神经系统内机械敏感性TRP通道与疼痛

瞬时感受器电位(transient receptor potential,TRP)离子通道超家族是一类在生物体内分布广泛,能通透钙离子的非选择性阳离子通道。研究表明部分TRP通道能感受内、外环境中多种形式的机械刺激,在细胞机械信号转导过程中发挥重要作用,属于机械敏感性离子通道。越来越多的研究发现,机械敏感性TRP通道参与了痛觉的维持和发展。本文就神经系统内机械敏感性TRP通道及其在痛觉研究中的进展进行综述。     

瞬时受体电位通道研究进展

瞬时受体电位通道(TRP channels)是位于细胞膜上的一类重要的阳离子通道超家族.根据氨基酸序列的同源性,将已发现的28种哺乳动物,TRP通道分为:TRPC、TRPV、TRPM、TRPA、TRPP和TRPML 6个亚家族.所有的TRP通道都具有6次跨膜结构域.不同的TRP通道对钙离子和钠离子选择性不同.TRP通道分布广泛,调节机制各异,通过感受细胞内外环境的各种刺激,参与痛温觉、机械感觉、味觉的发生和维持细胞内外环境的离子稳态等众多生命活动.     

TRP通道超家族的基本特征及其与疾病的关系

瞬时受体电位通道(transient receptor potential channel, TRP)是细胞膜上的一类阳离子通道,广泛参与感知各种细胞内外刺激及维持离子稳态等多种生命活动。TRP通道超家族的成员均具有六个跨膜片段、不同程度的序列同源性以及能够渗透阳离子等相似之处,也显示出特异性的激活机制和阳离子选择性。TRP通道在细胞快速感受外界刺激以及细胞增殖、分化和凋亡等方面起着至关重要的作用,其表达或者活性异常能够引起严重的人类疾病。因此,TRP通道在细胞以及人类健康中发挥着重要作用。该文拟从TRP通道超家族的基本特征、门控特性以及TRP通道活性失调导致疾病的机制三个主要方面进行综述,促使人们全面了解TRP通道超家族。     

瞬时受体电位通道的结构研究进展

瞬时受体电位(transient receptor potential,TRP)通道是一类由多个成员构成的非选择性阳离子通道大家族,在机体感受外界环境变化和多种刺激中发挥重要的作用。过去的10年间,TRP通道的结构生物学研究取得了重大的进展。到目前为止,共有5个TRP通道的全长结构和11个胞内段的结构得到了解析。这些结构的解析加深了我们对TRP通道的门控、组装和调节等机制的理解。本文对这些TRP通道的结构进行综述并针对近两年取得的进展做重点的介绍。     

TRPC通道对PC12细胞缺氧缺糖再灌注后氧化损伤的保护作用

瞬时受体电位C通道(transient receptor potential canonical,TRPC)属于瞬时受体电位（TRP）离子通道家族成员之一,与Ca2+ 调控及氧化应激关系密切．然而,TRPC通道在缺血缺氧性脑损伤中的作用仍有争议．本实验采用MTT法、台盼蓝排斥实验、LDH漏出实验联合Annexin/PI染色流式分析等显示,当采用通道阻断剂-SKF96365特异阻断TRPC通道时,PC12细胞对缺氧缺糖再灌注（oxygen-glucose deprivation／reperfusion,OGD-R）引起的损伤变得更敏感,细胞凋亡增加．尽管同时采用SKF96365、NMDA受体、AMPA受体和L-型钙通道阻断剂可引起细胞损伤和死亡减弱,但仍呈现明显的SKF96365浓度依懒性,提示TRPC通道参与细胞对缺氧缺糖再灌注耐受的调节,具有保护作用．钙指示剂Fluo-3AM荧光标记结合激光共聚焦显微镜分析显示,SKF96365可明显降低缺氧缺糖再灌注后细胞内的Ca2+浓度．总之,实验结果提示,TRPC通道对缺氧缺糖再灌注引起的细胞损伤和凋亡具有保护作用,其机制可能涉及TRPC通道对细胞内钙浓度的调节,详尽机制有待进一步研究．     

