玉米可溶性无机焦磷酸酶家族基因的克隆和表达分析

可溶性无机焦磷酸酶(Soluble inorganic pyrophosphatase)通过水解作用调节细胞质中无机焦磷酸盐(PPi,pyrophosphate)的含量使其维持在适当水平.本研究一共克隆了玉米(Zea mays L.)中7个可溶性无机焦磷酸酶基因ZmPPases,分别位于第2、4、5、6、8、10号染色...     

Protein Changes in Response to Pyrene Stress in Maize （Zea mays L.） Leaves

Phytoremedlation is a relatively new approach to remove polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） from the environment. When plants are grown under pyrene treatment, they respond by synthesizing a set of protective proteins. To learn more about protein changes in response to pyrene treatment, we extracted total proteins from the leaves of maize （Zea mays L.） 1 week after pyrene treatment. The proteins extracted were separated with twodimensional gel electrophoresis. In total, approximately 54 protein spots were found by comparing gels from treated and control groups. According to the Isoelectric point, molecular weight, and abundance of these protein spots, 20 pyrene-lnduced proteins were found to have changed abundance. Of these, 15 protein spots were Increased and five protein spots were newly appeared in pyrene-treated plant leaves. Six model upregulated protein spots of different molecular weights were excised from the gels and subjected to trypsin digestion followed by peptide separation using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Peptlde masses were used to search the matrix-science database for protein Identification. Two of the proteins were Identified on the basis of the homology of their peptide profiles with existing protein sequences as pyruvate orthophosphate diklnase and the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunlt. These proteins are Involved in the regulation of carbohydrate and energy metabolism. The present study gives new Insights into the pyrene stress response In maize leaves and demonstrates the power of the proteomlc approach in phytoremedlation of PAHs.     

Biochemical characterization of maize (Zea mays L.) for salt tolerance

The inherent differences for salt tolerance in two maize cultivars (Agatti-2002 and Sahiwal-2002) were evaluated in pot experiments. Plants were grown in half-strength of Hoagland nutrient solution added with 0, 80, 100, 120, 140 and 160 mM of NaCl. Salt stress markedly reduced the shoot and root lengths and fresh and dry masses. Reduction in growth attributes was more pronounced in cv. Agatti-2002 than cv. Sahiwal-2002. Both maize cultivars exhibited significant perturbations in important biochemical attributes being employed for screening the crops for salt tolerance. Cultivar Sahiwal-2002 was found salt tolerant as compared to cv. Agatti-2002 because it exhibited lower levels of H₂O₂, malondialdehyde (MDA) and higher activities of antioxidant enzymes. In addition, cultivar Sahiwal-2002 exhibited less salt-induced degradation of photosynthetic pigments, lower levels of toxic Na⁺ and Cl^?  and higher endogenous levels of K⁺ and K⁺/Na⁺ ratio. The results indicate that salt stress induced a marked increase in MDA, H₂O₂, relative membrane permeability, total soluble proteins and activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase andascorbate peroxidase). Moreover, increase in endogenous levels of Na⁺ and Cl^?  and decrease in K⁺ and K⁺/Na⁺ ratio and photosynthetic pigments were recorded in plants grown under salinity regimes.     

钙离子参与一氧化氮促进盐胁迫下的玉米种子萌发

0.001～1.0 mmol·L~(-1)一氧化氮(NO)供体硝普钠(SNP)均能提高玉米种子的发芽率,缓解盐胁迫下种子萌发的抑制作用,其中0.1 mmol·L~(-1)SNP的效果最佳。用胞外游离Ca~(2 )螯合剂EGTA、质膜Ca~(2 )通道阻断剂LaCl_3和液泡Ca~(2 )释放抑制剂钌红与0.1 mmol·L~(-1) SNP共处理,均能减弱或抵消SNP促进种子萌发的作用。据此推测,钙离子参与SNP促进盐胁迫下玉米种子萌发的信号转导过程。     

Inheritance studies of low-phosphorus tolerance in maize (Zea mays L.), grown in a sand-alumina culture medium

Inbred lines of maize selected as tolerant and intolerant to low-P stress using a sand-alumina culture medium were used to obtain F₁ hybrids and advanced generations to be evaluated in diallel mating schemes and generation means analyses for the inheritance studies. Sand-alumina, a solid culture medium, which simulates a slow release, diffusion-limited P movement in soil solution was used in the inheritance studies. Tolerance to low-P stress conditions in maize seedlings is controlled largely by additive gene effects, but dominance is also important.     

