华北三代粘虫大发生虫源的形成

【目的】我国3代粘虫的种群构成还少有研究,华北3代粘虫的虫源问题也不清楚。为此,需厘清3代粘虫发生区的风场动态和迁出种群的去向,为明确各地的虫源关系提供依据。【方法】根据国家气象局的高空气象记录,分析高空风场;利用HYSPLIT平台模拟华北粘虫夏季迁出种群的迁飞轨迹和落点分布。【结果】在夏季风盛行的背景下,3代粘虫主要来自于与其发生区相邻的偏南地区(约占45%),如鲁东、苏皖鄂、浙北、赣北、湘北等;另一个主要来源是西北区(包括晋陕甘宁,约占10%)和华北北部(内蒙古及以北区域,约占7%);在某些年份,西南地区也会提供约6%的虫源。另外,还有约30%的虫源来自于发生区域内的相邻地方,属于当地前代滞留虫源的近距离迁飞;而东北区对华北3代粘虫的虫源构成则只有极微的贡献(约0.2%)。从山西和陕西起飞的1代成虫则主要是北迁,有将近30%的个体迁入了华北3代粘虫发生区,约23%迁入内蒙古及以北地区,还有约4%迁入西北的甘肃宁夏、约5%迁入东北区,另有27.5%的个体近距离迁飞落在本省境内。晋陕种群南向迁飞的比率不大,只有大约10%的个体迁入3代粘虫发生区的南邻区域。【结论】华北3代粘虫的暴发属于小概率事件,如此大范围的潜在虫源和如此局部的发生区,以及复杂的天气系统给我国华北地区3代粘虫的预测预警工作造成了极大的困难,需要研究部门与推广部门通力合作,做更多的实证研究和个例分析,逐渐深化对3代粘虫暴发机制的认识。     

吉林省粘虫种群发生规律研究

为了明确吉林省粘虫的田间种群动态,提出适宜的测报、防控时间,为该虫的区域性监测预警提供科学理论依据。基于多年资料及2014-2018年的监测,采用轨迹分析和田间系统调查方法,对吉林省粘虫的田间种群动态进行了研究,分析了迁入虫源地。结果显示:(1)粘虫迁入期的风向以西南风为主。迁入虫源地来自山东、河北、江苏、安徽等省份,其中还有部分来自于朝鲜半岛,各旬之间有差异。(2)5月末到6月上中旬为第1代成虫高峰期,属迁入虫源;7月中下旬为第2代成虫高峰期,由本地虫源及迁入虫源组成。(3)第1代成虫在吉林省产卵期为5月末到6月中旬,峰期6月上旬。部分年份5月末、6月中旬卵量也较大。(4)粘虫的幼虫种群全年有2个明显危害时期,分别是6月中下旬及8月上中旬。本研究初步明确了吉林省粘虫的春季虫源地及种群发生动态,提出了针对于第3代粘虫的测报工作的一些新方法,研究结果可为该地区及相近区域的粘虫综合防治提供参考依据。     

东北二代粘虫大发生机制:1978年个例分析

【目的】迁入我国东北地区的粘虫繁殖一代后,新羽化的成虫将外迁他地,但某些年份因某种特殊的天气过程而滞留当地,形成当地的2代种群并造成严重危害,如1978年。阐明种群滞留的关键因子和大发生种群的形成机制,是实现东北2代粘虫准确预测和及时防治的前提。【方法】根据东北三省的虫情资料,利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和WRF模式输出的大气背景场,对1978年东北地区粘虫蛾盛期的种群动态和迁飞过程进行逐日分析。【结果】(1)因副热带高压稳定偏北导致发蛾峰期东北地区盛行西南风,东北2代粘虫蛾无法向南回迁至关内华北地区,而是向北迁飞;(2)当年黑龙江2代粘虫大发生,其虫源是由当地1代羽化后在当地的存留或迁出成虫蛾又折返黑龙江以及辽宁与吉林两省2代成虫的迁入造成;(3)蛾峰期黑龙江上空气旋的频繁活动、强对流天气的持续出现以及丰富的降水是造成当地虫源滞留和迁入虫源降落与滞留的原因。【结论】东北1代粘虫蛾迁出期的西南大风和大范围强降水使大量迁出种群和过境种群集中滞留在三江平原而形成大发生种群,造成东北2代粘虫1978年在黑龙江的暴发。     

