土壤有机质含量主要与演替后期植物种类的发展有关;而土壤全氮则与群落覆盖度,木本植物种数和演替后期植物种数等多个因素有关;全磷稍与物种多样性有关。土壤全钾和pH变化比较复杂,与植物组成性状的关系没有选择项。     

丘岗稻田地下水位动态及对土壤氮磷有效性的影响

对红壤丘岗区渍潜田地下水位动态变化规律及对土壤氮磷有效性的影响进行了研究。结果表明,渍潜田地下水位的月变化具有十分明显的规律性,一般以秋冬季节（1－3月份和9－12月份）地下水位最低,而以春夏季节（4－8月份）地下水位最高,故以早稻受渍害最为严重,其原因主要是受降雨和灌溉的共同影响。根据渍潜田地下水位的变化特点不同,可将其分为地下水位和相对稳定型和非稳定型两种类型,并提出了相应的水分管理模式,地下水位的变化能明显影响土壤养分的有效性,随着地下水位的升高,土壤有效氮和磷含量下降。渍潜田土Fe-P和O－P含量也有随地下水位的升高而呈下降的趋势,其含量亦显著低于非渍潜田土壤,因而导致了土壤磷素有效性的下降。     

Potential Contribution of Anammox to Nitrogen Loss from Paddy Soils in Southern China

The anaerobic oxidation of ammonium (anammox) process has been observed in diverse terrestrial ecosystems, while the contribution of anammox to N₂ production in paddy soils is not well documented. In this study, the anammox activity and the abundance and diversity of anammox bacteria were investigated to assess the anammox potential of 12 typical paddy soils collected in southern China. Anammox bacteria related to “Candidatus Brocadia” and “Candidatus Kuenenia” and two novel unidentified clusters were detected, with “Candidatus Brocadia” comprising 50% of the anammox population. The prevalence of the anammox was confirmed by the quantitative PCR results based on hydrazine synthase (hzsB) genes, which showed that the abundance ranged from 1.16 × 10⁴ to 9.65 × 10⁴ copies per gram of dry weight. The anammox rates measured by the isotope-pairing technique ranged from 0.27 to 5.25 nmol N per gram of soil per hour in these paddy soils, which contributed 0.6 to 15% to soil N₂ production. It is estimated that a total loss of 2.50 × 10⁶ Mg N per year is linked to anammox in the paddy fields in southern China, which implied that ca. 10% of the applied ammonia fertilizers is lost via the anammox process. Anammox activity was significantly correlated with the abundance of hzsB genes, soil nitrate concentration, and C/N ratio. Additionally, ammonia concentration and pH were found to be significantly correlated with the anammox bacterial structure.     

垄作稻田和垄作养鱼稻田土壤结构与肥力特征研究

水稻半旱式垄作栽培技术(又称水田自然免耕技术)的推广运用为稻田资源的综合开发利用,尤其是稻田高产养鱼奠定了物质和技术基础。它比较合理地解决了传统淹水平作水稻和传统稻田养鱼中存在的种稻与蓄水,种稻与养鱼,养鱼与晒田,养鱼与化肥、农药施用,水稻与杂草,水稻与病虫等方面的问题,水稻增产显著,成鱼产量大幅度提高,一般可达750—2250kg·ha~(-1),高者3750kg·ha~(-1)以上。物质循环和能量转化的成倍增加,势必对稻田生境和土壤肥力产生影响。因此,搞清楚传统淹水平作稻田起垄后的垄作稻田和垄作养鱼稻田的土壤结构和土壤肥力的变化规律,对指导开发稻田资源,实现稻鱼双丰收具有重要的意义。     

A Simple Evaluation of Soil Quality of Waterlogged Purple Paddy Soils with Different Productivities

