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1.
Manoj Kumar Vladimir León Angela De Sisto Materano Olaf A. Ilzins Luis Luis 《World journal of microbiology & biotechnology》2008,24(7):1047-1057
A hydrocarbon degrading and biosurfactant producing, strain DHT2, was isolated from oil-contaminated soil. The organism grew
and produced biosurfactant when cultured in variety of substrates at salinities up to 6 g l−1 and temperatures up to 45°C. It was capable of utilizing crude oil, fuels, alkanes and PAHs as carbon source across the wide
range of temperature (30–45°C) and salinity (0–6%). Over the range evaluated, the salinity and temperature did not influence
the degradation of hydrocarbon and biosurfactant productions. Isolate DHT2 was identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa by analysis of 16S rRNA sequences (100% homology) and biochemical analysis. PCR and DNA hybridization studies revealed that
enzymes involved in PAH metabolism were related to the naphthalene dioxygenase pathway. Observation of both tensio-active
and emulsifying activities indicated that biosurfactants were produced by DHT2 during growth on both, water miscible and immiscible
substrates, including PAH. The biosurfactants lowered the surface tension of medium from 54.9 to 30.2 dN/cm and formed a stable
emulsion. The biosurfactant produced by the organism emulsified a range of hydrocarbons with hexadecane as best substrate
and toluene was the poorest. These findings further indicate that the isolate could be useful for bioremediation and bio-refining
application in petroleum industry. 相似文献
2.
Mahmoud Abouseoud Aziza Yataghene Abdeltif Amrane Rachida Maachi 《Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology》2008,35(11):1303-1308
Production of biosurfactant by free and alginate-entrapped cells of Pseudomonas fluorescens Migula 1895-DSMZ was investigated using olive oil as the sole carbon and energy source. Biosurfactant synthesis was followed
by measuring surface tension and emulsifying index E24 over 5 days at ambient temperature and at neutral pH. Diffusional limitations
in alginate beads affected the kinetics of biosurfactant production when compared to that obtained with free cells culture.
Nevertheless, the emulsion stability was improved and fewer by-products interfered with the biosurfactant activity. A decrease
in pH down to 5 in the case of immobilized cells was observed during the first 3 days, after which it returned to its initial
value. The minimum values of surface tension were 30 and 35 dynes cm−1 achieved after 40 and 72 h with free and immobilized cells, respectively, while the corresponding maximum E24 values were
67 and 62%, respectively. After separation by acetone precipitation, the biosurfactant showed a rhamnolipid-type in nature,
and had a good foaming and emulsifying activities. The critical micellar concentration was found to be 290 mg l−1. The biosurfactant also showed good stability during exposure to high temperatures (up to 120 °C for 15 min), to high salinity
(10% NaCl) and to a wide range of pH (4–9). 相似文献
3.
Yin Li Zhiqiang Liu Fengjie Cui Yingying Xu Hui Zhao 《World journal of microbiology & biotechnology》2007,23(6):837-843
A new strain of Penicillium sp. ZH-30 that produces xylanase was isolated from soil. According to the morphology and comparison of internal transcribed
spacer (ITS) rDNA gene sequence, the strain Penicillium sp. ZH-30 was identified as a strain of Penicillium oxalicum. When xylan or wheat bran was used as substrate at 30°C for 3 days under submerged cultivation, xylanase production was 5.3
and 13.3 U ml−1, respectively. The temperature and pH for optimum activity were 50°C and 5.0–6.0, respectively. 相似文献
4.
A strain of Bacillus subtilis was able to grow and produce a biosurfactant on 2% sucrose at 45°C. As a result of biosurfactant synthesis the surface tension
of the medium was reduced from 68 dynes cm−1 to 28 dynes cm−1. The strain had the capacity to produce the biosurfactant at high NaCl concentrations (4%) and a wide range of pH (4.5–10.5).
The biosurfactant retained its surface-active properties after heating at 100°C for 2 h and at different pH values (4.5–10.5).
A maximum amount of biosurfactant was produced when urea or nitrate ions were supplied as nitrogen source. The use of the
biosurfactant at high temperatures, acidic, alkaline and saline environments is discussed. As a result of its action, 62%
of oil in a sand pack column could be recovered, indicating its potential application in microbiologically enhanced oil
recovery.
