药用植物甾体生物碱的药理作用及合成途径

甾体生物碱是药用植物中广泛存在的一类代谢产物,是一类具有降压、止咳、平喘、抗肿瘤等生物活性的天然产物。目前,甾体生物碱的合成代谢途径、分离纯化、鉴别及生物学功能研究已成为国内外天然产物研究的热点之一。对药用植物甾体生物碱的药理作用进行了综述,并根据萜类物质合成途径,推测总结了甾体生物碱的合成相关途径和参与该途径的关键酶及其基因克隆的研究进展,以期为药用植物甾体生物碱的代谢途径与基因表达调控及应用研究提供参考。     

甘肃棘豆草中苦马豆素的提取分离工艺比较研究

以甘肃棘豆草为试验材料,通过工业酒精热回流提取、水提取和酸水提取3种工艺提取其中的总生物碱,总生物碱经硅胶柱层析分离后减压升华得到,并比较了3种工艺对甘肃棘豆中总生物碱得率和苦马豆素得率的差异。结果表明,3种工艺总生物碱平均得率和苦马豆素平均得率依次分别为7.91、6.79、6.22 mg/g和18.61、12.22、6.23μg/g,由此确定工业酒精热回流为提取苦马豆素的最佳提取分离工艺。     

博落回在畜禽生产中的应用研究

博落回是一种中草药植物,从博落回中提取的生物碱具有消炎、杀菌、抗肿瘤等功能,并在畜禽生产中发挥着增强动物机体免疫力、提高动物生长性能、改善饲料转化率等作用。本文就博落回提取物的主要成分、分离提取方法、毒性及药理活性以及其在畜禽生产中的应用现状等进行综述,以期为博落回在畜禽生产中的合理应用提供理论依据。     

生物碱的提取方法研究进展

生物碱是广泛存在于自然界天然植物中的碱性含氮有机化合物。大多数生物碱具有显著的生理活性,是许多药用植物的有效成分,提取与纯化是生物碱制备的关键环节。综述了生物碱制备的传统方法及新技术的应用进展,分析了它们的原理及优缺点,探讨了生物碱制备的发展前景。     

pH区带精制逆流色谱法分离制备黄藤中巴马汀和药根碱

建立了黄藤生物碱快速分离制备的pH区带精制逆流色谱方法。采用95%乙醇加热回流提取制备黄藤生物碱粗提物,利用pH区带精制逆流色谱法对生物碱粗提物进行直接分离制备,以氯仿-甲醇-水(4∶3∶3)为溶剂系统,下相添加三乙胺(10 mmol/L)为流动相,上相加盐酸(40 mmol/L)作为固定相,在主机转速800 rpm,流动相流速2 m L/min,检测波长254 nm条件下进行分离制备。从1.5 g黄藤提取物中一次分离得到231.6 mg药根碱和436.8 mg巴马汀,纯度均大于98%。化合物通过MS、~1H NMR和~(13)C NMR进行了结构鉴定。pH区带精制逆流色谱法是一种快速高效的分离纯化黄藤生物碱的方法。     

植物多肽类化合物研究进展

本义综述了近年来植物中的寡肽、环肽、环肽生物碱、糖肽的提取分离方法、结构签定及其生物活性等方面的研究进展。     

一种提取粉防己碱的新方法

本文报道了一种新的提取粉防己生物碱的方法.粉防己根粉用0.6%稀硫酸渗滤,提取液通过D72树脂柱,然后用氨水乙醇溶液洗脱,丙酮、甲苯结晶纯化得到粉防己碱纯品.该方法在提取过程中避免了使用毒性大的溶剂,提高了防己生物碱的提取率,简化了操作,是一种环保型提取工艺,适用于其他中药叔胺和季胺型生物碱的提取.     

花魔芋中三种功能性成分联产分离工艺

采用超声辅助联产工艺法对魔芋活性成分的提取及分离进行了研究。用正交优化试验考察了提取神经酰胺与生物碱的影响因素,确定了最佳提取工艺条件:提取温度60℃、乙醇浓度70%、提取时间20 min、料液比1∶40。在此条件下得到魔芋中神经酰胺提取量为1.57 mg/g,生物碱提取量为0.41 mg/g。采用柱层析、重结晶等技术纯化后神经酰胺和生物碱的纯度分别为80.77%和71.68%;采用乙醇沉淀法从魔芋残渣中提取KGM类化合物,提取量为0.51 g/g,纯化后的纯度为93.86%。进一步对神经酰胺的保湿性能进行研究,结果显示其保湿效果强于橄榄油和甘油。本研究对提高魔芋的综合利用、降低生产成本、增加附加经济值以及提高经济效益具有重要意义。     