Evaluation of soil quality can be crucial for designing efficient farming systems and ensuring sustainable agriculture. The present study aimed at evaluating the quality of waterlogged purple paddy soils with different productivities in Sichuan Basin. The approach involved comprehensive analyses of soil physical and chemical properties, as well as enzyme activities and microbial community structure measured by phospholipid fatty acid analysis (PLFA). A total of 36 soil samples were collected from four typical locations, with 12 samples representing high productivity purple paddy soil (HPPS), medium productivity purple paddy soil (MPPS) and low productivity purple paddy soil (LPPS), respectively. Most measured soil properties showed significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) among HPPS, MPPS and LPPS. Pearson correlation analysis and principal component analysis were used to identify appropriate soil quality indicators. A minimum data set (MDS) including total nitrogen (TN), available phosphorus (AP), acid phosphatase (ACP), total bacteria (TB) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi was established and accounted for 82.1% of the quality variation among soils. A soil quality index (SQI) was developed based on the MDS method, whilst HPPS, MPPS and LPPS received mean SQI scores of 0.725, 0.536 and 0.425, respectively, with a ranking of HPPS > MPPS > LPPS. HPPS showed relatively good soil quality characterized by optimal nutrient availability, enzymatic and microbial activities, but the opposite was true of LPPS. Low levels of TN, AP and soil microbial activities were considered to be the major constraints limiting the productivity in LPPS. All soil samples collected were rich in available N, K, Si and Zn, but deficient in available P, which may be the major constraint for the studied regions. Managers in our study area should employ more appropriate management in the LPPS to improve its rice productivity, and particularly to any potential limiting factor.     

江苏省稻田土壤肥力评价与生产潜力

稻田土壤主要分布于淮河以南地区。随着农田水利条件的改善,土壤生态环境发生变化,其耕作制度也随之不断改革。如在北部的徐淮地区大面积的旱改水,稻田面积增加,粮食产量大幅度上升。据调查统计,全省稻田土壤约占总耕地面积的60%左右,而生产的粮食约占粮食总产量的75%左右。稻田土壤因水分特点与土体构型的不同,可分为爽水、滞水、囊水、漏水与测渗五个类型。爽水水稻土主要分布于太湖平原与里下河     

提高赤红壤旱地生态系统土壤肥力问题的研究

提高赤红壤旱地生态系统土壤肥力问题的研究高志强（福建农业大学土地与环境学系,福州３５０００２）ＳｏｉｌＦｅｒｔｉｌｉｔｙＩｍｐｒｏｖｅｍｅｎｔｏｆＵｐｌａｎｄＬａｔｅｒｉｔｉｃＲｅｄＳｏｉｌＥｃｏｓｙｓｔｅｍ．￥ＧａｏＺｈｉｑｉａｎｇ（Ｄｅｐａｒｔｍ...     

南方红壤区3年生茶园土壤呼吸特征

为探讨南方红壤区茶园的土壤呼吸特征,采用LI-Cor8100开路式土壤碳通量测定系统观测3年生茶园系统的土壤呼吸速率,对茶园土壤呼吸速率的季节变化和在茶行尺度上的空间异质性进行了研究。结果表明,茶园土壤呼吸速率的月动态变化呈明显的单峰曲线特征,峰值出现在8月;茶园土壤呼吸速率的月动态变化与温度呈极显著相关(P<0.01),土壤10 cm的温度能够解释茶园不同观测区域土壤呼吸速率月动态变化的67.79%~88.52%;用指数方程计算的茶园不同观测区域土壤呼吸Q10值为1.58~1.86。在茶行尺度上,茶园土壤呼吸速率存在明显的空间异质性,土壤呼吸速率通常在距离茶树基部较近的位置较高;根系生物量能够解释茶园土壤呼吸速率在茶行尺度上空间变异的82.68%。因此,根系分布的空间差异是造成茶园土壤呼吸速率空间异质性的主要原因。     