在神经系统中TRPC1的研究进展北大核心CSCD

经典瞬时感受器电位通道1(classical transient receptor potential channel 1,TRPC1)是具有六次跨膜结构的非选择性阳离子通道,能通透钙离子和钠离子。它是哺乳类动物中第一个被发现的TRP蛋白,隶属于TRPC亚家族。TRPC1可因受体,细胞内钙库清空或机械刺激激活而开放,引起细胞内钙离子浓度的升高和细胞膜的去极化。TRPC1在神经系统内的分布较为广泛,近年来的研究显示该分子激活后引发的效应与神经系统许多生理病理过程密切相关,因此本文就目前TRPC1在神经系统中的研究进展进行综述。     

在神经系统中TRPC1的研究进展北大核心CSCD

经典瞬时感受器电位通道1(classical transient receptor potential channel 1,TRPC1)是具有六次跨膜结构的非选择性阳离子通道,能通透钙离子和钠离子。它是哺乳类动物中第一个被发现的TRP蛋白,隶属于TRPC亚家族。TRPC1可因受体,细胞内钙库清空或机械刺激激活而开放,引起细胞内钙离子浓度的升高和细胞膜的去极化。TRPC1在神经系统内的分布较为广泛,近年来的研究显示该分子激活后引发的效应与神经系统许多生理病理过程密切相关,因此本文就目前TRPC1在神经系统中的研究进展进行综述。     

在神经系统中TRPC1的研究进展北大核心CSCD

经典瞬时感受器电位通道1(classical transient receptor potential channel 1,TRPC1)是具有六次跨膜结构的非选择性阳离子通道,能通透钙离子和钠离子。它是哺乳类动物中第一个被发现的TRP蛋白,隶属于TRPC亚家族。TRPC1可因受体,细胞内钙库清空或机械刺激激活而开放,引起细胞内钙离子浓度的升高和细胞膜的去极化。TRPC1在神经系统内的分布较为广泛,近年来的研究显示该分子激活后引发的效应与神经系统许多生理病理过程密切相关,因此本文就目前TRPC1在神经系统中的研究进展进行综述。     

瞬时受体电位通道在心脑血管系统疾病中的研究进展

瞬时受体电位(TRP)通道是一类重要的非选择性阳离子通道,其家族成员众多,参与多种生理病理过程。其中,TRP通道的异常表达及功能改变与心脑血管疾病的发生发展密切相关。近年研究发现,通过拮抗或者激活TRP通道可以调节血管内皮和血管平滑肌功能,参与心脑血管疾病的调控。该文主要从TRP通道的结构及各亚家族蛋白基于血管内皮和血管平滑肌对心脑血管系统疾病的作用及机制作一综述,为心脑血管疾病的防治提供新思路。     

基于机械敏感离子通道的超声神经调制研究进展

机械敏感离子通道（mechanosensitive channels,MSCs）是一类分布于各种细胞膜上可将细胞受到的机械刺激转化为电信号或化学信号的特殊膜蛋白。由于机械敏感通道所具有的特性,使其成为超声调控的重要潜在靶点。超声由于具有良好的空间分辨率和聚焦效果,并且理论上可实现无创条件下的全脑范围定位,具有用于进行物理性神经调制和治疗神经系统疾病的潜力。近年来,越来越多的离子通道被鉴定出具有机械敏感特性,但其中有明确报道可以被超声激活的依然数量较少。此外,现阶段超声激励下机械敏感通道的开放过程和机制仍未被阐明。本文着重介绍了大电导机械敏感通道、瞬时受体电位通道、退化蛋白/上皮钠通道、双孔钾通道和Piezo通道等机械敏感离子通道在超声神经调制中的研究进展及其应用,为未来超声神经调制的深入研究和临床应用提供参考。     

FM1-43 measurements of local exocytotic events in rat melanotrophs

We have explored the existence of fusion- and secretion-competent sites on the plasma membrane of peptide secreting rat pituitary melanotrophs at rest, and following stimulation with glutamate. We monitored changes in fluorescence of FM1-43, a styryl dye which labels plasma membrane. The results show spontaneous local increases in FM1-43 reporting changes in membrane surface area due to cumulative exocytosis. Addition of glutamate, further increased the occurrence of these events. Statistical analysis of local FM1-43 fluorescence changes suggests that this is due to the recruitment of inactive exocytotic domains and due to the stimulation of already active exocytotic domains.     