微生物异源合成植物异喹啉生物碱的新进展

植物异喹啉生物碱(plant isoquinoline alkaloids,PIAs)包括吗啡、可待因、加兰他敏及小糵碱等药用活性产物和其他天然活性产物。从植物中提取异喹啉生物碱,受制于低含量、种植季节及提取方法。人们开始研究利用微生物异源合成和改造天然异喹啉生物碱,从而获得低成本的药用活性物质。异喹啉生物碱合成途径长,反应复杂,为实现微生物异源合成带来了诸多挑战。随着合成途径和酶的解析和鉴定,合成生物学技术为在微生物中合成异喹啉生物碱提供了可能。综述了PIAs合成途径解析的最新进展,以及微生物异源合成PIAs的代谢工程策略,讨论了目前存在的问题和未来的发展趋势。     

正交设计优化微波辅助测定延胡索叶总生物碱含量

通过微波辅助提取的方式,以延胡索叶总生物碱含量为考察指标,通过单因素试验和正交试验对总生物碱提取方法进行优化。重点考察了微波提取温度、时间、料液比、提取缓冲液pH值等因素对延胡索叶总生物碱得率的影响。各因素对延胡索叶总生物碱提取量的影响大小依次为:提取缓冲液pH值料液比提取温度。其最佳的提取方法为:提取缓冲液pH值为1. 0,料液比1∶100,提取温度60℃,提取时间20 min。在此条件下,叶总生物碱含量为25. 910 mg/g。利用微波辅助提取延胡索叶中总生物碱,不仅耗时短,效率高,而且操作简单、稳定,为延胡索叶总生物碱含量测定提供一定的技术支持。     

Separation of optical isomers of scopolamine, cocaine, homatropine, and atropine

Different drug stereoisomers can have different physiological and therapeutic effects. Difficulties in separating optical isomers often make it impractical to market stereochemically pure products or to monitor isomeric contamination. This is not thought to be a problem with drugs isolated from biological sources (the alkaloids, for example). However, small amounts of isomeric impurities also exist in many biological systems. More importantly the isolation and purification process can cause partial or complete racimization in some cases. Great care must be taken in the handling of some drugs and an efficient, sensitive means to monitor racimization is important. Liquid chromatographic separation on a chiral beta-cyclodextrin bonded phase can be an effective technique in many cases. Its use in separating optical isomers of dl-scopolamine, dl-hyoscyamine, dl-homatropine, and dl-cocaine is discussed.     

乌头须根总生物碱提取工艺的考察

目的:考察乌头须根中总生物碱的最佳提取工艺条件。方法:酸碱滴定法测定乌头须根中总生物碱含量,以总生物碱提取率为指标,采用L9(3)~4正交实验法筛选乌头须根总生物碱的最佳提取工艺。结果:乌头须根总生物碱含量为1.094%,影响提取的主次因素为:乙醇浓度>提取次数>提取时间>乙醇用量;优选得到的最佳提取工艺为A_3B_1C_3D_3,即以8倍量80%的乙醇提取3次,每次1.5小时。结论:乌头须根总生物碱含量较高,提取工艺条件稳定、经济、可行。     

Chromatographic analysis of Vinca alkaloids in human neoplastic tissues and host (mouse) tissues after injection in vivo or after incubation in vitro

A method for extracting from biological tissues vincristine, vinblastine, and their metabolites and analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography has been developed. After excision tissues are rapidly frozen in liquid nitrogen (less than 10 s) and powders are made under liquid N2. Extraction of blood, plasma, or tissue powders was achieved using ethanol (95%) acidified to pH 4.9 with acetic acid. Extracts were analyzed using reverse-phase chromatography capable of separating Vinca alkaloids with substitutions on the vindoline or catharanthine moiety. This technique has been used to elucidate the metabolism of [3H]vincristine and [3H]vinblastine in vivo and in vitro.     