Genetic control of B chromosome transmission rate in Zea mays ssp. mays (Poaceae)

We selected genotypes of high and low B chromosome transmission rate (TR) in a native race of maize (Pisingallo) from northwest Argentina. We made 20 female OB male IB and 20 f.IB m.OB crosses. The former (GOm) showed a large variation of B TR, with a mean of TR ± SE = 0.52 ± 0.06, ranging from 0.17 to 0.98. In the latter (GOf) the mean was TR = 0.47 ± 0.02 ranging from 0.31 to 0.58. Plants showing the highest and the lowest TR were selected to constitute the progenitors of the G1 generations. We made 19 f.0B m.2B crosses, studying 24–30 plants per cross. The TR of the high (H) and low (L) lines in Glm (GlmH and GlmL) significantly differed (TRH = 0.65 ± 0.03, TRL = 0.40 ± 0.01), indicating that the H and L lines are different groups. The large variation in male TR suggests that preferential fertilization of gametes carrying B chromosomes does not always occur. We also selected plants showing high and low TR in the progenies of f.lB m.OB crosses (GOf), and made 24 f.1B m.0B crosses, studying 23–30 plants per cross. The TRs of the H and L lines in G1f (GlfH and GlfL) were significantly different (TRH = 0.48 ± 0.025, TRL = 0.40 ± 0.02). The TRs in G0f and G1fL were significantly different (TR = 0.47 ± 0.02 and 0.40 ± 0.02, respectively), while this was not the case between G0f and G1fH. Our results demonstrate the existence of genotypes controlling B TR in this native population of maize.     

Free proline accumulation in maize (Zea mays L.) subjected to prolonged waterlogging

Summary Free proline accumulation was measured in two maize genotypes (Ganga-2 and D747) subjected to waterlogging for three weeks at the knee high stage. The initial content of free proline was same in both the genotypes (0.1 micromole per gram fresh weight of leaves). The free proline content increased in both the genotypes when the plants were subjected to waterlogging. However, Ganga-2 accumulated more free proline than D747. Ganga-2 appeared to be more waterlogging tolerant than D-747.     

等渗盐分与水分胁迫对三角叶滨藜和玉米光合作用的影响

以溶液培养的三角叶滨藜(Atriplex triangularis)和玉米(Zeamays)为材料,测定了等渗的盐分和水分胁迫对2种植物光合作用的短期影响。结果表明:等渗的水分和盐分胁迫均会造成三角叶滨藜和玉米净光合速率(Pn)的降低,而且随着胁迫程度的增强,水分胁迫引起Pn下降的幅度要明显高于等渗的盐分胁迫;在较低渗透胁迫强度下,2种胁迫导致光合速率下降的主要原因是气孔限制;但在环境溶液渗透势为-1.0MPa时,水分胁迫对光合作用的影响逐渐转化成非气孔限制,而盐胁迫仍然是气孔限制起主要作用;由此可见,等渗透势的水分胁迫对2种植物光合系统的影响要明显大于盐分胁迫。     

Environmental effects on the early stages of tassel morphogenesis in maize (Zea mays L.)

The effects of various environmental conditions on the initiation of tassel branches (NTB) and spikelet‐pairs (NSP) were examined in the stress‐sensitive maize inbred F53. Chilling induced the most important effect, with a dramatic decrease in both NTB and NSP, provided it was applied at the end of the vegetative phase and start of the floral transition phase. The primary cause of chilling‐induced abortion of the tassel branches could be oxidative stress in the leaves, since lowering light irradiance during chilling greatly reduced the effect of cold. The comparison of inbreds F53 and F2 revealed that both genotypes exhibited a similar period of cold sensitivity at the floral transition phase, although F2 was considered from field observations as a stress‐insensitive genotype (at least for tassel development). However, our results also showed a chilling acclimation response in inbred F2 but not in inbred F53. The similarities with the work by Lejeune & Bernier (1996 Plant, Cell and Environment 19, 217–224.) concerning the effect of chilling on ear initiation in the sensitive inbred, B22, are emphasized.     

Predicted and realized grain yield responses to full-sib family selection in CIMMYT maize (Zea mays L.) populations

Summary The maize (Zea mays L.) improvement program of the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) develops broad-based maize populations and, until recently, improved all of them through full-sib family selection with international testing. The purpose of this study was to estimate the genetic and genetic × environment variance components for ten of those populations and to measure expected yield improvement from full-sib selection. Mean yield ranged from 3.35–6.81 t ha^–1. For five populations the average yield in the last cycle was higher than in the initial cycles. Several populations showed no improvement or yielded less in the final cycle of selection, either because selection intensity was low or because strong selection pressure was applied simultaneously for several traits. Variation resulting from differences among family means within cycles and from interaction between families and locations within cycles were significant in all populations and cycles. Results indicate that variability among full-sib families was maintained throughout the cycles for all populations. The large _ge ² / _g ² ratio shown by most populations suggests that yield response per cycle could be maximized if the environments in which progenies are tested were subdivided and classified into similar subsets. The proportion of the predicted response realized in improved yield varied for each population.Journal Paper No. 8640, Nebraska Agric. Res. Div. Project No. 12-159. Research was supported in part by USAID/USDA/ CSRS Research Grant No. 86-CRSR-2-2789     

Localization of the genes controlling B chromosome transmission rate in maize (Zea mays ssp. mays, Poaceae)

