多胺对香蕉果实乙烯发生的影响

多胺对香蕉果实乙烯发生的影响蒋跃明,张东林,李月标,陈芳,刘淑娴（中国科学院华南植物研究所,广州５１０６５０）ＥＦＦＥＣＴＳＯＦＰＯＬＹＡＭＩＮＥＳＯＮＴＨＥＥＴＨＹＬＥＮＥＥＶＯＬＵＴＩＯＮＯＦＢＡＮＡＮＡＦＲＵＩＴＳＪｉａｎｇＹｕｅ－ｍｉｎｇ;Ｚ...     

中国绣球属植物的修订

中国绣球属植物的修订卫兆芬（中国科学院华南植物研究所,广州５１０６５０）ＡＲＥＶＬＳＩＯＮＯＦＴＨＥＧＥＮＵＳＨＹＤＲＡＮＧＥＡＩＭＣＨＩＮＡ￥ＷｅｉＣｈａｏｆｅｎ（ＳｏｕｔｈＣｈｉｎａＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＢｏｔａｎｙ,ＡｃａｄｅｍｉａＳｉｎｉｃａ...     

植物遗传多样性研究中等位基因酶分析的遗传参数及其计算方法（综述）

植物遗传多样性研究中等位基因酶分析的遗传参数及其计算方法（综述）葛学军（中国科学院华南植物研究所,广州５１０６５０）ＴＨＥＧＥＮＥＴＩＣＰＡＲＡＭＥＴＥＲＳＡＮＤＴＨＥＩＲＣＡＬＣＵＬＡＴＩＮＧＭＥＴＨＯＤＳＯＦＡＬＬＯＺＹＭＥＡＮＡＬＹＳＩＳＩＮＰ...     

植物体的组件结构及其形态学和生态学意义

植物体的组件结构及其形态学和生态学意义叶万辉（中国科学院华南植物研究所,广州５１０６５０）ＴＨＥＭＯＲＰＨＯＬＯＧＩＣＡＬＡＮＤＥＣＯＬＯＧＩＣＡＬＳＩＧＮＩＦＩＣＡＮＣＥＯＦＰＬＡＮＴＭＯＤＵＬＡＲＣＯＮＳＴＲＵＣＴＩＯＮＹｅＷａｎｈｕｉ（Ｓｏｕ...     

穗花杉叶精油化学成分的研究

穗花杉叶精油化学成分的研究苏应娟,王艇,张宏达（中国科学院武汉植物研究所武汉４３００７４）（中山大学生命科学学院广州５１０２７５）关键词穗花杉,精油,化学分类ＡＳＴＵＤＹＯＮＣＨＥＭＩＣＡＬＣＯＮＳＴＩＴＵＥＮＴＳＯＦＥＳＳＥＮＴＩＡＬＯＩＬＦＲＯＭ...     

广西种子植物资料

广西种子植物资料陈秀香,丘华兴（广西民族医药研究所,南宁５３０００１）（中国科学院华南植物研究所,广州５１０６５０）关键词圆叶青藤;膜叶白桐树;牛膝菊;齿叶猫尾树ＮＥＷＲＥＣＯＲＤＳＯＦＳＰＥＲＭＡＴＯＰＨＹＴＥＦＲＯＭＧＵＡＮＧＸＩ￥ＣｈｅｎＸｉｕ...     

番荔枝科的地理分布

番荔枝科的地理分布陈伟球（中国科学院华南植物研究所,广州５１０６５０）关键词番荔枝科;地理分布ＴＨＥＧＥＯＧＲＡＰＨＩＣＡＬＤＩＳＴＲＩＢＵＴＩＯＮＯＦＴＨＥＡＮＮＯＮＡＣＥＡＥ￥ＣｈｅｎＷｅｉｃｈｉｕ（ＳｏｕｔｈＣｈｉｎａＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＢｏ...     

三尖杉叶精油化学成分的研究

三尖杉叶精油化学成分的研究苏应娟,王艇,张宏达（中国科学院武汉植物研究所武汉４３００７４）（中山大学生命科学学院广州５１０２７５）关键词三尖杉,精油,化学分类ＡＳＴＵＤＹＯＮＣＨＥＭＩＣＡＬＣＯＮＳＴＩＴＵＥＮＴＳＯＦＥＳＳＥＮＴＩＡＬＯＩＬＦＲＯＭ...     

