Double-blind Trial to Compare Ampicillin,Cephalexin, Co-trimoxazole,and Trimethoprim in Treatment of Urinary Infection

In order to test their value in urinary infection a double-blind trial was carried out using ampicillin, cephalexin, trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (co-trimoxazole), and trimethoprim. Eighty-three courses of treatment were given to hospital patients, 149 to pregnant women, and 107 to patients with dysuria and frequency seen in domiciliary practice. Thus infections of varying severity in defined groups of patients caused by organisms with different antibiotic sensitivities were treated.Analysis of the overall results (339 courses) was compared with those from the individual groups and considerable variation in response was found. In domiciliary infections and bacteriuria in pregnancy trimethoprim alone proved to be at least as effective as the other three compounds and caused fewer than half the number of side effects. In the hospital patients co-trimoxazole was superior to trimethoprim.The overall results for ampicillin and cephalexin were similar although cephalexin proved to be inferior in treating symptomatic domiciliary infections.     

Atherogenic Dyslipidemia in Children: Evaluation of Clinical,Biochemical and Genetic Aspects

The precursors of atherogenic dyslipidemia (AD) are not well defined. Therefore, we investigated 62 non-obese, non-diabetic AD and 221 normolipemic children. Anthropometric parameters, blood pressure and biochemical measures were obtained in index children, their parents and all available siblings. The heritability (h²) of anthropometric and biochemical traits was estimated by SOLAR. Rare and common variants in APOA1 and LPL genes were screened by re-sequencing. Compared to normolipemic, AD children showed increased body mass index, waist circumference, plasma glucose, insulin, ApoB, HOMA-IR, hs-CRP and lower adiponectin (p<0.001 for all). Metabolic syndrome was present in 40% of AD while absent in controls. All traits (except adiponectin and hs-CRP) showed a strong familial aggregation, with plasma glucose having the highest heritability (89%). Overall, 4 LPL loss-of-function mutations were detected (p.Asp9Asn, p.Ser45Asn, p.Asn291Ser, p.Leu365Val) and their cumulative prevalence was higher in AD than in control children (0.073 vs. 0.026; P=0.038). The LPL p.S447* gain-of-function mutation, resulted to be less frequent in AD than in control children (0.064 vs. 0.126; P=0.082). No variant in the APOA1 gene was found. Our data indicate that AD is a rather common dyslipidemia in childhood; it associates with metabolic abnormalities typical of insulin resistant state and shows a strong familial aggregation. LPL variants may contribute to the development of AD phenotype.     

Comparative trial of Co-trimoxazole and Chloramphenicol in Typhoid Fever

A comparative trial of co-trimoxazole and chloramphenicol was conducted in two groups of 50 patients each to try to resolve conflicting opinions on the relative merits of the two drugs in the treatment of typhoid fever. We conclude that in our part of India co-trimoxazole is superior to chloramphenicol and that differences in our findings to those of others may perhaps be accounted for by differences in strains of Salmonella typhi, ethnic differences, and possibly differences in herd immunity to typhoid.     

经纤维支气管镜灌洗治疗儿童顽固性肺炎的临床研究

目的：探讨经纤维支气管镜灌洗治疗儿童顽固性肺炎的治疗效果。方法：选择儿童顽固性肺炎患者48例,随机选择26例行纤维支气管镜灌洗治疗＋常规治疗（实验组）,另22例行单存常规治疗（对照组）,对比两组治疗方案的有效率。结果：实验组22例（84.62%）有效,肺炎治疗有效时间为（9±2.1）d,对照组12例（54.55%）有效,肺炎治疗有效时间为（15.6±3.8）d。实验组肺炎治疗有效率明显高于对照组（p〈0.05）,且肺炎治疗有效时间明显少于对照组（p〈0.05）。结论：纤维支气管镜灌洗是治疗儿童顽固性肺炎的一种有效方法。     