In previous papers we found that the frequency of B chromosomes in native races of maize varies considerably in different populations. Moreover, we found genotypes that control high and low transmission rates (TR) of B chromosomes in the Pisingallo race. In the present work crosses were made to determine whether the genes controlling B-TR are located on the normal chromosome set (As) or on the B chromosomes (Bs). We made female f.0B × male m.2B crosses between and within high (H) and low (L) B-TR groups. The Bs were transmitted on the male side in all cases. The mean B-TR from the progeny of f.0B (H) × m.2B (H) and f.0B (H) × m.2B (L) crosses was significantly higher than that from f.0B (L) × m.2B (L) and f.0B (L) × m.2B (H) crosses. The results show that the B-TR of the crosses corresponds to the H or L B-TR of the 0B female parents irrespective of the Bs of the male parent. This indicates that B-TR is genetically controlled by the 0B female parent and that these genes are located on the A chromosomes.     

Effect of environment on the early steps of ear initiation in maize (Zea mays L.)

The effects of environmental conditions on ear-shoot initiation have been investigated in three inbred genotypes of Zea mays L. which are used for seed production. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and binocular examination during the vegetative phase showed that axillary meristems are initiated at the same rate as the leaf primordia on the apical meristem, but with a delay of 5.6–7.0 plastochrons, depending on the genotype. Furthermore, the topmost axillary meristem is initiated on the same day as the tassel, whatever the genotype. One of the inbreds (B22) used in this study has been reported to exhibit, in field conditions, a reproductive failure affecting car initiation, causing the topmost car to be replaced at maturity by a sterile, leaf-like, structure. Scanning electron microscopic study of the formation of the abnormal axillary buds indicated that ear failure resulted from the early collapse of the axillary meristem followed by elongation of the prophyll or of the meristem itself. Using controlled environments, ear abortion was mimicked by a chilling treatment (10°C), given just before tassel initiation. Other factors, such as high irradiance and flooding, enhanced the abortive response. The critical stage for the main car was just before the initiation of the topmost axillary meristem which also corresponded to tassel initiation. Chilling the plants before or after tassel initiation either induced an acclimation response or had no effect. The three inbreds showed differential responses to the stress treatment, indicating that a genetic factor is implicated as well. It is suggested that chilling causes a perturbation of apical dominance which, in the responsive genotypes, represses axillary meristem development. The use of a stress-sensitive inbred such as B22 as a model system could yield some interesting clues to the mechanism of endogenous control of ear initiation in maize.     

Control of Nitrate Uptake by Phloem-Translocated Glutamine in Zea mays L. Seedlings

Abstract: The putative role of glutamine, exported from leaves to roots, as a negative feedback signal for nitrate uptake was investigated in Zea mays L. seedlings. Glutamine (Gln) was supplied by immersion of the tip-cut leaves in a concentrated solution. Nitrate (NO₃⁻) uptake was measured by its depletion in amino acid-free medium. The treatment with Gln resulted in a strong inhibition of nitrate uptake rate, accompanied by a significant enrichment of amino compounds in root tissue. The effect of N-availability on NO₃⁻ uptake was determined in split-root cultures. The plants were subjected to complete or localized N supply. Inducible NO₃⁻ uptake systems were also induced in N-deprived roots when the opposite side of the root system was supplied with KNO₃. The inhibitory effect of Gln was unaffected by localized N supply on one side of the split-root. The potential role of Gln in the shoot-to-root control of NO₃⁻ uptake is discussed.     

Monitoring chilling injury: A comparison of chlorophyll fluorescence measurements, post-chilling growth and visible symptoms of injury in Zea mays

Changes in chlorophyll fluorescence emission from maize ( Zea mays L. cv. Northern Belle) seedlings chilled at 1.5°C in the dark for 3–30 h were compared with the ability of plants to resume growth in the immediate post-chilling period and with the development of visible symptoms of injury to the leaves. During chilling, the maximal rate of increase of the induced chlorophyll fluorescence rise. F_R, was measured on secondary leaf tissue. F_R decreased exponentially, at approximately the same rate in plants grown and chilled in hydroponic pots, in leaves detached from similar plants and in plants that were removed from the hydroponic pots and laid on wet filter paper adjacent to the detached leaves. The half-fall time for F_R in the 3 treatments was 7.8 ± 1.3 h, 8.6 ± 0.6 h and 8.8 ± 1.0 h, respectively. Following seedling removal from 1.5°C and return to 25/15°C, relative growth rates were determined from daily measurements of plant fresh weight gain. Compared with non-chilled seedlings, plants chilled for 3 h and longer showed depressed rates of growth. Inhibition of growth in the immediate post-chilling period (0–27 h) was linearly related to the duration of the chilling period and had a high positive correlation with the decrease in chlorophyll fluorescence (linearly related to log F_R) sustained during the chilling exposure. Visible symptoms of chilling injury developed during the post-chilling period on seedlings chilled for longer than 3 h. The decrease in log F_R during chilling was also linearly correlated with the severity of visual symptoms of chilling injury expressed in the post-chilling period. It is concluded that the extent of chilling injury in maize can be rapidly and non-destructively assessed from measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence.