Effects of Subsoiling and Nematicides on Hoplolaimus columbus Populations and Cotton Yield

Subsoiling to a depth of 35 cm under the planting row for 3 consecutive years increased annual yields of seed cotton by 50 to 200%. Annual subsoiling was essential for maximum yields. The application of a nematicide, 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP) or aldicarb, reduced the population of Hoplolaimus columbus but did not increase seed-cotton yields over subsoiling alone. Subsoiling reduced H. columbus in the top 20 cm of soil since the treatment favored deeper penetration by much of the root syslem and, consequently, less root colonization of the upper soil zone.     

深松和秸秆还田对甘肃引黄灌区土壤物理性状和玉米生产的影响

通过在甘肃引黄灌区灰钙土2015—2017年的田间试验,研究深松35 cm秸秆还田、深松35 cm秸秆不还田与传统旋耕秸秆不还田对土壤紧实度、容重、入渗率和0～100 cm土层土壤水分、玉米产量、养分吸收量的影响.结果表明: 与深松35 cm秸秆不还田及旋耕秸秆不还田相比,深松35 cm秸秆还田使0～40 cm土层土壤紧实度和容重降低最明显,2017年收获后紧实度与容重较2015年试验前分别下降42.6%、7.0%,且2016和2017年播种前与收获后0～40 cm土层紧实度和容重的变幅最小,紧实度变异系数平均为6.1%,容重为3.2%,土壤入渗率较旋耕秸秆不还田提高33.6%;深松35 cm秸秆还田可显著提高春秋两季0～100 cm土层剖面含水量,降低剖面水分变异,0～100 cm土层土壤贮水量较旋耕秸秆不还田春季增加15.5%,秋季增加5.6%,水分利用效率提高32.4%;此外,深松35 cm秸秆还田能促进玉米生产,较旋耕秸秆不还田的经济产量两年平均分别增产25.6%,生物产量提升33.3%,玉米氮、磷、钾养分吸收量分别提高49.6%、51.5%和37.6%.综上,深松35 cm秸秆还田能改善物理土壤特性,稳定耕层物理性状,提高0～100 cm土层剖面水分含量及春秋两季土壤平均贮水量,降低水分变异,是促进玉米水肥高效利用,实现高产的最优措施,为甘肃引黄灌区耕层构建技术的深入研究提供理论依据.     

Some Factors Causing Variability in 1,2-Dibromo-3-Chloropropane Concentrations in Soil

Relative to nematicides with greater fuming capabilities, 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP) moved nonuniformly through soil. DBCP concentrations in soil were reduced by low soil temperature and the presence of lime or roots within the soil profile, Applications by either water or chisel injection provided DBCP movement to 120 cm and below. Concentrations were least persistent in the upper 15 cm of the field surface and in one situation where application was not followed by irrigation. Values for Henry''s Constant are reported for DBCP at a range of solution temperatures. Certain advantages and disadvantages of soil atmosphere sampling of DBCP are discussed.     

Interaction of Four Soybean Cultivars with Subsoiling and a Nematicide

Yields of four soybean, Glycine max, cultivars were increased with subsoiling under the row and application of the nematicide, DBCP i 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane) in Tiflon sandy loam heavily infested with the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. These cultivars represent four maturity groups: very early (V), "Essex'', early (VI), "Davis'': medium (VII), ''Ransom''; and late (VIII), '' Hutton ''. The average increase for the four cullivars was about the same for subsoiling or DBCP. When the treatmcnts were used together, the increase was greater than when either was used alone, but the effects were not additive. Increased yields were obtained with subsoiling and DBCP for the most nematode resistant cultivar, Hutton, as well as for the most susccptiblc, Davis. Subsoiling reduced root-knot galling in nonfumigated plots but did not affect it in fumigated plots. On 12 September, M. incognita larvae were most numerous at the 0- to 20 cm depth, intermediate at 20 to 33 cm depth and least numerous at 33 to 46 cm depth, Subsoiling did not affect larval populations at the three levels.     

