农田烟粉虱寄主植物调查初报

2001～2002年通过调查福州、漳州农田烟粉虱寄主范围,记录农田烟粉虱寄主植物17科62种(变种)．其中豆科7种、茄科6种、十字花科8种、葫芦科9种、菊科10种、苋科4种、藜科4种、旋花科2种、锦葵科2种、、大戟科2种、柳叶草科2种、蓼科1种、玄参科1种、番杏科1种、大麻科1种、免丝子科1种、伞形花科1种。农田烟粉虱寄主植物主要以蔬菜作物和农田阔叶杂草为主。     

横断山区的蝶类资源与珍稀蝴蝶的保护

横断山区的蝶类561种,隶属于12科,208属.在12科中,种类最多的是蛱蝶科148种,其次是眼蝶科117种,灰蝶科65种,凤蝶科63种,粉蝶科60种,弄蝶科60种,蚬蝶科18种,绢蝶科12种,斑蝶科9种,环蝶科6种,喙蝶科2种,珍蝶科1种.分布于横断山区的珍稀蝴蝶有44种,其中国家Ⅰ级保护的1种,Ⅱ级保护的3种.     

An Analysis of Hamster Afferent Taste Nerve Response Functions

Sensitivities to moderately intense stimuli representing four taste qualities to man were determined for 79 hamster chorda tympani fibers. Some fibers were very sensitive to sucrose, sodium chloride, or hydrochloric acid, but none were very sensitive to quinine. These sensitivities were not randomly distributed among fibers: the sucrose sensitivity was separated from and negatively correlated with the other sensitivities which were associated and positively correlated with each other. Moreover, there were a limited number of sensitivity patterns: (a) fibers responding best to sucrose responded second-best to salt, less to acid, not to quinine; (b) fibers responding best to salt either responded second-best to sucrose and not to acid or quinine; or second-best to acid, less to quinine, and not to sucrose; and (c) fibers responding best to acid responded second-best to salt, more to quinine, and less to sucrose than other fibers. Therefore, if four stimuli of different taste qualities are ordered from acceptable to unacceptable, neural response functions of most hamster chorda tympani taste fibers peak at one point. Sensitivities to nine other moderately intense stimuli which vary in quality to man were also determined for 46–49 of the fibers. Sensitivities to sweet stimuli were always associated with each other and separated from sensitivities to nonsweet stimuli. Sensitivities to nonsweet stimuli were all associated with each other; however, the strongest correlations were between sensitivities to stimuli of like quality, e.g., the three acids or the two sodium salts.     

Role of the adaptor protein CIKS in the activation of the IKK complex

Nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) plays a pivotal role in numerous cellular processes, including stress response, inflammation, and protection from apoptosis. Therefore, the activity of NF-kappaB needs to be tightly regulated. We have previously identified a novel gene, named CIKS (connection to IkappaB-kinase and SAPK), able to bind the regulatory sub-unit NEMO/IKKgamma and to activate NF-kappaB. Here, we demonstrate that CIKS forms homo-oligomers, interacts with NEMO/IKKgamma, and is recruited to the IKK-complex upon cell stimulation. In addition, we identified the regions of CIKS responsible for these functions. We found that the ability of CIKS to oligomerize, and to be recruited to the IKK-complex is not sufficient to activate the NF-kappaB. In fact, a deletion mutant of CIKS able to oligomerize, to interact with NEMO/IKKgamma, and to be recruited to the IKK-complex does not activate NF-kappaB, suggesting that CIKS needs a second level of regulation to efficiently activate NF-kappaB.     

Localization of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase binding sites on bacteriophage S13 and 0X174 DNAs by electron microscopy.

Complexes between Escherichia coli RNA polymerase and bacteriophage S13 and phage phiX174 replicative form III DNAs have been shown to form at specific locations on the phage genomes. The major locations on S13 have been mapped at 8 to 10 and 92 to 96% of the genome length, starting from the unique Pst I cleavage site. The locations correspond to the beginnings of genes D and B, respectively. Four minor locations map at 18 to 22, 28 to 32, 50 to 56, and 70 to 74% of the genome. The 70 to 74% site corresponds to the beginning of the A gene. The major locations on phiX174 are at 8 to 10, 50 to 54, and 92 to 94% of the genome. The 50 to 54% site is at the start of the H gene and has an equivalent minor site on S13, but it is not a promoter site. Three minor sites on phiX174, at 20 to 24, 26 to 32, and 68 to 74% of the genome, correspond to sites on S13. The data confirm the locations of sites identified by restriction fragment binding experiments (E. Rassart and J. H. Spencer, J. Virol. 27:677--687, 1978) and the assignment of putative promoters at the start of genes A, B and D.     

西双版纳热带雨林蚁科昆虫区系分析

在西双版纳热带雨林已鉴定蚊科昆虫９亚科７６属２６７种。西双版纳地区的蚂蚁区系以热带至亚热带分布的东洋界成分最为丰富。在属级水平上,与马来西亚界关系最为密切。与澳洲界关系较密切;与非洲界和马拉加西界的关系知中。与新北界,新热带界和古北界的关系最为疏远。可见西双版纳的蚂蚁区系具有典型的热带亚洲起源特征,同时与澳洲和非洲的热带区系有一定的渊源关系。     

Determination of nutrient requirements for growth and maintenance of growing pigs under tropical condition

Data from 27 feeding trials conducted on growing pigs from different research institutes across India were subjected to mixed model regression analysis to derive requirements of digestible energy (DE), crude protein (CP) and essential amino acids for maintenance and body weight gains. The ranges of maintenance requirements were determined to be: DE 516 to 702 kJ/kg M^0.75, CP 6.98 to 11.62, lysine 0.431 to 0.664, methionine 0.265 to 0.458, methionine + cystine 0.327 to 0.466, cystine 0.055 to 0.184, threonine 0.205 to 0.511, arginine 0.377 to 1.21, isoleucine 0.241 to 0.775, leucine 0.604 to 1.54, phenylalanine + tyrosine 0.496 to 1.33, tryptophan 0.078 to 0.213, and valine 0.330 to 0.892 g/kg M^0.75, respectively for different body weight ranges. The corresponding requirements for 1 g gain in body weight were: DE 28.6 to 38.6 kJ, CP 0.27 to 0.44 g, lysine 0.0071 to 0.0126 g, methionine 0.0047 to 0.0133 g, methionine + cystine 0.0151 to 0.0261 g, cystine 0.0043 to 0.0094 g, threonine 0.0052 to 0.0165 g, arginine 0.0045 to 0.0301 g, isoleucine 0.0023 to 0.0198 g, leucine 0.0150 to 0.0447 g, phenylalanine + tyrosine 0.0091 to 0.0382 g, tryptophan 0.0005 to 0.0044 g, and valine 0.0061 to 0.0222 g. Regression equations had high R² values (ranging from 0.50 to 0.99 for different estimates), low coefficients of variation, low variance of error estimates and the coefficients were highly significant (P < 0.001). Regressed values were used to develop feeding standards. As the new standards derived in the present study are based on a thorough analysis of a larger database than previous Indian standards, the new feeding standard seems to be more appropriate for India and other tropical countries.     

Community response grids: using information technology to help communities respond to bioterror emergencies

Access to accurate and trusted information is vital in preparing for, responding to, and recovering from an emergency. To facilitate response in large-scale emergency situations, Community Response Grids (CRGs) integrate Internet and mobile technologies to enable residents to report information, professional emergency responders to disseminate instructions, and residents to assist one another. CRGs use technology to help residents and professional emergency responders to work together in community response to emergencies, including bioterrorism events. In a time of increased danger from bioterrorist threats, the application of advanced information and communication technologies to community response is vital in confronting such threats. This article describes CRGs, their underlying concepts, development efforts, their relevance to biosecurity and bioterrorism, and future research issues in the use of technology to facilitate community response.     

Specificity of the binding of trifluoperazine to the calcium-dependent activator of phosphodiesterase and to a series of other calcium-binding proteins

Trifluoperazine inhibits the activation of phosphodiesterase by binding to the calcium-dependent activator. To determine further the specificity by which trifluoperazine binds to activator, we compared the binding of trifluoperazine to activator prepared from several species and tissues and to a number of other calcium-binding proteins devoid of activator activity.Trifluoperazine binds to activator prepared from human, bovine, rat and rabbit brain and from chick embryo fibroblasts. In each case, the binding of trifluoperazine to activator was qualitatively similar and related quantitatively to the ability of the preparation to activate phosphodiesterase.Of the other calcium-binding proteins examined, namely, troponin-C, S-100 protein, phospholipase A, phospholipase B and myosin light chain, only troponin-C displayed any significant calcium-specific binding of trifluoperazine. The binding to troponin-C, however, appeared to be different from the binding to activator; whereas the binding of trifluoperazine to actovator showed no cooperativity, the binding to troponin-C showed positive cooperatively.These results and earlier data showing that trifluoperazine fails to bind to a variety of other proteins, indicate that the binding of trifluoperazine to the calcium-dependent activator of phosphodiesterase is selective and suggest that this binding may explain some of the biochemical and pharmacological actions of this antipsychotic agent.     

Quantifying Predation Risk for Refuging Animals: A Case Study with Golden Marmots

Although a variety of behaviors expose animals to some risk of predation, there is no accepted way to compare their relative risk. For animals that retreat to refugia when alarmed by predators, the proportion of time devoted to each out-of-refuge behavior multiplied by the total time required to return to a refuge can be used to compare a behavior's relative predation risk. Total time to return to a refuge is a function of both response time - the time required to respond to an increased risk of predation — and travel time — the time required to flee to a refuge once alarmed. Quantifying these components can illustrate how animals minimize exposure to predators. Golden marmots (Marmota caudata aurea) were a refuging prey species used to examine the utility of this measure and to understand how marmots minimized their risk of exposure to predation. Golden marmots devoted different amounts of time to looking, foraging, self-grooming, and playing. To estimate the behavior-specific time required to return to refugia, the location of different activities was noted and a behavior-specific travel time was calculated. Alarm calls were played back to marmots engaged in different behaviors to determine, in a standardized manner, if there were behavior-specific response times. Marmots appeared to minimize their predation risk by performing most behaviors close to refugia. Results suggest that foraging was the riskiest behavior, largely because marmots foraged far from refugia and spent about 30% of their time foraging. While sample sizes were small, results also suggested that play, a rare adult behavior, exposed animals to predation because of a relatively long response time.     

Transferable amikacin and cefamandole resistance: Pseudomonas maltophilia and Acinetobacter strains as possible reservoirs of R plasmids

Three strains belonging to gramnegative non-fermenting rods, i.e. a Pseudomonas maltophilia strain and two strains of Acinetobacter, were tested, as representatives of different types of nosocomial strains, for transferability of their multiple drug resistance. As all of them posed difficulties in demonstrating the transferability of their resistance by conventional methods, a three-step procedure was developed that includes a transfer to rifampicin-resistant P. aeruginosa recipients, then to susceptible P. aeruginosa intermediate strains, and, finally, from these strains to rifampicin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. In three strains studied three genetically different types of R plasmids have been demonstrated. P. maltophilia transferred Amikacin resistance, as well as resistance to other antibiotics, to P. aeruginosa and then to Enterobacteria. In contrast, an Amikacin-resistant Acinetobacter with quite identical multiple drug resistance spectrum transferred its resistance to P. aeruginosa only, but not to Enterobacteria. Finally, another Acinetobacter strain, resistant to Gentamicin but susceptible to Amikacin transferred this resistance directly to Enterobacteria (and, separately, to P. aeruginosa, too). All three strains transferred Cefamandole resistance together with other resistances. Non-fermenting rods, thus, might be a source of transmissible resistance to reserve antibiotics as Amikacin, and advanced-type Cephalosporins.     

Surface topology of the Escherichia coli K-12 ferric enterobactin receptor.

