Revision of the species group Napaeus variatus (Gastropoda,Pulmonata, Buliminidae) from the Canary Islands,with description of five new species*

The Napaeus variatus (Webb & Berthelot, 1833) species group from the Canary Islands is reviewed from literature information, types, other museum specimens, and newly collected material. Anatomy data is newly provided for six species. Five new species are described: N. elegans and N. esbeltus from Tenerife, N. orientalis and N. beguirae from La Gomera, and N. exilis from Gran Canaria. Eight species lack a diverticulum and are referred to the subgenus Napaeus (Napaeus) Albers, 1850, whereas five species are provided with a diverticulum and arc referred to Napaeus (Napaeinus) Hesse, 1933. Four species cannot be assigned to a subgenus due to a lack of information. Keys of species from the different islands are provided.     

Canarian land snail diversity: conflict between anatomical and molecular data on the phylogenetic placement of five new species of Napaeus (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Enidae)

Five new species of land snail (family Enidae) are described from La Gomera (Canary Islands) of which the majority, on the basis of anatomy alone, could be incorporated within a new supraspecific taxon. In addition to the morphological study of these new species, a region of the 16S mitochondrial gene is sequenced from three of the new species and a range of species of Napaeus from within its two subgenera ( Napaeinus and Napaeus ) . There is a disparity between the morphological and preliminary molecular phylogenetic data. Possible explanations for this conflict are discussed, as well as the evolutionary relationships among these different taxa, and it is suggested that this group may be an excellent model for further studies of adaptation and diversification.  © 2006 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2006, 89 , 169–187.     

La Reservarea de la Lobomicosis Comentarios a un Trabajo del Dr. Carlos Peña sobre dos Casos Colombianos

REsumen El autor comenta un trabajo delDr. C. Peña (Mycopath. & Mycol. appl., 33 (3–4)313–320) sobre 2 casos de lobomicosis, cuya región de origen aparentemente no concuerda con las características climatológicas que él ha hipotéticamente fijado para la reservárea de la infección: temperatura promedio anual superior a los 24° C, pluviometría superior a los 2000 mm, ausencia de verano ecológico. En realidad, según el autor, en los departamentos de Santander del Norte y de Boyacá (Colombia) existen áreas, hacia el lago de Maracaibo y cerca del rio Magdalena, respectivamente, que presentan dichas características. Las reserváreas de la paracoccidioidosis y de la lobomicosis no coinciden. Es importante trazar de cada paciente estudiado la trayectoria residencial-ocupacional de manera precisa y completa.

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Summary An article byDr. C. Peña (Mycopath. & Mycol. appl., 33(3–4) 313–320) on two cases of lobomycosis from Colombia, is commented. Apparently, the regions from which the patients had got the infection do not offer climatic features that, according to a previous hypothesis of the author, correspond to the reservarea of lobomycosis: annual medium temperature above 24° C, annual medium rainfall above 2000 mm, absence of any ecological summer.It is the contention of the author, that actually within the broad limits indicated byDr. Peña there are areas suitable to be arranged among provinces of reservarea of lobomycosis, id est, in the Departamento de Santander del Norte an area towards the Lake of Maracaibo, and in the Departamento de Boyacá narrow area near the Magdalena river.The importance is stressed of tracing a clear-cut and thorough occupational-residential trajectory, during the anamnestical study of each patient presenting an infection whose reservarea is to be studied.

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Trabajo realizado en la Sección de Micología Médica, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Caracas, Venezuela (Director: Prof. Dr.Félix Pifano C.) El autor es Profesor Titular de la Cátedra de Microbiología (Jefe: Prof. Dr.Leopoldo Briceño Iragorry).     