云南省粘虫二代虫源探讨

首先设定常年有一代粘虫发生的印度北部、云南省和我国江淮地区为云南省粘虫主害代（二代）的可能虫源地。然后,讨论各个可能虫源地一代粘虫发生量及迁出时期空中走廊气流方向和强度对云南省二代粘虫发生量的影响;分析云南二代粘虫迁入期与各个一代区成虫迁出期的对应关系。结果表明：云南二代粘虫虫源主要来自于江淮地区一代粘虫发生区;小部分来自于云南一代粘虫发生区,但其基数甚小,仅此成分不致造成对作物的危害;没有包含印度一代粘虫的成分。此结论在1994～1995年的异地测报应用中得到验证。     

东北迁飞场对粘虫的Pied piper效应

【目的】我国2代粘虫的回迁过程和3代粘虫的种群构成还少有研究,东北与华北3代粘虫的虫源问题也不清楚。为此,需厘清2代粘虫发生区的风场动态和迁出种群的去向,明确东北粘虫夏季迁出种群与华北3代粘虫的虫源关系。【方法】根据国家气象信息中心的高空气象记录,统计东北和华北地区夏季各方位风向的频次和平均出现频率,利用HYSPLIT平台模拟东北粘虫夏季迁出种群的迁飞轨迹和落点分布。【结果】东北和华北地区7、8月的风向均以西南、南风为主且因气旋频繁过境而风向多变,不利于东北粘虫夏季种群回迁进入华北农作区;而对其迁出种群的轨迹模拟结果也表明,东北粘虫夏季种群能够进入华北的可能性极低:它们或迁入更北的无法生存的山区,或未能成功跨海而死亡,抑或迁入朝鲜半岛成为当地的虫源(同样无法越冬),还有一部分滞留东北地区继续为害一代后因气候原因死亡,而只有在极少数风向风速条件适宜的情况下才有可能进入河北。【结论】东北地区的夏季风场不利于东北粘虫的回迁,华北3代粘虫的种群构成与东北夏季种群几无关系,东北迁飞场表现出显著的Pied piper效应。     

东北地区草地螟1999年大发生的虫源分析

草地螟是我国北方重要的迁飞性害虫,对其虫源地及迁飞路线尚缺乏全面的认识。本文分析了1999年各地草地螟主要迁入峰期的天气学背景,并对风场的时空分布及草地螟迁飞轨迹进行了模拟。结果表明：1999年东北地区大发生的草地螟只有少部分来自以往认为的“主要发生基地”,其主要虫源来自蒙古共和国东部及中蒙边境地区;草地螟盛发期东北地区气旋性天气系统对草地螟的迁入和扩散有密切的关系,据此提出可将“东北低压”、“东北低涡”的发生、发展趋势与虫源地的情况结合起来作为监测草地螟迁入的预警指标。     

东北地区草地螟（Loxostege sticticalis）越冬代成虫虫源地轨迹分析

草地螟是我国东北地区重要的暴发性害虫,某些年份春季越冬代成虫的来源无法应用传统理论来解释.分析了1997～2007年草地螟历次迁入峰的虫源地,结果表明:华北地区草地螟"发生基地"的种群虽可迁入东北构成当地大发生虫源之一,但并非主要虫源.多数年份天气系统不利于华北地区的草地螟向东北进行远距离迁飞.最近一次暴发周期中(1996～2007年),东北地区草地螟种群主要来自当地及境外越冬区.全球变暖使二代幼虫发生频率明显增加是越冬虫茧在这一地区大量出现的原因.     