耕作深度对蔗地土壤物理性状及甘蔗产量的影响

探讨蔗地机械化耕作深度对耕层土壤物理性状及甘蔗产量构成因子的影响,阐明深松作业的针对性土壤区位和障碍因子,可为甘蔗良好耕层的构建和土壤改良策略的制定提供科学依据.本研究设置3种深松作业深度(35、40和45 cm),以不深松为对照,对蔗地土壤物理性状(紧实度、容重、含水率、孔隙度、三相容积率)和甘蔗产量构成因素及蔗茎产量等指标进行研究.结果表明: 耕作作业深度与蔗地土壤结构特性及甘蔗产量的改善提升效应呈显著正相关.深松能够打破犁底层,显著降低土壤紧实度和容重,减小机械作业相应的贯入阻力和抗剪强度,尤其对20～30 cm土层的上述因子具有显著改善效应,对甘蔗高产意义重大.深松显著提高了30 cm以内土层的液相容积率,增大了土壤水分库容,使10～30 cm土层的水分指标显著改善.10～30 cm土层是深松对耕层土壤固相容积率改善效应最显著的区位.耕作深度的增加对甘蔗有效茎数、株高、蔗茎产量及蔗糖含量具有显著的促进效应.鉴于蔗区当前较普遍的机具装备水平,我国适宜蔗区实施机械化深松的作业深度标准应不小于40 cm.     

深松对乌拉尔甘草根际土壤养分以及微生物群落功能多样性的影响

通过大田试验和室内分析相结合,研究了深松对乌拉尔甘草根际土壤养分和微生物群落功能多样性的影响,以期为乌拉尔甘草人工种植地土壤耕作措施优化和土壤环境改良提供依据。结果表明,与未深松(常规耕作)处理相比,深松处理对乌拉尔甘草根际土壤0—20 cm耕层土壤养分含量无显著性影响,可显著提高乌拉尔甘草根际土壤20—40 cm耕层有机质、全氮、全磷和全钾的含量,分别提高了60.8%、65.3%、48.9%和86.8%;明显增加了0—20 cm和20—40 cm耕层细菌、真菌和放线菌的数量(P0.05),3种类型的微生物数量均呈现出上层大于下层,深松大于未深松的变化趋势。在156 h的微生物温育期内,深松处理下不同土层的平均颜色变化率(AWCD)均显著高于未深松处理,并显著提高了AWCD的利用率(72 h,P0.05),较未深松分别提高了35.5%和130.8%。与未深松处理相比,深松处理显著提高了土壤微生物的多样性指数(H、S、D)。主成分分析(PCA)表明,深松优化了乌拉尔甘草根际土壤微生物的群落组成;聚合物、羧酸类化合物、氨基酸和碳水化合物是深松处理下根际土壤微生物利用的主要碳源。总而言之,深松处理显著提高乌拉尔甘草根际土壤养分含量、微生物数量和微生物多样性指数,改变了微生物群落功能多样性,造成这种差异的主要原因可能是深松改变了土壤耕层结构,改善了微生物的生存环境。因此,深松对乌拉尔甘草人工种植地土壤质量的改良有积极作用。     

机械化保护性耕作条件下土壤质量的数值化评价

通过9年的长期田间定位试验研究了陕西关中平原中部冬小麦 夏玉米轮作条件下深松耕（ST）、旋耕（RT）、秸秆还（SR）、免耕（NTS）等保护性耕作措施及传统耕作（TT）对土壤理化性状和作物产量的影响,并采用主成分分析方法进行土壤质量的综合评价.结果表明：与传统耕作相比,保护性耕作模式提高了土壤肥力质量,改善了土壤物理环境条件;显著提高了土壤脲酶和碱性磷酸酶的活性;除秸秆覆盖免耕处理的玉米和小麦产量低于传统耕作外,其他保护性耕作措施均不同程度地提高了作物产量,其中小麦增产13%～28%,玉米增产3%～12%.与传统耕作相比,保护性耕作土壤质量指数提高了19.8%～44.0%.综合考虑经济效应和生态效益,隔年深松、秸秆粉碎联合旋耕作业以及秸秆覆盖联合深松作业不仅能增加作物产量还可改善土壤质量,可在研究区进行推广应用.     