Systematic revision of Jorunna Bergh, 1876 (Nudibranchia: Discodorididae) with a morphological phylogenetic analysis

The genus Jorunna is characterized by a dorsum covered withcaryophyllidia, a prostate with two sections, a penis usuallyunarmed but occasionally armed with hooks, a copulatory spine,the presence of an accessory gland and a labial cuticle smoothor armed with jaw elements. The examination of 216 non-typespecimens, 30 types, and a review of the literature show thatthere are 16 valid species of the genus Jorunna: J. tomentosa(Cuvier, 1804); J. funebris (Kelaart, 1859); J. pantherinaAngas,1864; J. rubescens (Bergh, 1876); J. labialis (Eliot, 1908);J. parva (Baba, 1938); J. spazzola (Marcus, 1955); J. hartleyi(Burn, 1958); J. alisonaeMarcus, 1976; J. lemchei (Marcus, 1976);J. evansi (Eliot, 1906); J. pardusBehrens & Henderson, 1981;J.ramicolaMiller, 1996 and J. onubensis Cervera, García-Gómez& García, 1986. In addition, two new species fromthe Eastern Pacific are described: J. osae n. sp. and J. tempisquensisn. sp. We propose two new combinations: Jorunna parva and J.evansi. New records for the genus Jorunna are provided fromItaly, Algeria, Seychelles, Madagascar, Thailand, Marshall Islands,New Caledonia, Île de la Réunion, Sudan, PapuaNew Guinea, Indonesia, Panama, Costa Rica, Bahamas, and SouthernMexico. We present the first preliminary phylogenetic analysisof this cryptobranch dorid genus, based on morphological anatomicaldata, and discuss the biogeography and evolution of severalcharacters in this group. The phylogeny supports the hypothesisthat the genus Jorunna is a monophyletic group and shows thatKentrodoris is nested within it. (Received 31 December 2004; accepted 10 January 2008)     

Filarioid nematodes (Filarioidea: Onchocercidae) of Corvus brachyrhynchos brachyrhynchos Brehm in southern Ontario,Canada and a consideration of the epizootiology of avian filariasis

Summary Chandlerella chitwoodae Anderson, 1961 (prevalence 65%), Splendidofilaria caperata Hibler, 1964 (21%), Eufilaria longicaudata Hibler, 1964 (15.5%), C. quiscali (von Linstow, 1904) Robinson, 1971 (1.9%), Cardiofilaria pavlovskyi Strom, 1937 (0.4%) and Splendidofilaria wehri (0.3%) were found in crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos brachyrhynchos Brehm) wintering in southern Ontario, Canada. S. caperata, E. longicaudata, Cardiofilaria pavlovskyi and S. wehri are reported for the first time from this host.Infection with Chandlerella chitwoodae and E. longicaudata produced microfilaraemias and these two common species apparently are maintained in the crow population. Infection with S. caperata was amicrofilaraemic (occult) and this common species cannot, therefore, be maintained in the crow population. C. quiscali, Cardiofilaria pavlovskyi and S. wehri occurred infrequently and must be common parasites of other woodland bird species. The presence of both common and sporadic infections in crows suggests that some avian filarioids parasitize numerous birds sharing a particular habitat. However, some host species are probably more important than others in maintaining infections within an avian community.The hosts of each species in Chandlerella, Splendidofilaria, Cardiofilaria and Eufilaria are listed. Chandlerella flexivaginalis (Jones, 1961) Sultana, 1962 and C. hispanica López-Caballero, 1974 are placed in synonymy with C. chitwoodae. Splendidofilarioides Freitas & Ibáñez, 1968 is made a synonym of Splendidofilaria and the type species becomes Splendidofilaria pachacuteci (Freitas & Ibáñez, 1968) n. comb. S. passerina Koch & Huizinga, 1971 is synonymized with S. algonquinensis (Anderson, 1955) Anderson, 1961. Pseudaproctella andersoni var. major Chabaud, Brygoo & Richard, 1964 and Cardiofilaria chabaudi Dissanaike & Fernando, 1965 are placed in synonymy with C. major Dissanaike & Fernando, 1965. Eufilaria cypseli (Annett, Dutton & Elliot, 1901) Nelson, 1966 is transferred to Lemdana as L. cypseli (Annett, Dutton & Elliot, 1901) n. comb. E. buckleyi (Desmukh, 1968) n. comb. is designated for Neofilaria buckleyi Desmukh, 1968 (= Eufilaria utae Anderson & Bain, 1976). ac]19800116Addendum: Since this paper went to press the following article has come to our attention: Olsen, O.W. & Braun, C.E. (1976) New species of Splendidofilaria and Chandlerella (Filarioidea: Nematoda), with keys to the species, from the band-tailed pigeon (Columba fasciata fasciata) in the Rocky Mountain region. Great Basin Naturalist, 36, 445–457. In their paper the authors describe the new species Splendidofilaria columbensis, S. hibleri and Chandlerella robinsoni. S. columbensis and S. hibleri are known from males only and their validity requires further study. C. robinsoni will also require further study.     

