Type specimens and identity of the described species of Conus.

During the third decade of the 19th century, 21 authors described 35 Recent and 11 fossil species of Conus , in 26 separate publications. This brought to 532 the number of species-group names in the genus introduced up to 1830. Only five fossil and seven Recent species are now considered valid. Two additional valid Recent species were described but were given preoccupied names. The remaining nominal species are concluded to be junior or contemporaneous synonyms (19), nomina dubia (11), of infrasubspecific rank (1), or not now considered Conus (1). At present 160 valid species of Conus are recognized from the species-group names described between 1758 and 1830. Of these, 138 are extant and 22 are known only as Tertiary fossils. Nine otherwise valid species, six Recent and three fossil, were described but were given preoccupied names.     

Type specimens and identity of the described species of Conus VII. The species described 1810–1820

During the second decade of the 19th century, eight authors described 24 recent and 26 fossil species of Conus , bringing to 486 the number of proposed species-group names in the genus through 1820. This study analyses these nominal species, as well as three described by Perry in 1810, and evaluates the status of each. Most of the European Tertiary species described by Brocchi in 1814 and some of those described by Borson and Schlotheim in 1820 are valid. Megerle von Mühlfeld in 1816 and Dillwyn in 1817 each described a valid recent species. All other Conus species names introduced during the period are synonyms of previously or contemporaneously described species or nomina dubia. Type specimens of 23 species, including one neotype, are known to exist today. At the present time 148 valid species of Conus are recognized from the species-group names introduced between 1758 and 1820. Of these, 131 are extant and 17 are known only as Tertiary fossils. In addition, six otherwise valid species, three recent and three fossil, were described but were given preoccupied names.     

Type Specimens and identity of the described species of Conus II. The species described by Solander, Chemnitz, Born, and Lightfoot between 1766 and 1786

Twenty-three species of Conus were described by authors other than Linnaeus between 1766 and 1786. Of these, 3 are Eocene species from England described by Solander in Brander (1766), and the remainder are Recent. Chemnitz (1777) described one valid species. Of the 10 species described by Born (1778), 7 are valid, 2 are junior synonyms of Linnaean species, and 1 is a nomen dubium. Solander in [Lightfoot] (1786) described 5 species, of which 3 are valid and 2 are junior synonyms of Linnaean species. Lightfoot (1786) described 4 species, of which 1 is valid and 3 are junior synonyms of Linnaean species.
Holotypes of 7 species and lectotypes of 3 species exist, and representatives of lecto-types of 10 species have been selected. All of these types are illustrated photographically.
Between 1758 and 1786, 60 species of Conus were described, of which 45 are now considered valid. Of these, 42 are Recent.     

Chronological analysis of the species of Conus described during the 18th century

The 339 species-group names in the gastropod genus Conus proposed between 1758 and 1800 have been analyzed in chronological order, in order to (1) identify each nominal species, and (2) determine the correct name of each valid species. Additions and corrections are given to the author's series of papers on type specimens and identity of the described species of Conus. A table listing the 339 species-group names alphabetically indicates the present locations of the 124 known type specimens and the status of each name. At present, 123 valid species are recognized (118 Recent, 5 Tertiary), 159 names are synonyms of previously or simultaneously described species, 35 are nomina dubia, 19 are assigned to infrasubspecific rank, and 3 have been trandferred to genera in other families. Problems involving homonymy of 44 names have been resolved. The proportion of valid species to described species remained quite constant (about 80%) between 1758 and 1786, but then declined sharply to 40%. By 1800, although only 13% of all known species-group names in Conus had been introduced, they probably account for 25% of the known valid Recent species. Extension of the chronological study to species described through 1840 may establish the correct names of half the valid Recent species of Conus.     

The type specimens and identity of the Siberian species described in the genus Lithobius by Anton Stuxberg in 1876 (Chilopoda: Lithobiomorpha)

The nine Siberian species described by Stuxberg in the genus Lithobius are redescribed from the original material. It is concluded that six of these species (ostiacorum, princeps, sulcipes, nordenskioldii, fugax and vagabundus) are valid and that three (scrobiculatus, formicarum and captivus) are junior synonyms. Three further species, one of them new, have been found among Stuxberg's Siberian specimens and are described.     

The type specimens and identity of the species described in the genus Lithobius by F. Meinert, and now preserved in the Zoological Museum, Copenhagen University (Chilopoda: Lithobiomorpha)

The 32 species described by Meinert in the genus Lithobius which are represented by type material in t h e Zoological Museum, Copenhagen University, are redescribed from that material. It is concluded that 17 of these species are valid, one is a subspecies of Lithobius forficants (L.) and 12 are junior synonyms: two are junior homonyms, but both are also synonyms of described species.     

Otto Kuntze,botanist. V. Type specimens of Asteraceae described in his Revisio Generum Plantarum

Type specimens of the taxa of Asteraceae described as new by Otto Kuntze in hisRevisio Generum Plantarum Volume I (1891) and Volume III (1898) that are known to be in the herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden (NY) are listed. Types for some of the taxa were not found at NY.     

