C.-E.A. Winslow and the later years of public health at Yale, 1940-1945

This paper is one of a series of papers in which I consider contemporary Yale medical education in general and the Yale Department of Epidemiology and Public Health in particular. It tells of the retirement in 1945 of C.-E.A. Winslow, Professor and Chairman of the Yale Department of Public Health since its inception in 1915; of the committees established by the dean of the School of Medicine and the president of the University, charged with determining the future direction of the department; and of the outcome, which, in 1945, proved favorable to Winslow's public health philosophy in contrast to the medical school's clinical needs and desires.     

"C.-E.A. Winslow and the early years of public health at Yale, 1915-1925"

C.-E.A. Winslow was the first chairman of the Department of Public Health at the Yale University School of Medicine. This paper considers the development and changing agenda of his department, the structure of Yale University, and the maturation of public health as a discipline. Winslow's successes and failures are discussed as they relate to Yale and external societal influences.     

The location of the fluorescent matter in microsporon infected hair

Summary Biopsies taken from cases of microsporosis caused byMicrosporon audouinii orM. canis were sectioned. Ultraviolet microscopy revealed that the fluorescent matter is located only in the cortex and medulla of the hair. Neither intrapilary hyphae nor the sheath of arthrospores surrounding the infected hair fluoresce.These investigations were supported by a grant from the John A. Hartford Foundation, Inc., New York, New York and in part, training grant No. 2A-5289 (C4), from the National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases, U.S. Public Health Service, Bethesda, Maryland 20014.     

Tinea corporis caused by trichophyton mentagrophytes var. Granulosum

Summary A small outbreak of human ringworm caused byTrichophyton mentagrophytes var.granulosum is described. The clinical morphology of some of the inflammatory lesions was more suggestive of nummular eczema or psoriasis than of tinea corporis. The isolation of a granular strain ofTrichophyton mentagrophytes indicated an animal source of these infections. The same organism was isolated from a pet white rat which apparently transmitted the disease.These investigations were supported by a grant from the John. A. Hartford Foundation, Inc., New York, New York and the U.S. Public Health Service Training Grant No. 2A-5289.We wish to thank DoctorErnest Oehl of Philadelphia for referring these patients to the Skin and Cancer Hospital of Philadelphia.     

Health departments in the U.S. 1920-1988: statements of mission with special reference to the role of C.-E.A. Winslow.

The mission of local health departments in the U.S. is traced from the 1920s to the present through examination of official promulgations of the American Public Health Association and other organizations. As the communicable diseases came under general control, this mission was conceived more broadly. Nevertheless, in effect their public health role was diminished due to the rapid ascendancy of private and not-for-profit medical care, which consistently sought to keep public health out of potential areas of competition. Thinking both within the public health field (as represented by C.-E.A. Winslow) and outside the public health field (as represented by the American Medical Association), had created boundaries limiting public health's role to preventive medical services. This restriction, in turn, largely excluded the public health field from participation in the tremendous expansion of medical care since World War II. The public health role was further limited in 1970 by the removal of much of environmental pollution from its purview. The sum of these and other forces has left the public health field weakened and in considerable confusion about its role at a time when the resurgence of infectious disease (e.g., AIDS and Lyme disease), environmental hazards, and medical care institutions requires a strong public health presence.     

MAGNITUDE ESTIMATES OF GUSTATORY QUALITY CHANGES AS A FUNCTION OF SOLUTION CONCENTRATION OF SIMPLE SALTS

Concentration-dependent quality changes in inorganic salt solutionswere investigated by obtaining quality reports, and magnitudeestimates, from four subjects, of the taste of LiCl, KCl, andNaCl solutions in the concentration range from 0.004 M to 0.050M; and Li₂SO₄ and K₂SO₄ solutions in the concentration rangefrom 0.002 F to 0.025 F. Plots of the geometric mean of themagnitude estimates for each quality as a function of concentrationconfirmed the general findings of earlier investigators (Höberand Kiesow, 1898; Renqvist, 1919; Dzendolet and Meiselman, 1967).In addition, differences found among the various studies werelinked to differences in procedure which established variablelevels of subject adaptation in the studies and permitted uncontrolledwater tastes to affect the data. It was concluded that a concentration-dependentphysicochemical change in the salt solutions, as proposed byDzendolet (1968), combines with a water taste to produce thequality of low concentration inorganic salt solutions. The relativecontribution of these two mechanisms to the overall qualityof the solution at any concentration will depend on the proceduresemployed. ^* Reprint requests should be sent to present address: John B.Pierce Foundation Laboratory, 290 Congress Ave., New Haven,CT 06519.     

Pediatric grand rounds: a tribute to Norman J. Siegel, M.D

At ceremonies held in Baltimore Maryland on May, 4, 2002, Dr. Howard A Pearson, Professor of Pediatrics, was awarded the John A. Howland award of the American Pediatric Society, probably the most prestigious award of American Pediatrics. Dr. Pearson had been nominated for the award by Dr. Norman Siegel. The Department of Pediatrics Grand Rounds on Wednesday noon, October 26, 2002 was originally scheduled as a repetition of the presentation by Dr. Siegel and the acceptance by Dr. Pearson for those who could not be in Baltimore. However; in a number of meetings, unknown to Dr. Siegel, it was unanimously decided that it would be very appropriate to instead honor him as he stepped down from his position as Vice- and Interim Chairman of Pediatrics, and to formally thank him for his long and faithful service to the Department of Pediatrics, the Yale University School of Medicine, and the Yale New Haven Hospital.     

IN MEMORY OF THE FAMOUS AND EMINENTLY CHINESE BOTANIST PR0FESS0R TSAI HSI-TA0

The Yunnan Tropical Botanical Institute and Kunming Institute of Botany, Academia Sinica, on March 9, 1981, lost their honourable botanist through 50 years, the senior Professor of Botany Vice-President of Kunming Branch of Academia Sinica, Emeritus President of the Botanical Society of China, Director of Yunnan Tropical Botanical Institute, Academia Sinica,Vice-Director of Kunming Instiute of Botany, Academia Sinica and Vice chief editor of Acta Botanica Yunnanica etc.     

History of the Department of Pediatrics Yale University School of Medicine.

The history of pediatrics at the Yale University School of Medicine can be divided into eight historical eras. The "Paleohistorical Era" included colonial figures such as Governor John Winthrop and Hezekiah Beardsley who wrote about children''s disease in colonial times. Eli Ives, Professor of the Diseases of Children at Yale Medical School gave the first systematic pediatric course in America in the first half of the nineteenth century. During the second era, from 1830-1920, the New Haven Hospital was opened. An affiliation between Yale University and the New Haven Hospital led to the formal establishment of clinical departments including pediatrics in the early 20th century. Six eras coinciding with successive pediatric chairman have led the department to its present respected position in American pediatrics. The department''s 75th anniversary in 1996 is an occasion to recognize many of the department''s accomplishments and leaders over the years. It is also a time to reaffirm the mission of the department: to the health needs of the children of Connecticut and beyond, to the advancement of scientific knowledge of infants and children and their diseases, and to the training and educational of the pediatric clinicians, educators and investigators of the future.     