OSTEOPELTIDAE (MOLLUSCA:GASTROPODA): A NEW FAMILY OF LIMPETS ASSOCIATED WITH WHALE BONE IN THE DEEP-SEA

Osteopeltidae n. fam. is proposed for Osteopelta mirabilis n.gen. & sp., a limpet from whale skulls trawled on the ChathamRise and off the Chatham Islands, New Zealand. Osteopelta mirabiliscombines a pseudococculinid-like shell and radula with an add-isoniid-likeanimal. Apparent homologies in lepe-telloidean and cocculinoideanradulae are discussed. (Received 27 August 1986;     

THYSANODONTINAE: A NEW SUBFAMILY OF THE TROCHIDAE (GASTROPODA)

New genera Thysanodonta, Carinastele and Herbertina are referredto a new subfamily of the Troch-idae, Thysanodontinae, on thebasis of extremely distinctive jaw and radula. At up to 1400times longer than broad, the teeth are the most slender of anyknown gastropod, and they are unique among archae-ogastropodsin having harpoon-like tips with back-wardly inclined barbs.While food and feeding mode are unknown, it is suggested thatthey feed suctorially, perhaps on cnidarians. New species describedare Thysanodonta aucklandica, T. wairua, Carinastele kristelleae,C. jugosa, and C. coronata from New Zealand, T. boucheti fromNew Caledonia, and Herbertina eos and H. cognata from SouthAfrica. The Tasmanian Basilissa nicetarium Hedley & Mayis tentatively referred to Carinastele (Received 23 September 1987;     

Data on the family Pandalidae around the Canary Islands, with first record of Plesionika antigai (Caridea)

Of the 20 pandalid shrimps species and subspecies reported for the Eastern Central Atlantic (26–36° N), 16 were found in one or more Macaronesian archipelagos (Azores, Madeira, Canary Islands and Cape Verde Islands) (14–40° N), and 11 of them were recorded to date in the Canary Island waters (27° 30–29° 30 N): Bitias stocki Fransen, 1990; Heterocarpus ensifer ensifer A. Milne-Edwards, 1881; Heterocarpus grimaldii A. Milne-Edwards & Bouvier, 1900; Heterocarpus laevigatus Bate, 1888; Plesionika edwardsii (Brandt, 1851); Plesionika ensis (A. Milne-Edwards, 1881); Plesionika holthuisi Crosnier & Forest, 1968; Plesionika martia martia (A. Milne-Edwards, 1883); Plesionika narval (J.C. Fabricius, 1787); Plesionika williamsi Forest, 1964; and Stylopandalus richardi Coutière, 1905. In the present work, Plesionika antigai Zariquiey Álvarez, 1955 is recorded for the first time from the Canary Islands. As a result of many fishing surveys around the Canary Islands at 27–1550 m depth between 1985 and 1998, information on bathymetric distribution, habitat, size and biology of the 12 Canarian pandalid species is given. The geomorphologic, geographic and oceanographic characteristics of the Canary Islands marine ecosystems could explain the great diversity in the biogeographic patterns of the pandalid species inhabiting this area. The distribution patterns found were: Macaronesian (1 spec.), Atlanto-Mediterranean (1 spec.), Eastern Atlantic warm-temperate (1 spec.), amphi-Atlantic warm (2 spec.), amphi-Atlantic warm-temperate (1 spec.), pantropical (5 spec.), and cosmopolitan (1 spec.).     

A new marine interstitial ingolfiellid (Crustacea,Amphipoda, Ingolfiellidea) from Tenerife and Hierro

Ingolfiella canariensis n. sp., from coarse sand and gravel in the mediolittoral zone of Tenerife and Hierro, Canary Islands, is described. The new species shares supposedly apomorphous characters with species from comparable habitats from the Andaman Islands, Bermuda and Curaçao (Netherlands Antilles). The female of Ingolfiella similis Rondé-Broekhuizen & Stock, 1987, from Fuerteventura is also described.     