Penetration of 1,2-Dibromo-3-Chloropropane in a Florida Soil

Gas-liquid chromatography was used to detect movement of the nematicide, 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP), in soil columns containing top- and subsoil of Astatula fine sand. Topsoil contained 1.4-1.6% organic matter and subsoil 0.20-0.25%. DBCP was applied at various rates as aqueous drenches. Depth of penetration was controlled by organic matter in topsoil and varied with the amount of water applied. Maximum DBCP penetration after 14 days was 28 cm; maximum water infiltration, 115 cm. Maximum depth of penetration was obtained with a water emulsion of 30 μg/ml of DBCP applied in 15 cm of water. DBCP applied in 5 cm of water to soils containing 2.0% and 0.125% organic matter penetrated 6 cm and 60 cm, respectively.     

夏闲期轮耕对小麦田土壤水分及产量的影响

2007-2010年在宁南旱区研究了夏闲期免耕/深松/免耕(T1)、深松/免耕/深松(T2)、连年翻耕(CT)3种耕作方式对麦田土壤水分及产量的影响.结果表明:经过3年夏闲期T1和T2处理后,农田土壤蓄水效率平均分别较连年翻耕处理提高15.2％和26.5％;T1和T2处理的降水潜在利用率较高,分别达到37.8％和38.5％,降水生产效率平均分别较连年翻耕处理提高9.9％和10.7％.夏闲期轮耕能显著降低休闲期的土壤无效蒸发,有效保蓄小麦生长期的土壤水分.在冬小麦生长前期,T1和T2处理0～200 cm土层土壤水分平均分别较连年翻耕处理增加6.8％和9.4％;在拔节-抽穗-灌浆期,与连年翻耕处理相比,两处理可显著提高0 ～ 200 cm土层土壤蓄水量,对作物产量的贡献率较高.不同轮耕模式在增加作物耗水量的同时也提高了作物产量及水分利用效率,与CT处理相比,3年T1和T2处理作物耗水量平均分别提高5.2％和6.1％,产量分别增加9.9％和10.6％,作物水分生产效率分别提高4.5％和4.3％.相关分析表明,在干旱缺水的宁南地区,冬小麦播种期、拔节-抽穗-灌浆期的土壤蓄水量可显著影响产量,尤其抽穗期的土壤蓄水量对产量的影响更大.     

微灌与播前深松对根际土壤酶活性和夏玉米产量的影响

为探明微灌与播前深松耕作对夏玉米根际土壤酶活性和产量的影响,以大田夏玉米为研究对象,设计微灌灌溉方式(地表滴灌、地下滴灌和微润灌)、灌水量(分别控制土壤含水量下限为田间持水率的50%、65%和80%)和深松深度(20、40、60 cm)3因素、3水平正交田间试验.结果表明: 夏玉米全生育期内,土壤过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性均呈先增加后减小趋势,磷酸酶活性则呈先减小后增加趋势.地下滴灌0~80 cm生育期平均土壤含水率比地表滴灌和微润灌高6.3%和1.8%,且显著提高土壤脲酶活性、夏玉米根系体积和产量;随着灌水量的增加,土壤磷酸酶活性呈先减小后增加趋势,脲酶活性和产量均呈先增加后减小趋势,生育期平均土壤含水率与根系体积均呈增加趋势;深松40 cm比20 cm的产量和根系体积增加量大于深松60 cm比40 cm的增加量,深松40 cm土壤酶活性较高.从提高水资源、氮肥利用率及作物产量角度考虑,该地区夏玉米种植的最优组合应为地下滴灌、灌水下限为田间持水率的65%与播前深松40 cm.     