Received 28 March 1996/ Accepted in revised form 16 September 1996 相似文献
5.
Rufino RD Sarubbo LA Neto BB Campos-Takaki GM 《Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology》2008,35(8):907-914
The strategy of optimization using sequential factorial design was employed to enhance the tensio-active emulsifying agent
produced by Candida lipolytica using soybean oil refinery residue as substrate. A full factorial design was used to evaluate the impact of three fermentation
factors—amounts of refinery residue, glutamic acid and yeast extract. This allowed exclusion of the yeast extract. Full factorials
designs were then sequentially used to optimize the levels of the residue and glutamic acid. The surface tension value was
finally reduced to 25.29 mN/m. The maximum emulsifier activity using different substrates was within 40 h of cultivation.
The surface tension of the cell-free broth containing the biosurfactant remained very stable during exposure to a wide range
of pH (2–12), temperatures (0–120°C) and salinity (2–10% NaCl). The combination of an industrial waste and a cheap substrate
therefore seems to be very promising for the low-cost production of potent biosurfactant. 相似文献
6.
Meenakshi Banerjee R. Craig Everroad Richard W. Castenholz 《Extremophiles : life under extreme conditions》2009,13(4):707-716
Cyanobacteria that grow above seawater salinity at temperatures above 45°C have rarely been studied. Cyanobacteria of this
type of thermo-halophilic extremophile were isolated from siliceous crusts at 40–45°C in a geothermal seawater lagoon in southwest
Iceland. Iceland Clone 2e, a Leptolyngbya morphotype, was selected for further study. This culture grew only at 45–50°C, in medium ranging from 28 to 94 g L−1 TDS, It showed 3 doublings 24 h−1 under continuous illumination. This rate at 54°C was somewhat reduced, and death occurred at 58°C. A comparison of the 16S
rDNA sequence with all others in the NCBI database revealed 2 related Leptolyngbya isolates from a Greenland hot spring (13–16 g L−1 TDS). Three other similar sequences were from Leptolyngbya isolates from dry, endolithic habitats in Yellowstone National Park. All 6 formed a phylogenetic clade, suggesting common
ancestry. These strains shared many similarities to Iceland Clone 2e with respect to temperature and salinity ranges and optima. Two endolithic Leptolyngbya isolates, grown previously at 23°C in freshwater medium, grew well at 50°C but only in saline medium. This study shows that
limited genotypic similarity may reveal some salient phenotypic similarities, even when the related cyanobacteria are from
vastly different and remote habitats. 相似文献
7.
Degradation of hydrocarbons and biosurfactant production by Pseudomonas sp. strain LP1 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Oluwafemi S. Obayori Matthew O. Ilori Sunday A. Adebusoye Ganiyu O. Oyetibo Ayodele E. Omotayo Olukayode O. Amund 《World journal of microbiology & biotechnology》2009,25(9):1615-1623
Pseudomonas sp. strain LP1, an organism isolated on the basis of its ability to grow on pyrene, was assayed for its degradative and biosurfactant
production potentials when growing on crude, diesel and engine oils. The isolate exhibited specific growth rate and doubling
time of 0.304 days−1 and 2.28 days, respectively on crude oil (Escravos Light). The corresponding values on diesel were 0.233 days−1 and 2.97 days, while on engine oil, were 0.122 days−1 and 5.71 days. The organism did not show significant biosurfactant production towards crude oil and diesel, but readily produced
biosurfactant on engine oil. The highest Emulsification index (E24) value for the biosurfactant produced by LP1 on engine oil was 80.33 ± 1.20, on day 8 of incubation. Biosurfactant production
was growth-associated. The surface-active compound which exhibited zero saline tolerance had its optimal activity at 50°C
and pH 2.0. 相似文献
8.