Parasitoids of whiteflies (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae,Eulophidae, Platygastridae; Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) from the Macaronesian archipelagos of the Canary Islands,Madeira and the Azores

Data on the whitefly parasitoid species known from the Macaronesian archipelagos of the Canary Islands, Madeira and the Azores are presented, based largely on recently collected material. A total of 26 species are treated, including six new species, six new records for the Canary Islands, two new records for Madeira, and two new records for the Azores. All species are fully described and illustrated. New species described are: Encarsia atlantica Polaszek & Hernández; Encarsia levadicola Polaszek & Hernández; Encarsia melanostoma Polaszek & Hernández; Encarsia noahi Polaszek & Hernández; Euderomphale gomer LaSalle & Hernández; Euderomphale insularis LaSalle & Hernández. A fully illustrated identification key based on females is provided for recognition of whitefly parasitoids in these archipelagos. Data on the known distribution and hosts are provided, as well as references to biology and use in biological control.     

PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF IBERUS GUALTIERANUS AND I. ALONENSIS (GASTROPODA: HELICIDAE) BASED ON PARTIAL MITOCHONDRIAL 16S rRNA AND COI GENE SEQUENCES

There is controversy about the phylogenetic relationships betweenIberus gualtieranus and I. alonensis. Some authors considerthem as valid species or subspecies while others believe thatthe flattened shell of I. gualtieranus is an ecotypic adaptationto dry karstic environments. Two fragments of the mitochondrialDNA (partial COI and 16S rRNA) were sequenced and used in maximumparsimony, maximum likelihood and neighbour-joining analyses.Iberus alonensis show two distinct lineages, one from Almeríaand the other one from Granada and Jaén-Córdobaregions. Iberus gualtieranus populations are recovered as aterminal node within the I. alonensis group from Almería.The I. gualtieranus clade shows a polytomy and there are nodifferences between the populations of the three isolated localitieswhere I. gualtieranus is currently distributed. This indicatesthat the geographical isolation of these populations has notresulted in genetic diversification. The results indicate thatthe population of I. gualtieranus from Sierra de Gádorin Almería is the only autochthonous one, while the othertwo populations originated by historical introductions. On thebasis of the differences in shell morphology, together withthe presence of a hybrid zone connecting both taxa in nature,and the possibility of obtaining fertile hybrids under laboratoryconditions, we conclude that these two taxa represent two subspecies:Iberus gualtieranus gualtieranus and I. gualtieranus alonensis. (Received 27 September 2004; accepted 10 March 2005)     

A NEW SPECIES OF BERTHELLA BLAINVILLE, 1824 (OPISTHOBRANCHIA: NOTASPIDEA) FROM THE CANARY ISLANDS (EASTERN ATLANTIC OCEAN), WITH A RE-EXAMINATION OF THE PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF THE NOTASPIDEA

Berthella canariensis is described from Canary Islands. Themantle is smooth and its ground colour is grey, with black andopaque white spots scattered regularly all over the dorsal surface.White spots are less abundant than black ones. The posterior halfof the mantle has areas of with a paler ground colour that are variablein size. Berthella canariensis has several features that distinguishit from other described members of Berthella. It had a broadradula with numerous teeth per half-row. However, other aspectsof its anatomy, such as the absence of a medial buccal glandand the presence of a tuberculate gill, distinguish it fromother species with a broad radula. As the present species has two features found in some speciesof Pleurobranchus and several new higher taxa have been describedrecently, Willan's (1987) phylogenetic hypothesis was re-analysed.This analysis largely supports the hypothesis presented by Willan. The sister-group relationship of B. Canariensis with B. californiais supported by two synapomorphies. The relationship of thesetwo species to other species of Berthella is poorly resolvedin the present analysis and requires additional study of allmembers of the genus. Similarly, questions of the monophylyof Bathyberthella, Polictenidia, Parabathyberthella, Tomthompsoniaand Berthella require the consideration of additional speciesand comparison with other member of Berthella and Berthellina. Despite the need for further study, the mohophyly of the cladecontaining Bathyberthella, Polictenidia, Parabathyberthellais well supported. Similarly, numerous synapomorphic featuresconfirm the monophyly of the clade containing Bathyberthella,Polictenidia, Parabathyberthella, Tomthompsonia, Berthellinaand Berthella, and its sister-group relationship with the Pleurobranchus. The present study reveals that the Notaspidea have three distinctconfigurations of triaulic reproductive systems, not previouslydifferentiated. (Received 19 January 1998; accepted 15 November 1999)     