Membrane recycling and calcium dynamics during settlement and adhesion of zoospores of the green alga Ulva linza

Recruitment of individuals of the marine alga Ulva linza on to a suitable habitat involves the settlement of motile zoospores on to a substratum during which a preformed adhesive is secreted by vesicular exocytosis. The fluorescent styryl dye FM 1-43 and fluorescent Ca(2+) indicators were used to follow membrane cycling and changes in cytosolic Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)](cyt)) associated with settlement. When swimming zoospores were exposed continuously to FM 1-43, the plasma membrane was preferentially labelled. During settlement, FM 1-43-labelled plasma membrane was rapidly internalized reflecting high membrane turnover. The internalized membrane was focused into a discrete region indicating targeting of membrane to an endosome-like compartment. Acetoxymethyl (AM)-ester derivatives were found to be unsuitable for monitoring [Ca(2+)](cyt) because the dyes were rapidly sequestered from the cytoplasm into sub-cellular compartments. [Ca(2+)](cyt) was, however, reliably measured using dextran-conjugated calcium indicators delivered into cells using a biolistic technique. Cells loaded with Oregon Green BAPTA-1 dextran (Invitrogen, Paisley, UK) showed diffuse cytosolic loading and reliably responded to imposed changes in [Ca(2+)](cyt). During settlement, zoospores exhibited both localized and diffuse increases in [Ca(2+)](cyt) implying a role for [Ca(2+)](cyt) in exocytosis of the adhesive.     

Evidence for sustained ATP release from liver cells that is not mediated by vesicular exocytosis

Extracellular ATP regulates many important cellular functions in the liver by stimulating purinergic receptors. Recent studies have shown that rapid exocytosis of ATP-enriched vesicles contributes to ATP release from liver cells. However, this rapid ATP release is transient, and ceases in ~30 s after the exposure to hypotonic solution. The purpose of these studies was to assess the role of vesicular exocytosis in sustained ATP release. An exposure to hypotonic solution evoked sustained ATP release that persisted for more than 15 min after the exposure. Using FM1-43 (N-(3-triethylammoniumpropyl)-4-(4-(dibutylamino)styryl)pyridinium dibromide) fluorescence to measure exocytosis, we found that hypotonic solution stimulated a transient increase in FM1-43 fluorescence that lasted ~2 min. Notably, the rate of FM1-43 fluorescence and the magnitude of ATP release were not correlated, indicating that vesicular exocytosis may not mediate sustained ATP release from liver cells. Interestingly, mefloquine potently inhibited sustained ATP release, but did not inhibit an increase in FM1-43 fluorescence evoked by hypotonic solution. Consistent with these findings, when exocytosis of ATP-enriched vesicles was specifically stimulated by 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid (NPPB), mefloquine failed to inhibit ATP release evoked by NPPB. Thus, mefloquine can pharmacologically dissociate sustained ATP release and vesicular exocytosis. These results suggest that a distinct mefloquine-sensitive membrane ATP transport may contribute to sustained ATP release from liver cells. This novel mechanism of membrane ATP transport may play an important role in the regulation of purinergic signaling in liver cells.     