Nonibala Khumanthem Mayashree B. Syiem Arvind K. Singh Amar Nath Rai 《Indian journal of microbiology》2007,47(4):345-352
A Mastigocladus species was isolated from the hot spring of Jakrem (Meghalaya) India. Uptake and utilization of nitrate, nitrite, ammonium
and amino acids (glutamine, asparagine, arginine, alanine) were studied in this cyanobacterium grown at different temperatures
(25°C, 45°C). There was 2–3 fold increase in the heterocyst formation and nitrogenase activity in N-free medium at higher
temperature (45°C). Growth and uptake and assimilation of various nitrogen sources were also 2–3 fold higher at 45°C indicating
that it is a thermophile. The extent of induction and repression of nitrate uptake by NO3
− and NH4
+, respectively, differed from that of nitrite. It appeared that Mastigocladus had two independent nitrate/nitrite transport systems. Nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase activitiy was not NO3
−-inducible and ammonium or amino acids caused only partial repression. Presence of various amino acids in the media partially
repressed glutamine synthetase activity. Ammonium (methylammonium) and amino acid uptake showed a biphasic pattern, was energy-dependent
and the induction of uptake required de novo protein synthesis. Ammonium transport was substrate (NH4
+)-repressible, while the amino acid uptake was substrate inducible. When grown at 25°C, the cyanobacterium formed maximum
akinetes that remained viable upto 5 years under dry conditions. 相似文献
9.
The ability of a Bacillus subtilis strain to grow and produce biosurfactant on different carbon and nitrogen sources under thermophilic conditions (45°C) was
studied. The strain was able to reduce surface tension to 34 dynes cm−1 on 2% sucrose, and 32 dynes cm−1 on starch after 96 h of growth. The biosurfactant was stable at 100°C and within a wide pH range (3.0–11.0). Biosurfactant
formation at mesophilic conditions (30°C) was also studied. The organism was able to produce the maximum amount of biosurfactant
when nitrate ions were supplied as the nitrogen source. The potential application of the biosurfactant in oil recovery from
desert oil fields, acidic and alkaline environments is demonstrated. The biosurfactant was identical to surfactin as confirmed
by TLC and IR analysis.
Received 29 May 1997/ Accepted in revised form 03 October 1997 相似文献
10.
W. Chungool W. Thongkam P. Raweesri A. Thamchaipenet P. Pinphanichakarn 《World journal of microbiology & biotechnology》2008,24(4):549-556
Acetyl esterase was produced by Streptomyces sp. PC22 at comparable levels of about 0.3 U ml−1 using either 1.0% (w/v) birchwood xylan or 1.5% (w/v) corn husks as a carbon source and cultivating at 45 °C, at pH 9 for
3 or 2 days, respectively. The enzyme was purified from culture filtrate to about 54-fold purity by ammonium sulfate precipitation,
followed by consecutive chromatography using a Macro-Prep DEAE, t-butyl hydrophobic interaction and hydroxyapatite, respectively. The approximate molecular weight of the purified enzyme was
155 kDa as analyzed by gel filtration, and it contained four identical 34 kDa subunits, as assessed by SDS-PAGE. It had K
m and V
max values for p-nitrophenyl acetate of 0.43 mM and 70.78 U mg−1 and 7.8 mM and 1,027 U mg−1 for α-naphthyl acetate, respectively. Its optimal pH and temperature were 6.5–7.0 and 50 °C, respectively. It was stable for 30 min
at a broad range of pH values, from 5.0 to 9.0, and at temperatures up to 60 °C. The purified enzyme had no other xylanolytic
activities. It showed cooperative action on birchwood xylan degradation, when used in combination with xylanase from the same
strain and β-xylosidase from Streptomyces sp. CH7. Enhancement was 1.4-fold, compared to the expected amount of individual enzymes alone. This indicates that the enzyme
has potential industrial applications, especially for utilizing renewable hemicelluloses containing acetyl xylan for the production
of biofuels or other fermentation products. 相似文献
11.
Filipa M. Lupi Helena M. L Fernandes Isabel Sá-Correia Júlio M. Novais 《Journal of applied phycology》1991,3(1):35-42
Temperature profiles (range 20–33 °C) were obtained for growth and exopolysaccharide (EPS) biosynthesis of the microalga Botryococcus braunii strain UC 58 under photoautotrophic conditions. The maximum temperature for growth was 32 °C and the temperature dependence
of the specific growth rate was described by the Hinshelwood equation based on the Arrhenius relationship. The optimal range
of temperatures for growth and extracellular EPS synthesis (25–30 °C) concurred and production of 4.5–5 g l−1 of EPS was obtained routinely, leading to high broth viscosities. Below 23 °C EPS biosynthesis was negligible, although the
specific growth rate maintained high values. At supraoptimal temperatures EPS biosynthesis decreased, accompanying the increase
in doubling time.
The polymers formed at temperatures within the optimal range for production, when dissolved in water, produced solutions (2
gl−1) with the highest viscosity, suggesting that their molecular weight showed the highest values. The degree of polymerization
of the EPS synthesized at suboptimal and supraoptimal temperatures was significantly below the values within the optimal range. 相似文献
12.
Yan Zhen Mei Bing Fang He Ping Kai Ouyang 《World journal of microbiology & biotechnology》2008,24(3):375-381
Bacillus fordii MH602 was newly screened from soil at 45 °C and exhibited high activities of hydantoinase and carbamoylase, efficiently yielding
l-amino acids including phenylalanine, phenylglycine and tryptophan with the bioconversion yield of 60–100% from the corresponding
dl-5-substituted hydantoins. Hydantoinase activity was found to be cell-associated and inducible. The optimal inducer was dl-5-methylhydantoin with concentration of 0.014 mol L−1 and added to the fermentation medium in the exponential phase of growth. In the production of optically pure amino acids
from dl-5-benylhydantoin, the optimal temperature and pH of this reaction were 45–50 °C and 7.5 respectively. The hydantoinase was
non-stereoselective, while carmbamoylase was l-selective. The hydantoinase activity was not subject to substrate inhibition, or product inhibition by ammonia. In addition,
The activities of both enzymes from crude extract of the strain were thermostable; the hydantoinase and carbamoylase retained
about 90% and 60% activity after 6 h at 50 °C, respectively. Since reaction at higher temperature is advantageous for enhancement
of solubility and for racemization of dl-5-substituted hydantoins, the relative paucity of l-selective hydantoinase systems, together with the high level of hydantoinase and carbamoylase activity and unusual substrate
selectivity of the strain MH602, suggest that it has significant potential applications. 相似文献
13.
Ganka Chaneva Sevdalina Furnadzhieva Kaledona Minkova Jaromir Lukavsky 《Journal of applied phycology》2007,19(5):537-544
The effect of light intensity (50–300 μmol photons m−2 s−1) and temperature (15–50°C) on chlorophyll a, carotenoid and phycobiliprotein content in Arthronema africanum biomass was studied. Maximum growth rate was measured at 300 μmol photons m−2 s−1 and 36°C after 96 h of cultivation. The chlorophyll a content increased along with the increase in light intensity and temperature and reached 2.4% of dry weight at 150 μmol photons
m−2 s−1 and 36°C, but it decreased at higher temperatures. The level of carotenoids did not change significantly under temperature
changes at illumination of 50 and 100 μmol photons m−2 s−1. Carotenoids were about 1% of the dry weight at higher light intensities: 150 and 300 μmol photons m−2 s−1. Arthronema africanum contained C-phycocyanin and allophycocyanin but no phycoerythrin. The total phycobiliprotein content was extremely high,
more than 30% of the dry algal biomass, thus the cyanobacterium could be deemed an alternative producer of C-phycocyanin.
A highest total of phycobiliproteins was reached at light intensity of 150 μmol photons m−2 s−1 and temperature of 36°C, C-phycocyanin and allophycocyanin amounting, respectively, to 23% and 12% of the dry algal biomass.
Extremely low (<15°C) and high temperatures (>47°C) decreased phycobiliprotein content regardless of light intensity. 相似文献
14.
Han Gil Choi Ki Hoon Lee Hyun Il Yoo Pil Jun Kang Young Sik Kim Ki Wan Nam 《Journal of applied phycology》2008,20(5):729-735
The effects of temperature, irradiance, and daylength on Sargassum horneri growth were examined at the germling and adult stages to discern their physiological differences. Temperature–irradiance
(10, 15, 20, 25, 30°C × 20, 40, 80 μmol photons m−2s−1) and daylength (8, 12, 16, 24 h) experiments were carried out. The germlings and blades of S. horneri grew over a wide range of temperatures (10–25°C), irradiances (20–80 μmol photons m−2s−1), and daylengths (8–24 h). At the optimal growth conditions, the relative growth rates (RGR) of the germlings were 21% day−1 (25°C, 20 μmol photons m−2s−1) and 13% day−1 (8 h daylength). In contrast, the RGRs of the blade weights were 4% day−1 (15°C, 20 μmol photons m−2s−1) and 5% day−1 (12 h daylength). Negative growth rates were found at 20 μmol photons m−2s−1 of 20°C and 25°C treatments after 12 days. This phenomenon coincides with the necrosis of S. horneri blades in field populations. In conclusion, we found physiological differences between S. horneri germlings and adults with respect to daylength and temperature optima. The growth of S. horneri germlings could be enhanced at 25°C, 20 μmol photons m−2s−1, and 8 h daylength for construction of Sargassum beds and restoration of barren areas. 相似文献
15.