钻地风属植物摘录

钻地风属植物摘录卫兆芬（中国科学院华南植物研究所,广州５１０６５０）ＮＯＴＥＳＯＮＳＣＨＩＺＯＰＨＲＡＧＭＡＳＩＥＢ．ＥＴＺＵＣＣ．（ＳＡＸＩＦＲＡＧＡＣＥＡＥ）ＦＲＯＭＣＨＩＮＡ￥ＷｅｉＣｈａｏｆｅｎ（ＳｏｕｔｈＣｈｉｎａＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＢｏ...     

植物标本采集标签计算机印制数据系统

植物标本采集标签计算机印制数据系统陈涛,陈都,吴德邻（中国科学院华南植物研究所,广州５１０６５０）ＡＮＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＴＯＴＨＥＤＡＴＡＳＹＳＴＥＭＦＯＲＣＯＭＰＵＴＥＲ－ＡＩＤＥＤＬＡＢＥＬＰＲＥＰＡＲＡＴＩＯＮＯＦＳＰＥＣＩＭＥＮＣＯＬＬ...     

A Historical Overview of the Ozone Exposure Problem

Ozone can be found in essentially all locations in the troposphere. Too much exposure of vegetation and humans to this potent oxidizing gas can prove toxic. Reports of human toxicity to ozone first appeared in the 1800's from accidental occupational exposures when ozone was first discovered. Ozone was recognized as damaging field vegetation with a report of altered leaf morphology in grapes in the 1950s. Ozone is the major oxidant component in photochemical smog, and is produced by reactions of volatile organic compounds and oxides of nitrogen with sunlight present. Soon after the inception of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), the Agency set a general “oxidants” standard (which included ozone) in 1971. A primary standard was created to protect human health and a secondary standard to protect against agricultural losses, ecological damage, and other losses. Ozone concentrations have decreased steadily over the last two decades in some areas of the U.S., but have increased in other areas. Several aspects of ozone exposure need further characterization, including better determination of rural concentrations and the relationship of outdoor to indoor concentrations. Ozone is one of the six criteria air pollutants requiring a formal reexamination of the new findings of effects on health and vegetation on a periodic basis, a process that leads to the publication of an US EPA criteria document. As a result of further study concerning ozone effects, significant changes were made to pollution standards in 1979 and 1997. This toxicant has remained a major air pollutant of concern in the U.S. despite regulation and intense study over several decades.     

Public smog knowledge,risk perception,and intention to reduce car use: Evidence from China

ABSTRACT

Smog pollution has received widely attention in recent years due to its negative effects. There is consensus that the motor vehicle exhaust emission is one of the sources of smog pollution and reduced private car use would significantly improve the air quality and alleviate the smog pollution problem. In this research, we aim to investigate how public smog knowledge and risk perception (physical health risk perception and mental health risk perception) affect public attitude and intention to reduce car use. A questionnaire survey of 334 randomly sampled respondents was designed to test these relationships. The results show that public smog knowledge is positively and significantly related to physical health risk perception, mental health risk perception, attitude and intention to reduce car use. Public smog knowledge has the largest impact on intention to reduce car use. Furthermore, physical health risk perception and mental health risk perception are positively and significantly associated with attitude and intention to reduce car use. In addition, the results also indicated that public smog knowledge is at a low level. Based on the results, implications and suggestions for future research were discussed.     

Gardening and urban landscaping: significant players in global change

Global warming leads to shifts in vegetation types in given temperate environments. The fastest species movement is due to the globalized supply and use of exotic plants in gardening and urban landscaping. These standard practices circumvent dispersal limitations and biological and environmental stresses; they have three major global impacts: (i) the enhancement of biological invasions, (ii) the elevation of volatile organic compound emissions and the resulting increase in photochemical smog formation, and (iii) the enhancement of CO(2) fixation and water use by gardened plants. These global effects, none of which are currently considered in global-change scenarios, are increasingly amplified with further warming and urbanization. We urge for quantitative assessment of the global effects of gardening and urban landscaping.     