城市污泥和化肥对水稻土种植的通菜中多环芳烃(PAHs)的影响

在水稻土上施用城市污泥和化肥盆栽通菜,应用GC／MS联机检测技术对通菜中17种多环芳烃化合物进行了分析。结果表明,各处理通菜中的∑PAHs含量在0．414-5.404mg/kg之间,依次是佛山污泥＋化肥＞广州污泥＋化肥＞化肥＞广州污泥＞佛山污泥＞空白,致癌性PAHs化合物的总含量（∑PAHscarc)在0.068-0.944mg/kg之间,绝大部分化合物在通菜中的含量大于在根系中的含量,与空白对照相比,施用城市污泥和化肥均使通菜中的∑PAHs含量明显提高,各处理通菜中的PAHs都只是以一种或几种化合物为主,主要是3,4个苯环的化合物,显示不同的分布特征,。     

Investigation of the Effects of Phosphate Fertilizer Application on the Heavy Metal Content in Agricultural Soils with Different Cultivation Patterns

The use of phosphate fertilizers is essential in agriculture, because they supply farmland with nutrients for growing plants. However, heavy metals might be included as impurities in natural materials and minerals, so heavy metals can also be present in phosphate fertilizers or other chemical fertilizers. The aim of this work was to assess the heavy metal content and contamination status of agricultural soils in the Hamadan province of Iran used for the cultivation of different crops, including cucumber, potatoes, and sugar beet. Surface soil samples were collected and analyzed to determine the total concentration of specific elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn), before the pollution index was calculated for each element. Soils used for the cultivation of the three types of crop were not contaminated with As, Cr, Cu, Pb, or Zn. However, the pollution indices for Cd were 1.1, 4.4, and 3.8 in cucumber, potato, and sugar beet fields, respectively, which indicated moderate, high, and high levels of contamination, respectively. Soils from potato and sugar beet fields were heavily contaminated with Cd, which may have resulted from long-term overuse of phosphate fertilizers.     

Effect of Different Ammonia Concentrations on Community Succession of Ammonia-oxidizing Microorganisms in a Simulated Paddy Soil Column

Ammonia oxidation is performed by both ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA). To explore the effect of ammonia concentration on the population dynamic changes of ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms, we examined changes in the abundance and community composition of AOA and AOB in different layers. Most of the archaeal amoA sequences were Nitrosotalea-related and the proportion that Nitrosotalea cluster occupied decreased in the surface layer and increased in the deep layer during the cultivation process. Nitrosopumilus-related sequences were only detected in the deep layer in the first stage and disappeared later. Both phylogenetic and quantitative analysis showed that there were increased Nitrosomonas-related sequences appeared in the surface layer where the ammonia concentration was the highest. Both AOA and AOB OTU numbers in different layers decreased under selective pressure and then recovered. The potential nitrification rates were 25.06 μg·N·L(-1)·g(-1) dry soil·h(-1) in the mid layer which was higher than the other two layers. In general, obvious population dynamic changes were found for both AOA and AOB under the selective pressure of exogenous ammonia and the changes were different in three layers of the soil column.     

Effect of Rural Sewage Irrigation Regime on Water-Nitrogen Utilization and Crop Growth of Paddy Rice in Southern China

Reclaimed water irrigation has become an effective mean to alleviate the contradiction between water availability and its consumption worldwide. In this study, three types of irrigation water sources (rural sewage’s primary treated water R1 and secondary treated water R2, and river water R3) meeting the requirements of water quality for farmland irrigation were selected, and three types of irrigation water levels (low water level W1 of 0–80 mm, medium water level W2 of 0–100 mm, and high water level W3 of 0–150 mm) were adopted to carry out research on the influence mechanismS of different irrigation water sources and water levels on water and nitrogen use and crop growth in paddy field. The water quantity indicators (irrigation times and irrigation volume), soil ammonium nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N) and nitrate nitrogen (NO₃⁻-N), rice yield indicators (thousand-grain weight, the number of grains per spike, and the number of effective spikes), and quality indicators (the amount of protein, amylose, vitamin C, nitrate and nitrite content) of rice were measured. The results showed that, the average irrigation volume under W3 was 2.4 and 1.9 times of that under W1 and W2, respectively. Compared with R3, the peak consumption of rice was lagged behind under R1 and R2, and the nitrogen form in 0–40 cm soil layers under rural sewage irrigation was mainly NH₄⁺-N. The changes of NO₃⁻-N and NH₄⁺-N in the 0–40 cm soil layer showed the trend of declining and then increasing. The water level control only had a significant effect on the change of NO₃⁻-N in the 60–80 cm soil layer. Both irrigation water use efficiency and crop water use efficiency were gradually reduced with the increase of field water level control. The nitrogen utilization efficiency under rural sewage irrigation was significantly higher than that under R3. Compared with the R3, rural sewage irrigation could significantly increase the yield of rice, and as the field water level rose, the effect of yield promotion was more obvious. It was noteworthy that the grain of rice under R1 monitored the low nitrate and nitrite content, but no nitrate and nitrite was discovered under R2 and R3. Therefore, reasonable rural sewage irrigation (R2) and medium water level (W2) were beneficial to improve nitrogen utilization efficiency, crop yield and crop quality promotion.