The fine structure of photoreceptors in a marine flatworm

Summary The ocelli or eyes of the marine polyclad turbellarian Notoplana acticola are clustered on the paired dorsal nuchal tentacles and in two longitudinal bands lateral to the cerebral ganglion. The ocelli, studied by electron microscopy, were characterized as rhabdomeric and non-ciliary in origin. There are 60 to 80 ocelli per animal each enclosed in a fibrous capsule to which muscle fibers may attach. An ocellus consists of a pigmented eyecup into which 30 to 50 photoreceptor cells send dendritic processes through interruptions in or among pigment cell projections across the eyecup opening. The dendritic processes terminate in numerous long intertwined microvilli which fill the eyecup. The nucleated cell body of each photoreceptor cell lies outside the eyecup and projects an axonal process to the cerebral mass. Within the dendritic processes are observed mitochondria, ribosomes, neurotubules, multivesicular bodies, vesicles and vacuoles. The cell body contains smaller mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, vesicles and prominent Golgi complexes.After dark adaptation, there are some structural alterations in terms of swelling of microvilli, increased numbers of vacuoles associated with the microvilli and dendritic processes, and changes in the pigment cell projections.This work was supported by Grant No. GM 10292 from the U.S. Public Health Service to Professor Richard M. Eakin, Department of Zoology at the University of California, Berkeley, U.S.A., where this investigation was conducted during the author's sabbatical leave of absence from the University of Illinois, and by Grant No. 1 SO 1 FR 5369 from the U.S. Public Health Service to the University of Illinois at the Medical Center.I express appreciation to Professor Eakin for interesting discussions and generous hospitality to me as a guest in his laboratory, and to the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation for the Fellowship which I held during 1964–65. I thank Dr. John P. Marbarger, Director of the Aeromedical Laboratory for the electron microscope facilities used at the University of Illinois.     

Genetics of human-mouse somatic cell hybrids: Linkage of human genes for isocitrate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase

Based on somatic cell genetic analysis, autosomal gene linkage is reported for the supernatant enzymes of human isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) in human-mouse cell hybrids. The IDH, MDH linkage was not linked to the X and E ₁₇ chromosomes or to 12 additional human enzyme markers.This work was supported in part by grants from the U.S. Public Health Service (Child Health and Human Development) and the United Health Foundation of Western New York.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviws in this Article
The Human Body and the Law, 2nd edition by D.W. Meyers, Edinburgh University Press, 1990
Classic Cases in Medical Ethics by Gregory E. Pence. New York: McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. 1990
Changing Values in Medical and Health Care Decision Making, edited by Uffejuul Jensen and Gavin Mooney. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 1990
IVF and Justice by Teresa Iglesias, London: The Linacre Centre For Health Care Ethics, 1990
The Practical, Moral and Personal Sense of Nursing: A Phenomenon-ological Philosophy of Practice by Anne H. Bishop and John R. Scudder, Jr. New York: State University of New York Press, 1990
A Companion to Ethics, edited by Peter Singer. Oxford and Cambridge, Mass: Basil Blackwell, 1991.
Ethics and Law in Health Care and Research edited by Peter Byrne, Chichester, UK: 1990
The Human Embryo edited by G.R. Dunstan, Exeter: Exeter University Press, 1990
Everyday Ethics: Resolving Dilemmas in Nursing Home Life by Rosalie A. Kane and Arthur L. Caplan. N.Y.: Springer Publishing Company, 1990
Psychiatric Ethics, 2nd edition, edited by S. Bloch and P. Chodoff. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1991
Health Care and Gender by Charlotte Muller. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1990     

Scolytus stepheni sp. n. - a new species of bark-beetle (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae) from Northern India with a key to Indian Scolytus Geoffroy, 1762 species

A new species of bark-beetle from Kashmir, Scolytus stephenisp. n., dedicated to the late Professor Emeritus Stephen Lane Wood, is described and figured. Key to Indian Scolytus Geoffroy, 1762 species is provided.     

Fine structure of synapses in the cerebral cortex

Summary The synaptolemma of axo-dendritic synapses in the rabbit striate and peristriate cortex has been examined in the electron microscope. Observations are reported of 1) a subsynaptic organelle, in the juxta-membranous part of the dendrite cytoplasm; 2) a typical attenuation of the synaptic cleft, located at the circumference or at the center of the synaptolemma; 3) interlemmal elements of two types, designated A and B.The possible functional implications of the findings are discussed in the light of present-day knowledge of synaptic transmission.The support by the Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr., Memorial Foundation and the U.S. Public Health Service (Grant B. 4012) is gratefully acknowledged.The author is Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr., Memorial Foundation Senior Research Scholar.     