Franciane Pellizzari Eurico C. Oliveira Nair S. Yokoya 《Journal of applied phycology》2008,20(1):75-82
Gayralia K.L. Vinogr. is a monostromatic green alga of commercial importance in the southern Brazil, and its cultivation is being
considered. This paper reports some basic aspects of the biology of this poorly known genus. Two populations of Gayralia spp., from outer and inner sectors of Paranaguá Bay, showed an asexual life history with a distinct pattern of thallus ontogeny.
In one population (Gayralia sp. 1), zooids developed an expanded monostromatic blade directly, while in the other (Gayralia sp. 2) zooids produced an intermediate saccate stage, before giving rise to a monostromatic blade. Thalli of the two species
differ in size and in cell diameter. The effects of temperature (16–30°C), irradiance (50–100 μmol photons m−2 s−1), and salinity (5–40 psu) on the growth of both populations were assessed. Plantlets of Gayralia sp. 1 from in vitro cultures showed a broader tolerance to all salinity and irradiance levels tested, with the highest growth
rate (GR; mean 17% day−1) at 21.5°C and 100 μmol photons m−2 s−1. Plantlets of Gayralia sp. 1 collected during the winter in the field showed higher GR, ranging from 5% day−1 to 7.5% day−1 in salinities from 20 to 40 psu, and 2.0% day−1 and 4.3% day−1 for plantlets collected during the summer. Gayralia sp. 2 from the field showed highest GR at salinity of 15 psu. These results suggest distinct physiological responses of the
two species, in accordance with their distribution: Gayralia sp. 2 is limited to the inner areas of the estuary, while Gayralia sp. 1 grows in outer areas, where salinity values are higher than 20 psu. These data indicate that Gayralia sp. 1 has a higher potential for aquaculture than Gayralia sp. 2 due to its larger thalli, higher GR, and wider tolerance to environmental variations. 相似文献
16.
M. Salam N. Dahiya R. Sharma S. K. Soni G. S. Hoondal R. Tewari 《Indian journal of microbiology》2008,48(3):358-364
A chitinase producing bacterium Enterobacter sp. NRG4, previously isolated in our laboratory, has been reported to have a wide range of applications such as anti-fungal
activity, generation of fungal protoplasts and production of chitobiose and N-acetyl D-glucosamine from swollen chitin. In
this paper, the gene coding for Enterobacter chitinase has been cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). The structural portion of the chitinase gene comprised of 1686 bp. The deduced amino acid sequence of chitinase
has high degree of homology (99.0%) with chitinase from Serratia marcescens. The recombinant chitinase was purified to near homogeneity using His-Tag affinity chromatography. The purified recombinant
chitinase had a specific activity of 2041.6 U mg−1. It exhibited similar properties pH and temperature optima of 5.5 and 45°C respectively as that of native chitinase. Using
swollen chitin as a substrate, the Km, kcat and catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) values of recombinant chitinase were found to be 1.27 mg ml−1, 0.69 s−1 and 0.54 s−1M−1 respectively. Like native chitinase, the recombinant chitinase produced medicinally important N-acetyl D-glucosamine and
chitobiose from swollen chitin and also inhibited the growth of many fungi. 相似文献
17.
Marine bacterial isolates were screened for phospholipase C (PLC) activity on PCY agar plates containing phosphatidylcholine
(PC) as substrate. The strain that showed the highest activity on a PCY screening agar plate and a thin-layer chromatography
was identified as a strain of Pseudoalteromonas and subsequently designated Pseudoalteromonas sp. J937. The extracellular PLC of the strain J937 was purified to a specific activity of 33 U mg−1 protein by serial ion exchange and gel filtration column chromatography. It had a molecular mass of 32 kDa estimated by SDS–PAGE.