太行山片麻岩山区造地边坡植被恢复过程中植物多样性与土壤特性的演变

为了探究太行山片麻岩山区造地后坡面植被的演变规律,以太行山片麻岩山区不同治理年限的坡面为研究对象,研究了坡面的植被状况与土壤理化性状。结果表明:随着治理年限的增加,坡面植被覆盖度、地上生物量和植物种类均显著增加,分别由第2年的18.00%、67.52 g/m~2、10种增加到了第7年的92.67%、379.91 g/m~2、19种。随治理年限的增加,坡面土壤的理化性质得到改善,土壤容重由第2年的1.40 g/cm~3降低到了第7年的1.29 g/cm~3,土壤有机质含量由第2年的4.91 g/kg增加到了第7年的7.18 g/kg;土壤总孔隙度、全氮、碱解氮、速效钾含量分别由第2年的47.15%、0.17 g/kg、16.10 mg/kg、26.58 mg/kg增加到了第6年的51.60%、0.61 g/kg、62.18 mg/kg、57.40 mg/kg,在第7年又分别降低为51.42%、0.50 g/kg、37.80 mg/kg、30.90 mg/kg。坡面植被多样性与土壤多项理化性状表现为显著相关。随着治理年限延长,造地后的坡面土壤的理化性质发生改变,土壤有效养分增多,持水能力增强,植被覆盖度与植物种类均显著增加,植物多样性稳步提高,生态环境得到有效改善。     

Corn Response to Subsoiling and Nematicide Application

A 2-year field study evaluated the influence of subsoiling and nematicide application, alone and in combination, on the growth and yield of field corn in a sandy soil in north-central Florida. The field had a 25-30-cm-deep tillage pan (plowpan) and was infested with Belonolaimus longicaudatus, Hoplolaimus galeatus, Trichodorus christei, and Pratylenchus spp. Subsoiling increased corn yield both years, and the residual effect of subsoiling in the first year increased yields in the second year. Preplant application of DD injected in-row increased yields and reduced nematode populations. At-planting applications of DD injected in-row and carbofuran in-furrow or in a band were less effective than subsoiling in increasing yields and reducing nematode numbers. Interactions between subsoiling and nematicide treatments occurred in the second year.     

宁南旱区耕作覆盖对马铃薯产量及土壤水热特征的影响

为探究耕作覆盖对土壤水热及旱作马铃薯产量的影响,连续2年在宁南旱区不同耕作深度结合覆盖模式下开展了研究工作。结果表明: 耕作深度、覆盖材料对马铃薯播种期0～100 cm土层土壤贮水量有极显著影响,而二者交互作用无显著影响;2019年土壤贮水量以深松30 cm覆盖地膜处理最高,2020年以深松40 cm覆盖秸秆处理较高,分别较翻耕15 cm不覆盖处理(对照)显著提高16.9%和33.4%;耕作深度、覆盖材料可显著影响马铃薯关键生育期土壤贮水量;同一耕作深度下土壤贮水量以秸秆、地膜覆盖处理效果较好,同一覆盖材料下以深松30～40 cm处理最佳。覆盖材料、耕作深度与覆盖材料二者交互作用对播种-现蕾期0～25 cm土层土壤有效积温影响显著;同一耕作深度下覆盖地膜处理土壤有效积温平均较不覆盖处理显著增加9.3%,而覆盖秸秆处理较不覆盖处理显著降低18.7%;2019和2020年各处理全生育期土壤有效积温分别以深松30 cm和深松40 cm覆盖地膜处理最高。2019年马铃薯总产量和经济效益以深松30 cm覆盖秸秆处理较高,分别较对照显著提高84.6%和107.9%;2020年以深松40 cm覆盖秸秆处理最佳,分别较对照显著提高81.7%和105.7%。耕作深度、覆盖材料对作物水热利用效率均有显著影响,水分利用效率以深松30～40 cm覆盖秸秆处理较高,而积温利用效率不同耕作深度结合秸秆覆盖各处理均较翻对照显著提高。相关分析表明,块茎形成期的土壤水分和有效积温对马铃薯总产量的形成至关重要,而全生育期土壤水分对总产量的影响高于土壤有效积温。可见,深松30～40 cm覆盖秸秆处理可改善土壤水热状况,实现马铃薯增产增收和水热资源的高效利用,在宁南半干旱区马铃薯生产中有一定的应用推广价值。     