     

Response of Soil Respiration to Acid Rain in Forests of Different Maturity in Southern China

The response of soil respiration to acid rain in forests, especially in forests of different maturity, is poorly understood in southern China despite the fact that acid rain has become a serious environmental threat in this region in recent years. Here, we investigated this issue in three subtropical forests of different maturity [i.e. a young pine forest (PF), a transitional mixed conifer and broadleaf forest (MF) and an old-growth broadleaved forest (BF)] in southern China. Soil respiration was measured over two years under four simulated acid rain (SAR) treatments (CK, the local lake water, pH 4.5; T1, water pH 4.0; T2, water pH 3.5; and T3, water pH 3.0). Results indicated that SAR did not significantly affect soil respiration in the PF, whereas it significantly reduced soil respiration in the MF and the BF. The depressed effects on both forests occurred mostly in the warm-wet seasons and were correlated with a decrease in soil microbial activity and in fine root biomass caused by soil acidification under SAR. The sensitivity of the response of soil respiration to SAR showed an increasing trend with the progressive maturity of the three forests, which may result from their differences in acid buffering ability in soil and in litter layer. These results indicated that the depressed effect of acid rain on soil respiration in southern China may be more pronounced in the future in light of the projected change in forest maturity. However, due to the nature of this field study with chronosequence design and the related pseudoreplication for forest types, this inference should be read with caution. Further studies are needed to draw rigorous conclusions regarding the response differences among forests of different maturity using replicated forest types.     

红壤旱坡地桔园覆盖的生态效应及经济效益评价

柑桔是南方红壤地区栽培的主要果树种类,栽培面积达1126×106ｈｍ2。柑桔是一种常绿果树,生长量大,挂果期长,周年需要消耗大量的水分。我国南方红壤地区虽然雨水充沛,但降水季节分布不均,柑桔果实迅速生长的7～10月正是该地区雨水少、蒸发量大的伏秋干旱季节。经常性的伏秋干旱是制约我国柑桔产量和质量进一步提高的主要障碍因素之一。桔园夏秋进行秸秆覆盖可以降温[1]、保水[2]、防止杂草生长[3]等,但桔园应用地膜覆盖及常年连续覆盖对桔园的生态效应方面的研究较少,为此我们开展了这方面的工作,并通过连续3ａ的产量及产值分析覆盖桔园的经…     

Manganese Toxicity in Sugarcane Plantlets Grown on Acidic Soils of Southern China