The optimal pH and temperature of the enzyme were about pH 8 and 45°C, respectively. The PLC hydrolyzed phosphatidylethanolamine
as well as PC but not other glycerophospholipids. Its activity was enhanced by 150% with Ca2+ (200 mM) and by 180% with Na+ (500 mM), suggesting that the purified PLC is a marine-type enzyme. 相似文献
18.
Yuan YJ Lu ZX Huang LJ Li Y Lu FX Bie XM Teng YQ Lin Q 《Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology》2007,34(8):567-570
Ochrobactrum intermedium DN2 was used to degrade nicotine in tobacco waste extracts. The optimal temperature and pH of nicotine degradation by strain
DN2 was 30–37 °C and 7.0, respectively. Under these optimal conditions, the average degradation rate of nicotine in a 30L
fed-batch culture was 140.5 mg l−1 h−1. The results of this study indicate that strain DN2 may be useful for reducing the nicotine content of reconstituted tobacco. 相似文献
19.
A methanogen, strain AK-1, was isolated from permanently cold marine sediments, 38- to 45-cm below the sediment surface at
Skan Bay, Alaska. The cells were highly irregular, nonmotile coccoids (diameter, 1 to 1.2 μm), occurring singly. Cells grew
by reducing CO2 with H2 or formate as electron donor. Growth on formate was much slower than that on H2. Acetate, methanol, ethanol, 1- or 2-propanol, 1- or 2-butanol and trimethylamine were not catabolized. The cells required
acetate, thiamine, riboflavin, a high concentration of vitamin B12, and peptones for growth; yeast extract stimulated growth but was not required. The cells grew fastest at 25 °C (range 5
°C to 25 °C), at a pH of 6.0 – 6.6 (growth range, pH 5.5 – 7.5), and at a salinity of 0.25 – 1.25 M Na+. Cells of this and other H2-using methanogens from saline environments metabolized H2 to a very low threshold pressure (less than 1 Pa) that was dependent on the methane partial pressure. We propose that the
threshold pressure may be limited by the energetics of catabolism. The sequence of the 16S rDNA gene of strain AK-1 was most
similar (98%) to the sequences of Methanogenium cariaci JR-1 and Methanogenium frigidum Ace-2. DNA–DNA hybridization between strain AK-1 and these two strains showed only 34.9% similarity to strain JR-1 and 56.5%
similarity to strain Ace-2. These analyses indicated strain AK-1 should be classified as a new species within the genus Methanogenium. Phenotypic differences between strain AK-1 and these strains (including growth temperature, salinity range, pH range, and
nutrient requirements) support this. Therefore, a new species, Methanogenium marinum, is proposed with strain AK-1 as type strain.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
20.
Four temperature treatments were studied in the climate controlled growth chambers of the Georgia Envirotron: 25/20, 30/25,
35/30, and 40/35 °C during 14/10 h light/dark cycle. For the first growth stage (V3-5), the highest net photosynthetic rate
(P
N) of sweet corn was found for the lowest temperature of 28–34 μmol m−2 s−1 while the P
N for the highest temperature treatment was 50–60 % lower. We detected a gradual decline of about 1 P
N unit per 1 °C increase in temperature. Maximum transpiration rate (E) fluctuated between 0.36 and 0.54 mm h−1 (≈5.0–6.5 mm d−1) for the high temperature treatment and the minimum E fluctuated between 0.25 and 0.36 mm h−1 (≈3.5–5.0 mm d−1) for the low temperature treatment. Cumulative CO2 fixation of the 40/35 °C treatment was 33.7 g m−2 d−1 and it increased by about 50 % as temperature declined. The corresponding water use efficiency (WUE) decreased from 14 to
5 g(CO2) kg−1(H2O) for the lowest and highest temperature treatments, respectively. Three main factors affected WUE, P
N, and E of Zea: the high temperature which reduced P
N, vapor pressure deficit (VPD) that was directly related to E but did not affect P
N, and quasi stem conductance (QC) that was directly related to P
N but did not affect E. As a result, WUE of the 25/20 °C temperature treatment was almost three times larger than that of 40/35 °C temperature treatment. 相似文献