超临界CO2提取茶籽油的工艺及其成分分析

对超临界CO2工艺提取茶籽油进行研究,选择萃取压力、温度、时间、分离釜Ⅰ压力为影响因素,茶籽油的提取率为试验指标,采用多因素多水平可视化分析方法对数据进行分析,得出最佳工艺范围：萃取压力2.5×107～3.0×107Pa、温度30～35℃、时间110～140 min、分离釜Ⅰ压力4.0×106～5.0×106Pa。并用气相色谱-质谱法测定茶籽油中的各个成分及含量,发现茶籽油中单不饱和脂肪酸主要为油酸,多不饱和脂肪酸主要为亚油酸,饱和脂肪酸主要为棕榈酸和硬脂酸。     

酵母发酵生产辅酶Q10提取方法研究进展

辅酶Q10是存在于哺乳动物中,能与酶蛋白形成复合物以发挥酶学活性的有机小分子化合物,目前广泛应用于医药、日化、保健、食品等不同领域。辅酶Q10来源丰富,其中酵母是其工业生产的主要来源之一。广受关注的酵母发酵生产辅酶Q10的提取分离手段不断革新,产量不断增加,处理方式更加环保,应用日渐拓宽。本文就近年来国内外酵母发酵生产辅酶Q10的提取分离方法进行了综述,包括酵母菌种的类型与优化、辅酶Q10提取检测方法、工业生产放大工艺以及与产品质量相关的各个影响因素,并对酵母发酵生产辅酶Q10的前景进行了展望。     

Profiling of membrane proteins from human macrophages: comparison of two approaches

Macrophages are involved in various important biological processes and their functions are tightly regulated. Hydrophobic proteins are difficult to analyse by 2-DE because of their intrinsic tendency to self-aggregate during the first dimension (IEF). We have compared two protocols for extracting, separating and identifying membrane proteins from human macrophages by MALDI-TOF MS. The first protocol used protein extraction by solvent, followed by 2-DE and allowed us to identify 10% membrane proteins among the proteins identified a being like the peroxisome-activated receptor delta. The second method is based on solubilizing the membranes with Triton X-100, separating the proteins by anion-exchange chromatography followed by SDS-PAGE. This method allowed us to identify 49 membrane proteins, including four integral membrane proteins, ten type I, two type II and one type III membrane proteins. Several receptors were identified, including integrin alpha-3 and ephrin type A receptor 7. Interestingly, several proteins involved in macrophage functions were identified, such as integrin alpha-X and macrophage mannose receptor. These findings show that techniques are available to identify membrane proteins, but that they require large quantities of cells which means that they are not suitable for the limiting amounts of precious samples available from clinical studies.     

正交试验法优选薯蓣皂苷元萃取条件研究

目的:为明确薯蓣皂苷元的最佳提取工艺,我们采用超临界CO2萃取技术,通过正交试验优化穿山龙中薯蓣皂苷元的提取工艺。方法:探讨萃取压力、萃取温度、分离Ⅰ压力、分离Ⅰ温度等因素对薯蓣皂苷元收率的影响。确定了薯蓣皂苷元的最佳萃取条件。结果:穿山龙中薯蓣皂苷元超临界萃取的最佳条件为萃取压力30 MPa,萃取温度50℃,分离Ⅰ压力13 MPa,分离Ⅰ温度40℃。结论:超临界CO2萃取法提取薯蓣皂苷元工艺简单,安全有效。     

Fecal steroid research in the field and laboratory: improved methods for storage, transport, processing, and analysis

Since the pioneering paper "Measurement of Excreted Steroids in Macaca nemestrina" [Risler et al., American Journal of Primatology 12:91-100, 1987] was first published, field primatologists have been using fecal extraction techniques to examine adrenal and gonadal hormones. These techniques have allowed investigators to determine reproductive conditions in wild primates without causing any disruption to the populations. Over the years, many techniques have been developed to improve the ease of analysis, transportation, and purification. More of the processing can now be done in the field. This paper describes the methodology developed or adapted at the Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, and the factors involved in preparing fecal samples for steroid analysis. We provide information on the steps involved in extracting and purifying steroids from feces for measurement. The latest methods include field processing of samples, such as drying collected material or separating steroids from the fecal material by solid phase extraction (SPE). How samples are processed in the field determines the requirements for international transportation and the methods used in the laboratory. The pros and cons of the different processing methods are discussed. We also report on recent advances in laboratory quantification, with implications for steroid isolation prior to analysis. The different processes involved in isolating and measuring fecal steroids discussed here will enable investigators to understand the components necessary to ensure accurate and reliable results.     

金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum Kom.)对藻类的生化干预作用

室内试验表明金鱼藻对普通小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris Beij.)和斜生栅藻(Scenedesmusobliquus(Turp.)Kutz.)的生长有明显的生化干预作用。本研究表明,金鱼藻和藻类共同培养,用培养过金鱼藻的培养液直接培养藻类,或用此培养液中提取的生物碱作藻类抑制实验,藻类的生长均受到抑制。等量的金鱼藻经煮沸后,对藻类的抑制作用高于原液。金鱼藻植株及其培养液中生物碱的含量与培养条件和时间有关。