Ratoon sugarcane plantlets in southern China have suffered a serious chlorosis problem in recent years. To reveal the causes of chlorosis, plant nutrition in chlorotic sugarcane plantlets and the role of manganese (Mn) in this condition were investigated. The study results showed that the pH of soils growing chlorotic plantlets ranged from 3.74 to 4.84. The symptoms of chlorosis were similar to those of iron (Fe) deficiency while the chlorotic and non-chlorotic plantlets contained similar amount of Fe. Chlorotic plantlets had 6.4-times more Mn in their leaf tissues compared to the control plants. There was a significantly positive correlation between Mn concentration in the leaves and the exchangeable Mn concentration in the soils. Moreover, leaf Mn concentration was related to both seasonal changes in leaf chlorophyll concentration and to the occurrence of chlorosis. Basal stalks of mature sugarcanes contained up to 564.36 mg·kg^-1 DW Mn. Excess Mn in the parent stalks resulted in a depress of chlorophyll concentration in the leaves of sugarcanes as indicated by lower chlorophyll concentration in the leaves of plantlets emerged from basal stalks. Ratoon sugarcane plantlets were susceptible to chlorosis due to high Mn accumulation in their leaves (456.90–1626.95 mg·kg^-1 DW), while in planted canes chlorosis did not occur because of low Mn accumulation (94.64–313.41mg·kg^-1 DW). On the other hand, active Fe content in chlorotic plantlets (3.39 mg kg^-1 FW) was only equivalent to 28.2% of the concentration found in the control. These results indicate that chlorosis in ratoon sugarcane plantlets results from excessive Mn accumulated in parent stalks of planted cane sugarcanes grown on excessive Mn acidic soils, while active Fe deficiency in plantlets may play a secondary role in the chlorosis.     

Emissions of CH4 and N2O under Different Tillage Systems from Double-Cropped Paddy Fields in Southern China

Understanding greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions is becoming increasingly important with the climate change. Most previous studies have focused on the assessment of soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration potential and GHG emissions from agriculture. However, specific experiments assessing tillage impacts on GHG emission from double-cropped paddy fields in Southern China are relatively scarce. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the effects of tillage systems on methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emission in a double rice (Oryza sativa L.) cropping system. The experiment was established in 2005 in Hunan Province, China. Three tillage treatments were laid out in a randomized complete block design: conventional tillage (CT), rotary tillage (RT) and no-till (NT). Fluxes of CH₄ from different tillage treatments followed a similar trend during the two years, with a single peak emission for the early rice season and a double peak emission for the late rice season. Compared with other treatments, NT significantly reduced CH₄ emission among the rice growing seasons (P<0.05). However, much higher variations in N₂O emission were observed across the rice growing seasons due to the vulnerability of N₂O to external influences. The amount of CH₄ emission in paddy fields was much higher relative to N₂O emission. Conversion of CT to NT significantly reduced the cumulative CH₄ emission for both rice seasons compared with other treatments (P<0.05). The mean value of global warming potentials (GWPs) of CH₄ and N₂O emissions over 100 years was in the order of NT<RT<CT, which indicated NT was significantly lower than both CT and RT (P<0.05). This suggests that adoption of NT would be beneficial for GHG mitigation and could be a good option for carbon-smart agriculture in double rice cropped regions.     

退化红壤不同人工林恢复下土壤节肢动物群落特征

对退化红壤上恢复 1 0 a的 4种人工林 ,即小叶栎 ( Quercuschenii)、木荷 ( Schima superba)、马尾松 ( Pinusmassonina)与木荷 -马尾松的混交林土壤节肢动物群落进行了季节动态调查。结果表明 ,不同林地节肢动物群落的组成和数量发生了明显分异。节肢动物类群数在各季节一般都是小叶栎最高 ,混交林、木荷居中 ,马尾松最低。节肢动物的个体数总体上仍以小叶栎最高 ,但在夏季 ,马尾松林地由于弹尾目数量爆发而使总个体数最高。节肢动物群落存在明显的季节波动 ,一般春季节肢动物类群数和个体数量最高 ,夏季最低 ,夏季高温干旱对节肢动物有强烈的抑制作用 ,而冬季低温对节肢动物的影响不及夏季干热的影响严重。各季节林地节肢动物群落组成皆以螨类为主体 ,占总个体数的 6 0 .2 %～ 91 .7%。弹尾目占总个体数的比例季节变化较大 ,但均以马尾松林地为最高。捕食者数量 (蜈蚣和蜘蛛 )在各季节都是小叶栎显著高于其它林地 ( P<0 .0 5 ) ,混交林与木荷比较接近 ,而马尾松最低。在群落多样性指数中 ,丰富度指数 d和密度 -类群指数DG表达的群落差异明显 ,其在不同林地的大小顺序与类群数趋势基本一致 ,而香农指数 H、均匀度指数 J群落之间基本无差异。聚类分析和鉴别分析将不同林地的节肢动物群落分成 4组 ,小叶     