Four-dimensional imaging of transvacuolar strand dynamics in tobacco BY-2 cells

The vacuole is a characteristic organelle of plant cells and fulfills several important functions related to metabolism and growth of the cell. To shed light on the details of vacuolar structural changes in plant cells, we explored the three-dimensional organization and dynamics of living Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Bright Yellow 2 cell vacuoles by real-time confocal time-lapse imaging. For imaging, the cells were pulse-labeled with the amphipathic styryl dye FM1-43 (N-(3-triethylammoniumpropyl)-4-(4-(dibutylamino)styryl)pyridinium dibromide), which is delivered to the plant vacuole by endocytic uptake and then incubated overnight. Imaging of the membrane-labeled vacuole revealed a complex vacuole morphology underlaid by constant remodeling. The vacuole is traversed by multiple transvacuolar strands which move along each other and fuse in multiple manners. New strands were created by fission of large membrane sheets. Endocytic vesicle trafficking was followed within the dynamic transvacuolar strands. The movement occurred in a stop-and-go fashion with an average vesicle velocity of 0.46 microm/s and a peak velocity of 0.82 microm/s. Transvacuolar-strand reduction and creation is a characteristic event observed during mitosis. Here we propose a mechanistic model for the alteration of the number of transvacuolar strands, on the basis of their fusion and fission.     

Vesicular glutamate transporter 2 immunoreactivity in putative vagal mechanosensor terminals of mouse and rat esophagus: indication of a local effector function?

Intraganglionic laminar endings (IGLEs) represent the major vagal afferent structures throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Previous ultrastructural investigations have revealed synaptic contacts of IGLEs on myenteric neurons. Thus, in addtion to functioning probably as mechanosensors, IGLEs may also synaptically influence myenteric neurons. In search of clues for potential transmitters in IGLEs, we investigated, by combined neuronal tracing and immunocytochemistry in the esophagus, the correlation between IGLEs and vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGLUT2), which is considered a reliable marker for glutamatergic neurons. In rat esophagus, IGLEs were immunostained with calretinin. In the mouse, anterograde wheat germ agglutinin/horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) tracing from nodose ganglion was used in order to label esophageal IGLEs. Confocal laser scanning microscopy demonstrated that VGLUT2 immunoreactivity was highly colocalized with synaptophysin and that both calretinin and tyramide amplified WGA-HRP in rat and mouse esophagus, respectively. No colocalization was found with calcitonin gene-related peptide, a marker for spinal primary afferents. Thus, VGLUT2 is found in vagal afferent endings in the esophagus, suggesting that glutamate is contained in, and probably released from, synaptic vesicles previously described in IGLEs. Functional evidence pending, this finding is in favor of a local effector function of IGLEs onto myenteric neurons.     

Localization of receptors for calcitonin-gene-related peptide to intraganglionic laminar endings of the mouse esophagus: peripheral interaction between vagal and spinal afferents?

The calcitonin-gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor is a heterodimer of calcitonin-receptor-like receptor (CLR) and receptor-activity-modifying protein 1 (RAMP1). Despite the importance of CGRP in regulating gastrointestinal functions, nothing is known about the distribution and function of CLR/RAMP1 in the esophagus, where up to 90 % of spinal afferent neurons contain CGRP. We detected CLR/RAMP1 in the mouse esophagus using immunofluorescence and confocal laser scanning microscopy and examined their relationship with neuronal elements of the myenteric plexus. Immunoreactivity for CLR and RAMP1 colocalized with VGLUT2-positive intraganglionic laminar endings (IGLEs), which were contacted by CGRP-positive varicose axons presumably of spinal afferent origin, typically at sites of CRL/RAMP1 immunoreactivity. This provides an anatomical basis for interaction between spinal afferent fibers and IGLEs. Immunoreactive CLR and RAMP1 also colocalized in myenteric neurons. Thus, CGRP-containing spinal afferents may interact with both vagal IGLEs and myenteric neurons in the mouse esophagus, possibly modulating motility reflexes and inflammatory hypersensitivity.     