Monoclonal antibodies (MAb) were raised to the Escherichia coli K-12 ferric enterobactin receptor, FepA, and used to identify regions of the polypeptide that are involved in interaction with its ligands ferric enterobactin and colicins B and D. A total of 11 distinct FepA epitopes were identified. The locations of these epitopes within the primary sequence of FepA were mapped by screening MAb against a library of FepA::PhoA fusion proteins, a FepA deletion mutant, and proteolytically modified FepA. These experiments localized the 11 epitopes to seven different regions within the FepA polypeptide, including residues 2 to 24, 27 to 37, 100 to 178, 204 to 227, 258 to 290, 290 to 339, and 382 to 400 of the mature protein. Cell surface-exposed epitopes of FepA were identified and discriminated by cytofluorimetry and by the ability of MAb that recognize them to block the interaction of FepA with its ligands. Seven surface epitopes were defined, including one each in regions 27 to 37, 204 to 227, and 258 to 290 and two each in regions 290 to 339 and 382 to 400. One of these, within region 290 to 339, was recognized by MAb in bacteria containing intact (rfa+) lipopolysaccharide (LPS); all other surface epitopes were susceptible to MAb binding only in a strain containing a truncated (rfaD) LPS core, suggesting that they are physically shielded by E. coli K-12 LPS core sugars. Antibody binding to FepA surface epitopes within region 290 to 339 or 382 to 400 inhibited killing by colicin B or D and the uptake of ferric enterobactin. In addition to the FepA-specific MAb, antibodies that recognized other outer membrane components, including Cir, OmpA, TonA, and LPS, were identified. Immunochemical and biochemical characterization of the surface structures of FepA and analysis of its hydrophobicity and amphilicity were used to generate a model of the ferric enterobactin receptor's transmembrane strands, surface peptides, and ligand-binding domains.     

湖北省褐飞虱对吡虫啉、噻嗪酮及氟虫腈的抗药性监测

采用稻茎浸渍法监测湖北省武穴、天门、监利、通城、孝感、公安及枣阳七地褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens(Sta1)田间种群对吡虫啉、噻嗪酮、氟虫腈的抗药性。结果表明:2006、2007和2008年3年7地褐飞虱种群对吡虫啉的抗性分别为98.89～389.19倍、69.00～153.33倍和56.32～116.89倍,达高水平至极高水平抗性,但3年期间总体抗性水平呈现一定程度的下降趋势;2007和2008年2年7地褐飞虱对噻嗪酮的抗性分别为13.39～41.06倍和6.94～20.44倍,达低水平至高水平抗性;2007和2008年2年7地褐飞虱对氟虫腈抗性分别为0.97～2.64倍和0.63～1.42倍,为敏感阶段。此外,还对褐飞虱的治理进行讨论。     

Two groups of Mycobacterium avium complex strains determined according to the susceptibility to rifampicin and ansamycin

Mycobacterium avium complex strains previously not exposed to any antituberculosis agents could be divided into two groups according to their susceptibility to rifampicin and ansamycin; one group susceptible to 80 micrograms/ml rifampicin and to 1.25 micrograms/ml ansamycin, and another resistant to these concentrations. In each group, the ratio of the minimal inhibitory concentration of ansamycin against that of rifampicin was greatly different depending on the strain. This naturally occurring resistance to rifampicin and ansamycin was frequently correlated to naturally occurring resistance to ethambutol, kanamycin, enviomycin, kitasamycin, and minocycline, but not correlated to that to isoniazid and sulfadimethoxine. Ansamycin was more active than rifampicin against M. bovis, M. kansasii, M. marinum, M. xenopi, and M. haemophilum.     

The patterns and transmissibility of antibiotic resistance among clinical strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Four hundred and ninety-eight predominantly pyocin-type 10 clinical strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were analyzed for resistance to carbenicillin, cefoperazone, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, gentamicin, amikacin and netilmicin. Based on NCCLS-recommended MIC breakpoints, 245 strains were found to be resistant, of which 41.6% were resistant to carbenicillin, 38% to gentamicin, 37.8% to netilmicin, 26.3% to cefoperazone, 17.9% to cefotaxime, 0.6% to amikacin and none to ceftazidime. Quadruple resistance to carbenicillin, cefoperazone, gentamicin and netilmicin was the most frequent pattern observed. Resistance to older antibiotics (kanamycin, streptomycin and tetracycline) and to mercuric chloride were also common. Conjugation experiments suggested that self-transmissible and non-transmissible plasmids occurred in at least 66 strains.     