2010年广西兴安地区稻纵卷叶螟发生动态及迁飞轨迹分析

稻纵卷叶螟是我国水稻上的重要害虫,近年来给我国水稻生产造成严重的损失。兴安地区位于广西东北部是每年稻纵卷叶螟在我国南北往返的必经之路,分析该地区稻纵卷叶螟的种群动态和迁飞规律,对全国稻纵卷叶螟的预测预报和防治工作意义重大。采用灯光诱捕、田间系统调查与雌蛾卵巢解剖的方法研究了2010年广西兴安地区稻纵卷叶螟的发生动态和世代虫源性质,并运用大气质点轨迹分析平台HYSPLIT和气象图形处理软件GrADS对2010年广西兴安地区稻纵卷叶螟迁飞高峰期进行了迁飞轨迹和气象背景分析。结果表明:(1)稻纵卷叶螟种群数量在广西兴安地区随季节变化明显,年发生6代,于4月底迁入,迁飞活动主要集中在5月下旬-8月中旬。在双季早稻田、单季中稻田和双季晚稻田均发生3代,且在不同类型田中重叠发生,其在双季早稻田的发生量明显高于单季中稻田和双季晚稻田。(2)明确了兴安地区稻纵卷叶螟各世代虫源性质。第2、3代主害双季早稻,均为迁入虫源;第4代数量最多,主害双季早稻,属于迁入虫源在本地繁殖世代;7月中下旬连续降雨天气阻碍第四代稻纵卷叶螟从本地迁出,滞留单季中稻为害。第5代主害单季中稻,虫源性质复杂,主要为本地虫源本地繁殖型,既有迁入,又有迁出;第6代前期主害单季中稻,后期主害双季晚稻,第7代为害双季晚稻,虫源性质均为本地虫源大部迁出型。(3)2010年广西兴安5月上旬稻纵卷叶螟迁入虫源地来自广东沿海阳江和湛江稻区,6月中旬大规模迁入虫源地主要来自广东沿海雷州半岛稻区。低空激流为稻纵卷叶螟的迁入提供了运载气流,而当时的降雨是迫使稻纵卷叶螟集中降落的主要原因。10月中旬从本地迁出的稻纵卷叶螟,随东北气流南下可到达广西沿海北海市。     

湖北省钟祥市粘虫发生规律研究

为了明确粘虫Mythimna separata(Walker)在湖北省钟祥市的发生规律,对小麦玉米轮作田粘虫成虫和幼虫种群的发生动态、粘虫雌蛾卵巢发育进度以及粘虫越冬虫量作了调查,分析了粘虫种群虫源性质。结果表明,钟祥市为1代粘虫多发区,其虫源为外地迁入的越冬代成虫,1代粘虫危害高峰期在4月中下旬,羽化盛期在5月中下旬,羽化后以迁出为主。第2代粘虫发生量很小,羽化后基本全部迁出;在田间未调查到第3代粘虫幼虫,本区发现的第3代成虫可能为由北方南迁的过境种群;第4代粘虫发生量也很小,羽化后全部迁出,不在本区繁殖危害。在田间未调查到准备越冬的粘虫。     

湖北省钟祥市粘虫发生规律研究

为了明确粘虫Mythimna separata(Walker)在湖北省钟祥市的发生规律,对小麦玉米轮作田粘虫成虫和幼虫种群的发生动态、粘虫雌蛾卵巢发育进度以及粘虫越冬虫量作了调查,分析了粘虫种群虫源性质。结果表明,钟祥市为1代粘虫多发区,其虫源为外地迁入的越冬代成虫,1代粘虫危害高峰期在4月中下旬,羽化盛期在5月中下旬,羽化后以迁出为主。第2代粘虫发生量很小,羽化后基本全部迁出;在田间未调查到第3代粘虫幼虫,本区发现的第3代成虫可能为由北方南迁的过境种群;第4代粘虫发生量也很小,羽化后全部迁出,不在本区繁殖危害。在田间未调查到准备越冬的粘虫。     

Radar observations of the spring migration into northeastern China of the oriental armyworm moth, Mythimna separata, and other insects