Recycling of Synaptic Vesicles at the Frog Neuromuscular Junction in the Presence of Strontium

Abstract: In these experiments, we followed the exocytosis and endocytosis of synaptic vesicles with the vital dye FM1-43 and asked whether calcium is important for membrane retrieval at the frog neuromuscular junction. We replaced calcium with equimolar amounts of strontium and monitored the staining of recycling vesicles by inducing exocytosis with electrical stimulation. Trains of 2,400 (2 or 20 Hz) or 4,200 (20 Hz) pulses failed to induce FM1-43 internalization in the presence of strontium, but they did in the presence of calcium. This effect of strontium was not due to a decrease in exocytosis, because FM1-43 release was similar in the presence of calcium or strontium. The impairment in endocytosis, observed as inhibition of FM1-43 internalization, could be overcome by longer periods of stimulation (6,000 pulses at 2 or 20 Hz) in the presence of strontium (1.8 m M ) or by increasing the extracellular concentration of strontium to 10 m M (2,400 action potentials at 20 Hz). It is suggested that endocytosis is dependent on calcium influx and that strontium is much less effective in replacing calcium for endocytosis than it is for exocytosis.     

The styryl dye FM1-43 suppresses odorant responses in a subset of olfactory neurons by blocking cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels

Many olfactory receptor neurons use a cAMP-dependent transduction mechanism to transduce odorants into depolarizations. This signaling cascade is characterized by a sequence of two currents: a cation current through cyclic nucleotide-gated channels followed by a chloride current through calcium-activated chloride channels. To date, it is not possible to interfere with these generator channels under physiological conditions with potent and specific blockers. In this study we identified the styryl dye FM1-43 as a potent blocker of native olfactory cyclic nucleotide-gated channels. Furthermore, we characterized this substance to stain olfactory receptor neurons that are endowed with cAMP-dependent transduction. This allows optical differentiation and pharmacological interference with olfactory receptor neurons at the level of the signal transduction.     

A Study of Membrane Activity in Rat Prostate Cancer Cells: An Evaluation of the FM1-43 Dye Technique

A study was initiated to test whether the FM1-43 dye technique could beapplied to the study of endocytic membrane activity in two rodent prostatecancer (MAT-LyLu and AT-2) cell lines of markedly different metastaticability. The lipophilic dye FM1-43, which has frequently been used tomonitor endo/exocytic activity in excitable cells was employed. We found,as in excitable tissues, that both strongly metastatic (MAT-LyLu) andweakly metastatic (AT-2) cells in culture take up FM1-43 to give vesicularstaining of a variable pattern, which appeared to differ between the twocell lines. However, unlike excitable tissues, neither cell linesubsequently released the dye. Indeed, both cell lines retained the dyethrough several rounds of cell division suggesting that dye incorporatedby cells does not enter the endo/exocytotic cycle. Uptake of dye wasindependent of temperature, Na⁺/K+ gradients, pH or metabolism. Wesuggest that passive accumulation of FM1-43 can occur in cancer cells andshould not, automatically, be interpreted as evidence of endocytosis.     

丹参酮Ⅱ—A磺酸钠对分离的豚鼠心室肌单细胞慢反应...

The sodium channels of dissociated single ventricular cells of adult guinea pig heart were inactivated by partial depolarization in high K+ (25 mmol/L) Tyrode's solution and slow response action potential was elicited by intracellular stimulation. An obvious inhibition of the response was observed in the presence of 20 mumol/L sodium tanshinone II-A sulfonate (DS-201). In the concentration range from 1 mumol/L to 20 mumol/L, the inhibition effect of sodium tanshinone II-A sulfonate on the slow response action potentials enhanced by 0.28 mumol/L isoprenaline is concentration-dependent. Moreover, the inhibition effects of sodium tanshinone II-A sulfonate become stronger with the increase (in the range of 6.9 nmol/L to 0.55 mumol/L) of isoprenaline. The above-mentioned results suggest that sodium tanshinone II-A sulfonate may be a kind of effective calcium channel blocker. Under the effect of high concentration (50-100 mumol/L) of sodium tanshinone II-A sulfonate, the amplitude of fast response action potential of dissociated ventricular myocytes of adult guinea pig was decreased and the time to reach the peak was prolonged. All these results indicate that sodium channels were blocked to a certain extent by the high concentration of sodium tanshinone II-A sulfonate.