TRANSFERENCE TO A MEDICAL CENTER—A Cultural Dimension in Healing

The phenomenon of transference to a medical center is similar to the transference given to an individual physician, the feelings being invested in The Center rather than in a person. The reputation and the image of The Center can give therapeutic sustenance.There are common features to each healing organization from primitive times to the journeys to the Oracles at the shrine of Zeus at Dodona and Apollo at Delphi, to Mecca and St. Bartholomew''s Hospital, to Lourdes and Gheel, and to the present-day medical center. A phenomenon which we have identified as Transference to a Center has previously been known to physicians, theologians, historians, sociologists and anthropologists, by different names. In a social sense, transference to a medical center is akin to an Edifice complex.     

Predicting restoration outcomes based on organizational and ecological factors

For restoration to be an effective strategy to reverse large‐scale habitat loss and land degradation, funding programs need policies that promote selection of and commitment to projects that can reasonably be expected to succeed. Programmatic project selection practices have received minimal formal evaluation, despite their importance. In this study, we considered the extent to which a program needs to consider both ecological and organizational factors during project selection in order to minimize the incidence of project failure. Our assessment of a long‐term program that funds ecological restoration efforts across Minnesota (U.S.A.), based on project records, manager surveys, and field surveys, yielded several broadly relevant insights. First, factors well understood to confer ecological resilience (level of landscape alteration and starting condition) were clearly associated with restoration outcomes, regardless of time‐since‐initiation of restoration. Second, restoration of low‐resilience ecosystems is typically a labor‐ and skill‐intensive enterprise for organizations that undertake them. Our analysis revealed four organizational limitations, in addition to insufficient funds, that hindered capacity to keep projects on‐track: lack of planning and goal‐setting, inadequate staffing, leadership change, and incomplete records. Third, to reduce risk, programs do not necessarily need to avoid challenging projects, but do need to consider whether organizations proposing restorations have adequate internal capacity to competently plan and to sustain actions for a duration sufficient to restore ecological resilience. If a restoration is degraded enough to require human intervention to recover, the outcome of a project is as likely to reflect its organizational reality as much as its ecological circumstances.     

Fluorescence location of RVLM kainate microinjections that alter the control of breathing

Kainic acid (4.7 mM) applied to the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) surface decreases phrenic output, CO2 sensitivity, and blood pressure in chloralose-urethan-anesthetized, vagotomized, paralyzed, glomectomized, servoventilated cats. In this study using the same preparation, bilateral 50- to 100-nl kainate injections just below the RVLM surface better localized these responses topographically. The physiological responses to unilateral 10-nl kainate injections were then correlated with anatomic location determined by fluorescent microbeads (0.5 micron diam). Many sites were associated with no effect, a few rostral and caudal sites with increased phrenic activity, and cluster of sites with decreased phrenic activity often to apnea, decreased CO2 sensitivity, and decreased responses to carotid sinus nerve stimulation. Blood pressure was unaffected. These sites, within 400 microns of the surface, were ventral to the facial nucleus, ventrolateral to the nucleus paragigantocellularis lateralis, caudal to the superior olive, and rostral to the retrofacial nucleus. They appeared to be within the recently described retrotrapezoid nucleus, which contains cells with respiratory-related activity and projections to the dorsal and ventral respiratory groups. Cells within this site appear able to provide tonic input to respiration and to affect peripheral and central chemoreception.     

Approaches towards understanding methionine biosynthesis in higher plants

Summary. Plants are able to synthesise all amino acids essential for human and animal nutrition. Because the concentrations of some of these dietary constituents, especially methionine, lysine, and threonine, are often low in edible plant sources, research is being performed to understand the physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms that contribute to their transport, synthesis and accumulation in plants. This knowledge can be used to develop strategies allowing a manipulation of crop plants, eventually improving their nutritional quality. This article is intended to serve two purposes. The first is to provide a brief review on the physiology of methionine synthesis in higher plants. The second is to highlight some recent findings linked to the metabolism of methionine in plants due to its regulatory influence on the aspartate pathway and its implication in plant growth. This information can be used to develop strategies to improve methionine content of plants and to provide crops with a higher nutritional value. Received January 28, 2000 Accepted March 3, 2000