Description de Syphabulea mascomai n. sp. et analyse du genre Syphabulea

Syphabulea mascomai n. sp., parasite de Sciurus vulgaris (L.) en Espagne, est décrite. S. mascomai se distingue des autres espèces du genre par: (i) la grande taille de ses oeufs; (ii) la taille relativement réduite de l'opercule de ces oeufs; (iii) par les particularités de l'ornementation du crochet accessoire au gubernaculum. La systématique et la répartition géographique des espèces du genre Syphabulea Gubanov, 1964 sont discutées. L'espèce type du genre est Syphabulea tjanschani (Ablasov, 1962) n. comb. [= Syphacia sp. d'Ablasov in Skrjabin et al. (1960); =Syphacia tjanschani Ablasov, 1962; =S. toschevi Petrov & Bayanov, 1962; =S. thompsoni sensu Li (1933); =S. thompsoni sensu Gubanov (1964); = Syphabulea sobolevi Gubanov, 1964]. Le genre Syphabulea n'était jusqu'ici connu que dans le région orientale, la région néarctique, et l'Est de la région paléarctique. La découverte d'un nouveau Syphabulea dans la péninsule ibérique, dont la faune parasitaire présente des caractères endémiques et relictuels, montre que la présence de ce genre dans la région paléarctique est probablement ancienne. Le genre Syphabulea est sympatrique du genre Rodentoxyuris Quentin & Tenora, 1975, lui aussi spécifique de Rongeurs Sciuroidea, dans une partie importante de la région holarctique. Syphabulea mascomai n. sp., parasitic in the caecum and large intestine of Sciurus vulgaris (L.) in Spain, is described. S. mascomai is characterised by: (i) its very large eggs; (ii) a shorter operculum on the eggs; and (iii) by the peculiar shape of the ornamentation of the accessory piece of gubernaculum. The systematics and the zoogeographical range of the genus Syphabulea Gubanov, 1964 are discussed. The type-species of the genus is: Syphabulea tjanschani (Ablasov, 1962) n. comb. [=Syphacia sp. of Ablasov in Skrjabin et al. (1960); =Syphacia tjanschani Ablasov, 1962; =S. toschevi Petrov & Bayanov, 1962, = S. thompsoni sensu Li (1933); =S. thompsoni sensu Gubanov (1964); =Syphabulea sobolevi Gubanov, 1964]. Until now the genus Syphabulea was known only from the Oriental region, from the Nearctic region and from the asiatic part of the Palearctic region. The discovery of a new species from Spain, an area in which the parasitological fauna exhibits endemic and relictual characteristics, indicates that this genus has probably been present in this part of Europe for quite a long time. The zoogeographical range of genus Syphabulea involves most of the Holarctic region, where it is sympatric with Rodentoxyuris Quentin & Tenora, 1975, another genus parasitic in the Sciuroidea.Se describe a Syphabulea mascomai n. sp. como parásito de Sciurus vulgaris (L.) en España. S. mascomai se distingue de las otras especies del género por: (i) el gran tamaño del los huevos; (ii) el tamaño, relavitamente reducido, del operculo de los huevos; (iii) las características de la ornemantación del gancho accesorio del gubernáculo. Se discute la sistemática y la repartición geográfica de las especies del género Syphabulea Gubanov, 1964. La especie tipo es: Syphabulea tjanschani (Ablasov, 1962) n. comb. [= Syphacia sp. del Ablasov in Skrjabin et al. (1960); =Syphacia tjanschani Ablasov, 1962; =S. toschevi Petrov & Bayanov, 1962; =S. thompsoni sensu Li (1933); =S. thompsoni sensu Gubanov (1964); = Syphabulea sobolevi Gubanov, 1964]. Hasta el presente se tenían datos del género Syphabulea en la Región Oriental, la Región Neártica y en el este de la Región Paleártica. El hallazgo de Syphabulea en la Península Ibérica, donde las parasitofaunas presentan características endémicas y relictuales, viene a sugerir que la presencia del género en la Región Paleártica es muy antigua. El género Syphabulea es simpátrico del género Rodentoxyuris Quentin & Tenora, 1975, tambien específico de Roedores Sciuroidea en la mayor parte de la Región Holártica.     