轮耕与施肥对渭北旱作玉米田土壤团聚体和有机碳含量的影响

2007—2012年在陕西合阳连作玉米田进行保护性轮耕与施肥长期定位试验,设置免耕/深松(NT-ST)、深松/翻耕(ST-CT)和翻耕/免耕(CT-NT)3种隔年交替轮耕处理和连续免耕(NT-NT)、连续深松(ST-ST)、连续翻耕(CT-CT)3种连耕处理及平衡施肥、低肥和常规施肥3种施肥处理,分析了0～40 cm土壤团聚体分布、平均质量直径(MWD)、几何平均直径(GMD)、分形维数(D)及0～60 cm土壤有机碳(SOC)含量.结果表明: 随着耕作强度的增加,土壤团聚体总含量减小,稳定性降低,有机碳损失增大;连续免耕和轮耕增大了土壤团聚体MWD和GMD,减小分形维数,增加了粒径大于0.25 mm团聚体(R_0.25)和SOC含量.在相同施肥处理下,团聚体R_0.25表现为NT-NT>NT-ST>NT-CT>ST-ST>CT-ST>CT-CT;在相同耕作方式下,平衡施肥和低肥处理下土壤团聚体比常规施肥更稳定.通过对土壤团聚体分形维数进行数学拟合,干筛法和湿筛法所测土壤团聚体的分形维数分别为2.247～2.681和2.897～2.976. 0～30 cm土层土壤团聚体分形维数均表现为连续免耕和轮耕显著低于连续翻耕(CT-CT),随土层加深分形维数增大,在40 cm处趋于稳定.施肥对不同土层有机碳含量的影响差异显著(P<0.05),随土层加深有机碳含量呈递减趋势,平衡施肥处理下有机碳积累量较常规施肥增加了6.9%.土壤有机碳含量随团聚体粒径的增大而增加,0.25～2 mm粒径土壤团聚体含量对有机碳积累的影响达到显著水平(P<0.01),确定系数R²为0.848.     

等距开槽结合施用石膏改良苏打盐碱土

采用田间小区试验,研究了等距开槽结合施用石膏对东北松嫩平原西部苏打盐碱土的改良效果。结果表明:等距开槽(20～40cm心土层开槽,槽间距1m)能有效降低开槽点的土壤紧实度,对槽间土壤紧实度也有一定的降低作用,且与对照(不开槽)紧实度的差异达到极显著水平;等距开槽必须结合石膏才能改善土壤的化学性质,加石膏与未加石膏处理的pH和碱化度达到差异显著水平,而电导率值在处理前后差异不显著,开槽松土处理对槽内土壤化学性质改善效果不明显;磷石膏与脱硫石膏在改土效果上差异不显著,石膏配合开槽能有效改善土壤理化性质和植物生长状况,且对槽间土壤改良和植物生长均有一定的促进作用。     

Evaluating the Effect of Three Water Management Techniques on Tomato Crop

The effects of three water management techniques were evaluated on subsurface drip irrigated tomatoes. The three techniques were the intermittent flow (3 pulses), the dual-lateral drip system (two lateral lines per row, at 15 and 25cm below soil surface), and the physical barrier (buried at 30 cm below soil surface). Field experiments were established for two successive seasons. Water movement in soil was monitored using continuously logging capacitance probes up to 60 cm depth. The results showed that the dual lateral technique positively increased the yield up to 50%, water use efficiency up to 54%, while the intermittent application improved some of the quality measures (fruit size, TSS, and Vitamin C), not the quantity of the yield that decreased in one season, and not affected in the other. The physical barrier has no significant effect on any of the important growth measures. The soil water patterns showed that the dual lateral method lead to uniform wetting pattern with depth up to 45 cm, the physical barrier appeared to increase lateral and upward water movement, while the intermittent application kept the wetting pattern at higher moisture level for longer time. The cost analysis showed also that the economic treatments were the dual lateral followed by the intermittent technique, while the physical barrier is not economical. The study recommends researching the effect of the dual lateral method on the root growth and performance. The intermittent application may be recommended to improve tomato quality but not quantity. The physical barrier is not recommended unless in high permeable soils.     