Abstract. 1. The spring migration of the oriental armyworm moth, Mythimna separata (Walker), and other insects into northeastern China was observed by radar at a site in central Jilin province. Samples of the migrants were obtained in a net flown from a kite, and M.separata populations in the surrounding region were monitored with a trap network. 2. The radar regularly detected echoes which were of the type characteristic of large insects, and three out of four large insects in the aerial samples were noctuid moths, including one M.separata. Catches of armyworm moths in the regional trap network peaked during the period of radar observations. 3. Migration occurred at night. It commenced with a take-off flight at dusk and generally continued until dawn, with numbers often being highest around midnight. Most migration took place at altitudes below 500 m, with strong layer concentrations forming at 200–400 m during the middle part of some nights. 4. Migration was approximately downwind. The net movement was overwhelmingly to the northeast because southwesterly winds occurred most frequently and were relatively strong, and because migration was more intense and prolonged on these winds. Orientation tended to be to the left of the downwind direction, and was most often to the north or northeast. 5. Migration into northeastern China was accomplished in a series of night-time movements of 100–300 km rather than by a single non-stop flight. 6. The net movement of insects towards the northeast was sufficient to produce the observed regional infestation of M.separata moths. Oviposition by immigrant armyworm moths in vulnerable crops would have been at a level where economically significant damage would be expected from the resulting larval population. 7. Analogous springtime migrations of noctuids leading to temporary colonizations of habitats at higher latitudes occur in other continents. Such colonizations may be unproductive if, as appears possibly the case for northeastern China, prevailing winds later in the season are generally unfavourable for a return migration towards overwintering areas at lower latitudes.     

东北地区粘虫的季节性迁飞行为(英文)

粘虫Mythimna separata是我国农业生产上的重要害虫, 为了明确其季节性迁飞行为参数, 本研究采用垂直监测昆虫雷达（vertical-looking radar, VLR）及相关辅助设备的长期自动观测, 结合基于GIS的大区环流和轨迹模拟, 调查分析了2005年东北地区粘虫季节性迁飞行为。结果表明： 粘虫在不同季节和夜间不同时间空中飞行高度具有明显差异, 空中飞行行为受气象条件尤其是空中风场影响较大; 春季和秋季主要借助气流运载进行大规模长距离迁飞, 夜间持续飞行时间可达9 h, 多数个体能完成整夜飞行, 春季迁飞高度主要在300~600 m, 秋季飞行高度相对较低主要在300 m以下和400~500 m。夏季雷达回波有明显的成层现象, 最高可达1 000 m, 主要集中在500 m和700 m两个高度层。轨迹分析显示： 5月29日由山东潍坊、 临沂等虫源地起飞的黏虫, 顺西南气流越海迁飞, 6月1日在气旋天气影响下, 在吉林省白城等地降落; 7月中旬主要为当地黏虫受对流天气影响进行短距离迁飞扩散; 9月11日虫源来自内蒙古呼伦贝尔, 顺西北气流向吉林省东南方向迁飞。研究结果为东北地区粘虫的有效防控提供了技术支撑。     

The role of nectar plants in severe outbreaks of armyworm Mythimna separata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in China

The period from March to mid April, when oriental armyworm Mythimna separata (Walker) moths migrate from South China to Central China over several nights, is an important window of time in annual armyworm population increase. The presence of nectar sources along the pathway of the migratory population is a prerequisite for moths to reach target habitats and lay eggs. Using flowering periods and geographic distributions, the major spring nectar plants suitable for M. separata moths were identified from among 102 species/varieties of apicultural nectar plants. The nectar plants proposed as important to M. separata include milk vetch Astragalus sinicus L., rape Brassica napa L. and six other species. Spearman's rank correlation analyses were conducted between the annual population size of M. separata and the acreages of milk vetch and rape in the daily stopover areas for migrating populations of M. separata during 1950-1979. The Spearman's coefficient between milk vetch and M. separata was 0.6259 and the correlation was highly significant (P<0.001). Further regression analysis with data from 1950-1979 and from 1980-1992 also revealed a close relationship between annual acreage of damaged crops/wheat and acreage of milk vetch. These results strongly suggest that the unprecedented enlargement in the geographic distribution of milk vetch from Central China into South China was the key factor in the frequent severe oriental armyworm outbreaks that occurred during 1966-1977. This is thought to be the first report in the world that reveals the key role of nectar sources in long distance, regional scale, migration of moths. The argument for the key role of milk vetch is supported by the simultaneous decline in the level of damage inflicted by M. separata and the acreage of milk vetch after 1980.     