桶形芋螺和菖蒲芋螺的性畸变

2 0 0 1年 9月和 2 0 0 3年 8月在广东湛江的硇洲岛和 2 0 0 3年 6月在广东阳江的闸坡渔港采集桶形芋螺 (Conus betulinus)和菖蒲芋螺 (Conus vexillum) ,发现两个海区的芋螺雌性个体均发生性畸变 ,性畸变率均为 10 0 % ,但雌 /雄性比仍大于 1.0。两种芋螺的畸变阶段和类型多 ,桶形芋螺有 S3b、S3c、 S4 、S*4 、S5b、S5c,而菖蒲芋螺有 S1 c、S3b、S4 、S*4 、S6 b。 2 0 0 3年 6月在阳江采集的桶形芋螺畸变程度最高 ,种群 RPSI为 5 3.8% ,VDSI高达 4 .9,雌性不育率达 4 4 .0 %。 2 0 0 1年 9月在硇洲岛外海深水区采集的菖蒲芋螺的种群 RPSI虽然只有 14 .7% ,但性畸率为 10 0 % ,VDSI也达 4 .1%。由此可见 ,两种芋螺对有机锡污染均比较敏感 ,而且有个体大、易采集、性畸变率高、畸变阶段跨度大、畸变类型多、畸变特征易于鉴别等特点 ,是中国东南沿海低潮线和潮下带有机锡污染生物监测的理想指示种。如与潮间带有机锡污染指示种疣荔枝螺 (Thaisclavigera)结合起来 ,便可相互补充 ,能更加全面和准确地反映近岸海域有机锡污染的现状     

Type specimens of Pectinidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia) described by Linnaeus (1758–1771)

Linnaeus listed and described (as Ostrea species) 20 recent pectinid species in the 10th edition of his Systema Naturae and one pectinid species in his Mantissa. These are now placed in 17 genera of the family Pectinidae. Nine species are cited to Museum Ludovicae Ulricae. Ten primary types are present in the Linnéan Society of London, and the same number in die Zoological Museum of die Uppsala University. Two lectotypes were designated recendy by Smith and Waller; 18 lectotypes and one neotype are selected herein. Nine of the species are type species of currently accepted pectinid genera. Seven new type localities are also designated for species which had unknown or erroneous type localities, and six are more restricted. Potential type material of eight species is also traced in the Gualtieri collection of the Museo di Storia Naturale e del Territorio at Certosi di Calci (Italy).     

Phylogenetic analysis of newly described Neosartorya species

Isolates representing newly described Neosartorya species, and isolates with abnormal morphologies from Aspergillus section Fumigati were examined by phylogenetic analysis of sequences of part of their -tubulin gene. Phylogenetic analyses supported the earlier suggestions that heterothallism is a derived character, and that sexuality was lost several times during the evolution of Aspergillus section Fumigati. The heterothallic N. fennelliae and N. udagawae strains were found to be closely related to the homothallic Neosartorya sp. NRRL 4179 and N. aureola, respectively. Aspergillus sp. FRR 1266, which was earlier described as a variant of A. fumigatus, was found to be closely related to A. viridinutans. Another abnormal asexual isolate was found to be closely related to A. fumigatus and N. fischeri. Phylogenetic relationships among newly described Neosartorya species and other taxa were successfully established based on phylogenetic analysis of -tubulin sequences.     

Type materials of the species of the Planorbidae (Mollusca,Gastropoda, Hygrophila) described by Shuichi Mori

ABSTRACT

The planorbid species that were described by Shuichi (Syuiti) Mori from Japan have long been enigmatic and their taxonomy has been highly confused. This situation is also an impediment to action for the conservation of Japanese planorbids which are one of the most threatened freshwater snail groups in the country. Based on our examination of Shuichi Mori’s collection stored in the Kyoto University Museum, type materials of the taxa described by him are re-illustrated and re-examined for the first time. Our examination suggested that Gyraulus amplificatus (Mori, 1938) is not a morphological form of Gyraulus biwaensis but a distinct species. Gyraulus pulcher (Mori, 1938) can be regarded as a junior synonym of Gyraulus chinensis.     

Type specimens of Mitridae (Mollusca:Gastropoda) described by Linnaeus in the genera Voluta, Buccinum and Bulla between 1758 and 1771

From the 16 species of Mitridae described by Linnaeus between the years 1758-71 11 species are considered valid and available for taxonomic use; four specific names have been suppressed by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature for taxonomic usage (1968). One specific name, i.e. Voluta mitra episcopalis Linnaeus, has appeared in various combinations in malacological literature over the years. From the style of listing in the 10th edition of the Systerna Naturae , it is evident that 'episcopalis' has to be treated as of infraspecific rank; there is no evidence that 'episcopalis' is even a valid subspecies of Voluta mitra.
Three holotypes and five lectotypes designated in this paper are extant in the Linnaean collection; illustrations representing three Linnaean species have been selected as lectotypes.     

Eight newRubus species described from Czech Republic

Eight newRubus species are described from the area of Czech Republic (western Czechoslovakia), four of them belonging to ser.Discolores, and one by one to subsect.Rubus, ser.Rhamnifolii, ser.Micantes and ser.Hystrices. *** DIRECT SUPPORT *** AAY02002 00005     

How much can Conus swallow? observations on molluscivorous species

Feeding of three species of molluscivorous Conus, C. textile,C. bandanus and C. omaria, was studied in aquaria. Conus spp.are able to kill and remove from the shell prey larger thanthemselves. Also, Conus swallowed prey with weight up to halfthat of the predator. Estimates suggest that molluscivorousspecies of Conus are probably able to swallow prey with a shellvolume reaching 85% of that of the predator, depending on theshape of the prey's body. It is confirmed that the thinningof the inner shell walls in Conus is connected with the abilityto swallow voluminous prey. Digestion of prey occurs in boththe oesophagus and stomach. (Received 9 August 2006; accepted 4 January 2007)