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE GENUS AEGIRES LOVEN, 1844 (OPISTHOBRANCHIA: DORIDOIDEA: AEGIRETIDAE) IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES

New information on Aegires ortizi Templado, Luque & Ortea,1987 is given, and two new species of the genus Aegires aredescribed, one from the Caribbean and one from the MediterraneanSea. A key to the North Atlantic species of Aegires is given. (Received 10 February 1989; accepted 11 July 1989)     

LICHENICOLOUS FUNGI FROM THE WESTERN PYRENEES,FRANCE AND SPAIN. IV. ASCOMYCETES

Twenty species of lichenicolous ascomycetes are recorded for the western Pyrenees.Capronia hypotrachynaeEtayo & Diederich (onHypotrachynaspecies, also known from the Canary Islands and from Papua New Guinea),Llimoniella pubescensEtayo & Diederich (onLeprariaspecies, also from Scotland and Papua New Guinea),Polycoccum microcarpumDiederich & Etayo (onCladoniaspecies, also from Scotland),Skyttea megalosporaeEtayo & Diederich (onMegalospora tuberculosa),Sphaerellothecium cinerascensEtayo & Diederich (onCladonia parasitica) andS. parmeliaeDiederich & Etayo (onParmelias. str., also from Finland) are described as new.     

Complex population genetic structure in the endemic Canary Island pine revealed using chloroplast microsatellite markers

The Canary archipelago, located on the northwestern Atlantic coast of Africa, is comprised of seven islands aligned from east to west, plus seven minor islets. All the islands were formed by volcanic eruptions and their geological history is well documented providing a historical framework to study colonization events. The Canary Island pine (Pinus canariensis C. Sm.), nowadays restricted to the westernmost Canary Islands (Gran Canaria, Tenerife, La Gomera, La Palma and El Hierro), is considered an old (Lower Cretaceous) relic from an ancient Mediterranean evolutionary centre. Twenty seven chloroplast haplotypes were found in Canary Island pine but only one of them was common to all populations. The distribution of haplotypic variation in P. canariensis suggested the colonization of western Canary Islands from a single continental source located close to the Mediterranean Basin. Present-day populations of Canary Island pine retain levels of genetic diversity equivalent to those found in Mediterranean continental pine species, Pinus pinaster and Pinus halepensis. A hierarchical analysis of variance (AMOVA) showed high differentiation among populations within islands (approximately 19%) but no differentiation among islands. Simple differentiation models such as isolation by distance or stepping-stone colonization from older to younger islands were rejected based on product-moment correlations between pairwise genetic distances and both geographic distances and population-age divergences. However, the distribution of cpSSR diversity within the islands of Tenerife and Gran Canaria pointed towards the importance of the role played by regional Pliocene and Quaternary volcanic activity and long-distance gene flow in shaping the population genetic structure of the Canary Island pine. Therefore, conservation strategies at the population level are strongly recommended for this species.Communicated by D.B. NealeA. Gómez and S.C. González-Martínez as joint authors     

Phylogeography and genetic structure of the Canarian common chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs) inferred with mtDNA and microsatellite loci

The widespread common chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs) inhabits five of the seven Canary Islands. Sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (1002 bp) revealed new insights into the systematics and phylogeography of this taxon. Additionally, a set of microsatellite loci were analyzed to examine the structure of these populations. Our results suggest that a new species of the genus Fringilla is present in the Canary Islands, which comprises at least three subspecies, but with a different distribution to that which has been morphologically accepted. The specimens from Gran Canaria are genetically distinct from those of La Gomera and Tenerife (F. c. canariensis), which suggests the existence of an undescribed taxon. Furthermore, nuclear microsatellite data suggest an ongoing incipient speciation process in this population. This study provides both important conservationist implications and a basis for re-evaluating the taxonomic status of the Canarian Fringilla coelebs populations.