Trajectory modeling revealed a southwest-northeast migration corridor for fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) emerging from the North China Plain

The fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda, an invasive insect pest native to the Americas, has established populations throughout eastern China. The North China Plain—a key corn-producing area in East China with a unique topography—was invaded by fall armyworm in 2019 and is seriously threatened by this migratory pest. However, the spatiotemporal extent of the migratory movements of fall armyworm from the North China Plain remains poorly understood. Using an air transport-based trajectory modeling approach that incorporates flight behavior, we simulated the potential nocturnal migration trajectories of fall armyworm from the North China Plain based on historical meteorological data from June to October of 2015–2019, and examined the night-time atmospheric conditions associated with their possible flights. The emigration patterns showed monthly variation in the main landing area and common migration direction. The displacement of newly emerged moths from the North China Plain was concentrated in the Northeast China Plain (including Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces) before late summer, after which they were most likely to undertake return flights to the south (especially into Hubei, Anhui and Hunan provinces). This southwest-northeast aerial migration corridor follows the topography of East China and is affected by the East Asian monsoon. These topographic-atmospheric conditions have resulted in the North China Plain becoming a key stopover for fall armyworm populations engaging in multigenerational long-distance migration across East China. These findings contribute to our knowledge of fall armyworm migration and will aid in the implementation of management and control strategies against this highly migratory agricultural pest.     

一日龄饥饿对粘虫成虫卵巢发育和飞行能力的影响

为了明确羽化后0～24 h (1日龄)饥饿处理对迁飞型粘虫Mythimna separata (Walker)生殖系统和飞行系统发育的影响,对1日龄饥饿处理后粘虫的卵巢发育级别、产卵前期、飞行肌和飞行能力进行了系统研究。结果表明, 1日龄饥饿对粘虫成虫卵巢发育级别、产卵前期、中胸背纵肌干重、飞行能力等均有显著的影响。饥饿后成虫卵巢发育级别显著高于对照,产卵前期显著短于对照。成虫中胸背纵肌干重从饥饿后96 h开始下降,至120 h时饥饿粘虫(5.1 mg)显著低于对照(5.86 mg)。成虫飞行能力从饥饿后96 h开始显著低于对照,此时饥饿处理粘虫蛾的飞行距离平均为22.03 km,飞行时间平均为4.07 h,显著低于同时期的对照粘虫的飞行距离(42.3 km)和飞行时间(7.99 h),尽管在饥饿后72 h内差异不显著。实验结果显示,1日龄饥饿可以显著抑制粘虫飞行系统的发育,加速飞行向生殖的转变。     

风洞内粘虫飞翔行为与气流的关系

利用自制的昆虫飞翔实验风洞 ,系统观测了在风洞条件下粘虫在不同流速实验气流中的起飞行为与飞翔行为。结果表明 ,微风能刺激粘虫起飞 ,试虫表现明显的偏爱迎风 (或稍偏一点角度 )起飞的习性 ,飞翔时亦多采取迎风 (或稍偏一点角度 )的姿势。试虫在气流中的实际位移是昆虫飞翔位移与气流位移的矢量和。当气流速度小于 2 m/ s时 ,逆风向位移占多数 ;而气流速度为 3～ 4 m/ s时 ,94 .8%的试虫为顺风向位移。     