经纤维支气管镜灌洗治疗儿童顽固性肺炎的临床研究

目的:探讨经纤维支气管镜灌洗治疗儿童顽固性肺炎的治疗效果。方法:选择儿童顽固性肺炎患者48例,随机选择26例行纤维支气管镜灌洗治疗+常规治疗(实验组),另22例行单存常规治疗(对照组),对比两组治疗方案的有效率。结果:实验组22例(84.62%)有效,肺炎治疗有效时间为(9±2.1)d,对照组12例(54.55%)有效,肺炎治疗有效时间为(15.6±3.8)d。实验组肺炎治疗有效率明显高于对照组(p<0.05),且肺炎治疗有效时间明显少于对照组(p<0.05)。结论:纤维支气管镜灌洗是治疗儿童顽固性肺炎的一种有效方法。     

Housefly Population Density Correlates with Shigellosis among Children in Mirzapur,Bangladesh: A Time Series Analysis

Background

Shigella infections are a public health problem in developing and transitional countries because of high transmissibility, severity of clinical disease, widespread antibiotic resistance and lack of a licensed vaccine. Whereas Shigellae are known to be transmitted primarily by direct fecal-oral contact and less commonly by contaminated food and water, the role of the housefly Musca domestica as a mechanical vector of transmission is less appreciated. We sought to assess the contribution of houseflies to Shigella-associated moderate-to-severe diarrhea (MSD) among children less than five years old in Mirzapur, Bangladesh, a site where shigellosis is hyperendemic, and to model the potential impact of a housefly control intervention.

Methods

Stool samples from 843 children presenting to Kumudini Hospital during 2009–2010 with new episodes of MSD (diarrhea accompanied by dehydration, dysentery or hospitalization) were analyzed. Housefly density was measured twice weekly in six randomly selected sentinel households. Poisson time series regression was performed and autoregression-adjusted attributable fractions (AFs) were calculated using the Bruzzi method, with standard errors via jackknife procedure.

Findings

Dramatic springtime peaks in housefly density in 2009 and 2010 were followed one to two months later by peaks of Shigella-associated MSD among toddlers and pre-school children. Poisson time series regression showed that housefly density was associated with Shigella cases at three lags (six weeks) (Incidence Rate Ratio = 1.39 [95% CI: 1.23 to 1.58] for each log increase in fly count), an association that was not confounded by ambient air temperature. Autocorrelation-adjusted AF calculations showed that a housefly control intervention could have prevented approximately 37% of the Shigella cases over the study period.

Interpretation

Houseflies may play an important role in the seasonal transmission of Shigella in some developing country ecologies. Interventions to control houseflies should be evaluated as possible additions to the public health arsenal to diminish Shigella (and perhaps other causes of) diarrheal infection.     

Controlled Comparison of Tetracycline and Furazolidone in Cholera

A controlled comparison of furazolidone and tetracycline in the treatment of cholera indicates that, in either dosage used, furazolidone reduced total stool volume by 50% and duration of diarrhoea by 40%. These results are comparable to those achieved with tetracycline, which was given in presently recommended dosage. Both furazolidone and tetracycline significantly reduced the rate of stool output within 18 to 24 hours of starting antibiotic treatment. Furazolidone was significantly less effective than tetracycline in rapidly and consistently terminating vibrio excretion. One convalescent carrier of cholera vibrios was identified among control patients; none was identified among patients treated with either tetracycline or furazolidone. All Vibrio cholerae strains tested were sensitive to tetracycline and furazolidone, but larger concentrations of the latter were required to achieve inhibition of growth. It is concluded that tetracycline remains the antibiotic of choice in cholera but that furazolidone would be a useful adjunct to cholera therapy when tetracycline is unobtainable or if strains of V. cholerae with clinically significant resistance to tetracycline should be encountered.     

Co-trimoxazole in prevention of bacteriuria after prostatectomy.