Genetics: Successes and Prospects

Biology and the Human Sciences: The Herbert Spencer Lectures, 1970: Edited by J. W. S. Pringle. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1972. 140 pp. £1.00.

Law and Ethics of A.I.D. and Embryo Transfer: Ciba Foundation Symposium 17. Associated Scientific Publishers, Amsterdam, 1973. 110 pp. $6.50.

The Prevention of Perinatal Morbidity and Mortality; Public Health Papers, No. 42. World Health Organization, Geneva, 1972. 97 pp. $2.00.

Is My Baby All Right? By Virginia Apgar, M.D., M.P.H. and Joan Beck. Trident Press, New York, 1973. 496 pp. $9.95.     

A system worth saving.

The country will mark Canada Health Day on May 12, so CMAJ asked Dr. Michael Gordon to reflect on Canada''s health care system and the changes it has seen and will see. The special day, cosponsored by the Canadian Public Health Association, is designed to highlight "the need for better communication between health professionals and the communities they serve." In this article, Gordon reflects on the dangers facing Canada''s medicare system and the need to protect it from the inroads threatened by privatization.     

Crossing over frequency following inbreeding inNeurospora

Crossing over frequency was determined for five marked regions covering most of a chromosome arm. The results of a 12th backcross were compared with previously published results from the noninbred f₁. Exchange frequency increased significantly following inbreeding. Chiasma interference remained positieve, but was somewhat less intense in b₁₂.Supported in part by Public Health Service Research Grants AI 01462 and GM 1882-01, by a National Science Foundation Faculty Fellowship to H. R. C., and by Public Health Service Research Career Award K6-GM-4899 to D. D. P.Technical Paper No. 2054, Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station, Corvallis.     

On the structure of the XY bivalent in Mus musculus L.

Summary The structure and behavior of XY bivalent in mice is discussed. The view that XY bivalent in pachytene is embedded within the sex vesicle was fully confirmed. X and Y are paired end-to-end by a nonchiasmatic connection, which is established already in pachytene and persists until first meiotic metaphase. The pachytene complement in mice consists of 19 rod-shaped autosomal bivalents and the XY bivalent embedded within the sex vesicle. A satisfactory identification of individual autosomes in male pachytene has not been found possible.This paper is dedicated to Professor L. C. Dunn on the occasion of his retirement as Professor from Columbia University in recognition of his deep humanity as a scientist and a man.Research carried out under a fellowship of the Rockefeller Foundation, and later under fellowship support of the U. S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare through a training grant to the Department of Zoology, Columbia University. The experiments were supported financially by Contract AT/30-1/1804 with the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission.     

C. parvum in germ-free mice

Summary The effect of previous sensitization to C. parvum, by cross-reacting antigens from other bacteria, on the immunostimulatory effects of C. parvum treatment were studied in germ-free and conventional mice. It was found that the development of splenomegaly and specific delayed hypersensitivity following C. parvum injection were similar in both germ-free mice and conventional mice.Supported by U.S. Public Health Service Grant No. 5S07 RR05705 and NIH Grant no. AM 18530Visiting Investigator. Present address: Department of Experimental Immunobiology, The wellcome Research Laboratories Beckenham, Kent, England.Recipient of a post-doctoral fellowship from the National Foundation for Ileitis and Colitis Inc.Recipient of Research Career Development Award No. AM 0073 from the National Institute of Arthritis, Metabolism and Digestive Diseases     

Osmium tetroxide versus glutaraldehyde fixation in adrenomedullary tissue

Summary Osmium tetroxide and glutaraldehyde fixation of adrenomedullary tissue presents evidence that these two fixatives preserve the tissue in quite different manners. Not only is the type of fixative of importance, but also the osmolarity of the fixatives is a prime factor in producing an accurate pictorial account of catecholamines.Supported by United States Public Health Service Grants 5-Tl-GM-459, NB 05093-02, FR 0505-01, NB 00690-11 and National Science Foundation Grant GB 25 96.— With the technical assistance of John Yates, Earl Pitsinger and Brenda Ryker.