粘虫飞翔能源物质及其消耗

根据粘虫Mythimna separata(Walker)具有远距离迁飞能力的特性,在室内条件下,测试其长时间飞行的能源种类及消耗;试验设6h、12h、24h、36h和48h等5种吊飞处理和不 吊飞对照。结果表明,粘虫飞翔后体重显著下降,体重的减少量与吊测时间、实际飞翔时间及距离呈正相关;粘虫飞翔前后体内脂肪含量差异显著,而蛋白质含量则无明显变化;脂肪含量的下降趋势与虫体重下降一致,脂肪消耗量占体重消耗量的60%以上,说明脂肪是粘虫远距离飞行的主要能源物质。随飞翔时间的增加,脂肪消耗的速率有逐渐减缓趋势：飞行每小时每克体重消耗脂肪雌蛾为23.6→8.9mg/(h·g),雄蛾为11.8→9.2mg/(h.g);飞行每公里每克体重雌蛾消耗脂肪为4.0→1.7mg/(km·g),雄蛾为2.2→1.4mg/(km·g)。     

Noctuid migration in Texas within the nocturnal aeroecological boundary layer

Long-distance migration of adult corn earworm moths (Helicoverpazea), and several other noctuid moth species, facilitates seasonalexpansion of pest populations and consequent increased infestationsof agricultural crops on a continental scale in North America.Long-term field studies of population dynamics and migratoryflights of H. zea and fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda)in the United States were evaluated using X-band radar observationsand profiles of atmospheric conditions. These studies identifiedcharacteristic patterns of migratory flight that are largelyassociated with vertical profiles of temperature and wind speed.Collective patterns of moth migrations were generally highlycorrelated with wind headings, but often at a significant angulardeviation. Preliminary analyses are presented between moth distributionsin the aerosphere estimated from discrete moth counts usingX-band radar and bulk reflectivity data from NEXRAD Dopplerradar. Identification of associations between atmospheric factorsand noctuid population dynamics and migratory flights will improvethe ability to predict infestations by pest species throughouttheir broad seasonal range expansion.     

Influence of green light illumination on several enzymes involved in energy metabolism in the oriental armyworm,Mythimna separata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

The oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata Walker, is an important insect pest in eastern Asia. Green (520 nm) light with an exposure time of >30 min can result in a stronger phototactic response than the wavelengths of other lights in M. separata moths. The present study was mainly focused to estimate the activities of several enzymes (such as glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HOAD)) involved in the energy metabolism and a ratio of HOAD to GAPDH activity in M. separata moths exposed to the green light for different exposure times. Our results showed that when M. separata moths were exposed to the green light for 30 min, the activities of the two enzymes (GPDH and HOAD) and as well as the ratio of HOAD to GAPDH activity were significantly elevated. The activity of LDH was significantly increased in the moths exposed for 60 min. Furthermore, significant differences in enzyme activities between the male and female moths were recorded in 45 min exposure time group of the GAPDH, all light treatment groups of the LDH, and 45 min group of the ratio of HOAD to GAPDH activity, respectively. We suggest that when M. separata adult moths are exposed to the green light, these enzymes can be activated to produce energy for starting the phototactic behavior to the green light. Our findings may provide a theoretical basis for elucidating a reason of the phototactic behavior of nocturnal moths.     

飞行对粘虫体内甘油酯积累与咽侧体活性的影响

研究了粘虫Mythimna separata (Walker)成虫飞行对甘油酯的恢复、保幼激素的滴度及飞行肌降解的影响, 结果表明,不同日龄粘虫的飞行活动对其能源物质的积累及保幼激素分泌产生不同的影响。1日龄蛾的飞行对粘虫这两方面产生的影响最大,其飞行个体能源物质的积累明显高于未飞行的对照个体; 3日龄飞行个体的能源物质积累与对照相当; 但5日龄飞行个体则很难达到对照水平。1日龄飞行个体咽侧体活性在36 h后明显高于对照,60 h后已是对照的10倍,108 h达到其峰值; 3日龄飞行个体咽侧体的活性稍高于对照,但差别不显著; 5日龄飞行个体的咽侧体活性则稍低于对照。不同日龄飞行对飞行肌的降解也产生不同的影响。1日龄飞行个体的飞行肌在飞行后6 天已经明显低于对照。3、5日龄的飞行活动对其飞行肌降解的影响不明显。因此推测,粘虫咽侧体活化的关键时期可能在羽化后1～3 天之间。