In a prospective, double-blind trial prophylactic cotrimoxazole produced a highly significant reduction in the incidence of bacteriuria after prostatectomy. Only two out of 38 patients who received the drug developed bacteriuria compared with 19 out of 36 patients on placebo. Klebsiella-Enterobacter spp and coagulase-negative staphylococci were responsible for most infections. Although co-trimoxazole prophylaxis is obviously effective, widespread use might increase the incidence of bacterial resistance.     

应用降纤酶治疗不稳定型心绞痛的临床疗效观察

目的探讨降纤酶(Dfd)治疗不稳定型心绞痛(UAP)的疗效。方法将62例UAP患者随机分组A组(32例)给予口服阿斯匹林(300mg·d-1)和抗心绞痛药,B组(30例)在A组治疗基础上,另加Dfd(10U·d-1共3d)静脉点滴。结果A组和B组在住院10d内每天心绞痛发作次数、非致死性心肌梗死、心性死亡、24h缺血总负荷、ΣST及纤维蛋白原分别为5.5±2.3与3.2±0.5(P<0.01)、9%与0(P<0.01)、6%与0(P<0.01),1868±846与735±282(P<0.5)、3.4±0.7与1.4±0.6(P<0.01)、3.9±0.6与1.0±0.4(P<0.01),B组无一例发生出血倾向。结论UAP患者急性期用Dfb治疗有效、安全便利。     

干扰素在重度淋巴水肿综合治疗中的临床评价

目的:探讨干扰素在重度淋巴水肿综合治疗中的临床疗效。方法:将58例重度淋巴水肿患者分为两组:对照组及加用干扰素治疗组。治疗时间为2个月。结果:对照组及干扰素治疗组的缓解率为100%。对照组显效率及有效率为别为42.9%及57.1%,干扰素治疗组显效率及有效率分别为63.3%和36.7%,统计学分析,两组之间有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论:加用干扰素的综合治疗可提高重度淋巴水肿的缓解率。     

微型腹腔镜治疗小儿鞘膜积液的临床研究

目的:评价微型腹腔镜下缝扎鞘状突治疗小儿鞘膜积液的临床治疗效果方法:回顾分析2006年6月至2011年6月应用微型腹腔镜缝扎鞘状突治疗的小儿鞘膜积液1012例的临床资料.结果:均在腹腔镜下完成手术,手术时间单侧( 14.3± 3.7)min,双侧(22.1± 4.2)min.术后发生阴囊肿胀16例,皮下气肿3例,脐上缘切口大网膜突出2例,线结反应2例,均经及时处理后痊愈.无复发、肠粘连、腹腔内脏器损伤、切口感染、医源性隐睾及睾丸萎缩等并发症.结论:微型腹腔镜下鞘状突缝扎术治疗小儿鞘膜积液适用于各型鞘膜积液,具有手术时间短、效果好、损伤小、恢复快、并发症少,并可发现并处理对侧隐性鞘状突未闭合等优点.     

孟鲁司特钠治疗小儿咳嗽变异性哮喘的临床疗效及安全性研究

目的:探讨孟鲁司特钠治疗小儿咳嗽变异性哮喘的临床疗效及安全性。方法:166例小儿咳嗽变异性哮喘患者随机分为对照组和观察组,每组83例,对照组给予布地奈德联合特布他林雾化吸入,观察组在对照组的基础上加服孟鲁司特钠,治疗4周后对两组的临床疗效进行评价。结果:观察组临床总有效率显著高于对照组(91.57%VS80.72%,P<0.05);观察组患者哮喘持续时间、咳嗽消失时间及肺部哮鸣音消失时间均快于对照组(P<0.05);治疗后两组患者FEV1和PEF%显著升高(P<0.05),观察组升高更为明显(P<0.05),两组均无严重不良反应。结论:孟鲁司特钠治疗小儿咳嗽变异性哮喘可有效改善患者的肺通气功能和缓解临床症状,是治疗该病的可靠方法。