退化红壤不同人工林恢复下土壤节肢动物群落牲征

对退化红壤上恢复10a的4种人工林,即小叶栎(Quercus chenii)、木荷(Schima superba)、马尾松(Pinus massonina)与木荷-马尾松的混交林土壤节肢动物群落进行了季节动态调查.结果表明,不同林地节肢动物群落的组成和数量发生了明显分异.节肢动物类群数在各季节一般都是小叶栎最高,混交林、木荷居中,马尾松最低.节肢动物的个体数总体上仍以小叶栎最高,但在夏季,马尾松林地由于弹尾目数量爆发而使总个体数最高.节肢动物群落存在明显的季节波动,一般春季节肢动物类群数和个体数量最高,夏季最低,夏季高温干旱对节肢动物有强烈的抑制作用,而冬季低温对节肢动物的影响不及夏季干热的影响严重.各季节林地节肢动物群落组成皆以螨类为主体,占总个体数的60.2%～91.7%.弹尾目占总个体数的比例季节变化较大,但均以马尾松林地为最高.捕食者数量(蜈蚣和蜘蛛)在各季节都是小叶栎显著高于其它林地(P<0.05),混交林与木荷比较接近,而马尾松最低.在群落多样性指数中,丰富度指数d和密度-类群指数DG表达的群落差异明显,其在不同林地的大小顺序与类群数趋势基本一致,而香农指数H、均匀度指数J群落之间基本无差异.聚类分析和鉴别分析将不同林地的节肢动物群落分成4组,小叶栎自成一组,多样性最高;混交林和木荷为一组,多样性居中;马尾松是多样性最低的一组.总之,节肢动物群落多样性顺序是小叶栎>混交林≥木荷>马尾松, 混交林体现了一定的"混交优势".凋落物的数量和质量以及土壤水热状况是不同林地节肢动物群落产生分异的主要原因.借助主成分分析和鉴别分析对描述群落特征的指标进行评价,表明大部分指标相互之间都高度相关(P<0.01),只有DG指数是区分不同林地节肢动物群落差异最有潜力的指标.     

New Insights into How Increases in Fertility Improve the Growth of Rice at the Seedling Stage in Red Soil Regions of Subtropical China

The differences in rhizosphere nitrification activities between high- and low- fertility soils appear to be related to differences in dissolved oxygen concentrations in the soil, implying a relationship to differences in the radial oxygen loss (ROL) of rice roots in these soils. A miniaturised Clark-type oxygen microelectrode system was used to determine rice root ROL and the rhizosphere oxygen profile, and rhizosphere nitrification activity was studied using a short-term nitrification activity assay. Rice planting significantly altered the oxygen cycling in the water-soil system due to rice root ROL. Although the oxygen content in control high-fertility soil (without rice plants) was lower than that in control low-fertility soil, high rice root ROL significantly improved the rhizosphere oxygen concentration in the high-fertility soil. High soil fertility improved the rice root growth and root porosity as well as rice root ROL, resulting in enhanced rhizosphere nitrification. High fertility also increased the content of nitrification-induced nitrate in the rhizosphere, resulting in enhanced ammonium uptake and assimilation in the rice. Although high ammonium pools in the high-fertility soil increased rhizosphere nitrification, rice root ROL might also contribute to rhizosphere nitrification improvement. This study provides new insights into the reasons that an increase in soil fertility may enhance the growth of rice. Our results suggest that an amendment of the fertiliser used in nutrient- and nitrification-poor paddy soils in the red soil regions of China may significantly promote rice growth and rice N nutrition.