Effect of Temperature on the Dispersion of 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane in Soil

A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of temperature on the dispersion of 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP) in soil. The facility of solution of DBCP in water was also investigated. Results of these studies show that the movement of DBCP from an injection site is temperature dependent. These data also indicate that DBCP dissolves readily in water and that dissolved chemical serves to limit the rate of outward dispersion once the liquid DBCP which was added has changed state. The mechanics of DBCP dispersion following soil injection are discussed.     

Effects of Cultivars,Subsoiling, and Fumigation on Soybean Yields and Meloidogyne incognita Populations

Application of 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP) and subsoiling under the row in Tifton sandy loam heavily infested with Meloidogyne incognita increased yields of four soybean cultivars. These cultivars have levels of resistance to M. incognita as follows: ''Hutton'', high; ''Essex'', intermediate; and ''Davis'' and ''Ransom'', low. After growing these four cultivars, sub-soiling, and applying DBCP for 2 years in the same plots, the residual effects of these practices on yield of Davis cultivar and populations of M. incognita were studied. Greatest yields of Davis were obtained on plots previously planted to Hunon and Essex and on plots previously treated with DBCP for 2 years. Residual effects of subsoiling on yield were not significant. Data on nematode populations indicated that some residual effects occurred because of cultivars and nematicides. However, root-knot was suppressed only where DBCP was applied the 2 previous years. Although beneficial residual effects occurred, they were not sufficient for maximum soybean production.     

深松与包膜尿素对玉米田土壤氮素转化及利用的影响

耕作方式和氮肥施用是影响土壤中氮肥转化、利用效率和作物产量的重要因素。通过夏玉米田的2a(2011—2012)定位试验,研究了两种耕作方式(深松、旋耕)配合不同尿素类型(包膜尿素、普通尿素)的施用对玉米田土壤硝态氮和铵态氮含量、脲酶活性、硝化细菌和反硝化细菌数量、玉米产量以及氮肥农学效率的影响。研究结果表明:相同耕作方式下,包膜尿素处理土壤中脲酶活性较稳定,且增加了旱田土壤亚硝酸细菌数量而降低了反硝化细菌数量,有利于土壤硝态氮含量的提高,尤其是作物生长的中后期;包膜尿素处理的产量比普通尿素提高7.25%—10.82%,同时提高氮肥农学效率。深松处理增加了土壤中的反硝化细菌数量,配合施用包膜尿素进一步提高了土壤脲酶活性,增加了亚硝酸细菌数量;旋耕与包膜尿素配合施用在一段时期内能显著增加土壤硝态氮含量,减少反硝化细菌数量。深松配合包膜尿素处理能够显著的增加玉米产量,2a分别比旋耕配合包膜尿素增加1.41%和10.62%。因此,深松措施配合施用包膜尿素能够增强土壤脲酶活性,增加亚硝酸细菌数量,提高氮素转化速率,增加作物产量和氮肥农学效率,其稳产效果在干旱年份尤为显著。     

Micronutrient availability to cereals from calcareous soils

Summary The mechanism of higher grain production of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) by four tillage methods was explored on a sandy calcareous soil of Sahl-Al Jafara, Libya, during the year 1976–77. Tillage methods increased grain yield and dry matter weight at the boot stage in the order of no-tillage<rotovator=disc plough < subsoiler. Rotovation to 15 cm and disc ploughing to 25 cm depth enhanced grain production mainly by eliminating weed competition. In both the cases, roots penetrated < 25 cm where plough-pan existed.Further yield increases by 50 cm deep subsoiling seems to be mainly explained by N and Cu rise in plants from their marginal to optimum levels and by reduction of Mn deficiency in plant shoots. Penetration of roots beyond the 25 cm plough-pan apparently resulted in higher absorption of these nutrients from leached or native soil supplies. Subsoiling also resulted in greater Zn concentration in plant shoots which, under marginal to deficient conditions, will also increase grain production.