Atmospheric photochemical transformations enhance 1,3-butadiene-induced inflammatory responses in human epithelial cells: The role of ozone and other photochemical degradation products

Chemistry of hazardous air pollutants has been studied for many years, yet little is known about how these chemicals, once reacted within urban atmospheres, affect healthy and susceptible individuals. Once released into the atmosphere, 1,3-butadiene (BD) reacts with hydroxyl radicals and ozone (created by photochemical processes), to produce many identified and unidentified products. Once this transformation has occurred, the toxic potential of atmospheric pollutants such as BD in the ambient environment is currently unclear. During this study, environmental irradiation chambers (also called smog chambers), utilizing natural sunlight, were used to create photochemical transformations of BD. The smog chamber/in vitro exposure system was designed to investigate the toxicity of chemicals before and after photochemical reactions and to investigate interactions with the urban atmosphere using representative in vitro samples. In this study, we determined the relative toxicity and inflammatory gene expression induced by coupling smog chamber atmospheres with an in vitro system to expose human respiratory epithelial cells to BD, BDs photochemical degradation products, or the equivalent ozone generated within the photochemical mixture. Exposure to the photochemically generated products of BD (primarily acrolein, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, furan and ozone) induced significant increases in cytotoxicity, IL-8, and IL-6 gene expression compared to a synthetic mixture of primary products that was created by injecting the correct concentrations of the detected products from the irradiation experiments. Interestingly, exposure to the equivalent levels of ozone generated during the photochemical transformation of BD did not induce the same level of inflammatory cytokine release for either exposure protocol, suggesting that the effects from ozone alone do not account for the entire response in the irradiation experiments. These results indicate that BDs full photochemical product generation and interactions, rather than ozone alone, must be carefully evaluated when investigating the possible adverse health effects to BD exposures. The research presented here takes into account that photochemical transformations of hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) does generate a dynamic exposure system and therefore provides a more realistic approach to estimate the toxicity of ambient air pollutants once they are released into the atmosphere.     

Identifying the spatial effects and driving factors of urban PM2.5 pollution in China

Exploring exactly where air pollution comes from, and identifying the key factors that influence it, can provide a scientific basis for the rational formulation and effective implementation of air pollution policies in China. Based on the data from 2001 to 2012 covering PM_2.5 concentrations in 285 Chinese cities, we use dynamic spatial panel models to empirically analyze the key driving factors of this air pollution. Results show that China’s urban smog demonstrates both obvious global spatial autocorrelation and local spatial agglomeration. There is a significant inverted “U-shaped” curve between economic development level and air pollution, and most cities are in the phase in which pollution is increasing in conjunction with improvements to the economy. Due to a rapid increase in population in built up areas, a high-proportion of secondary industry, a coal-dominated energy structure and increasing traffic intensity, China’s smog problem is becoming more and more serious. FDI probably will not play a future role in mitigating the air pollution. Central heating in winter in northern China further aggravates local smog to a certain extent. Because China’s haze pollution presents path-dependent characteristics and spatial spillover effects in the time dimension and in the space dimension respectively, so smog alleviation policies should be implemented based both on the strategies of maximizing effort and regional joint prevention and control.     

Life Cycle Assessment Study of Biopolymers (Polyhydroxyalkanoates) - Derived from No-Tilled Corn (11 pp)

Goal and Scope This study attempts to estimate the environmental performance of Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), from agricultural production through the PHA fermentation and recovery process – “cradle to gate”. Two types of PHA production systems are investigated: corn grain based PHA and corn grain and corn stover based PHA. Methods Corn cultivation data are taken from 14 counties in the Corn Belt states of the United States – Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin. The environmental burdens associated with the corn wet milling process, in which dextrose, corn oil, corn gluten meal and corn gluten feed are produced, are allocated to dextrose and its coproducts by the system expansion approach. Greenhouse gases include carbon taken up by soil, nitrous oxide (N2O) released from soil during corn cultivation, carbon contents in biobased products as well as carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide released from industrial processing. The soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics in corn cultivation are predicted by an agro–ecosystem model, the DAYCENT model. The environmental performance of the PHA production system is compared to that of a conventional polymer fulfilling an equivalent function. The environmental performance is addressed as nonrenewable energy and selected potential environmental impacts including global warming, photochemical smog, acidification, and eutrophication. The characterization factors are adapted from the TRACI model (Tools for the Reduction and Assessment of Chemical and Other Environmental Impacts) developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Results and Discussion Global warming associated with corn grain based PHA is 1.6–4.1 kg-CO2 eq. kg–1. The primary contributing process to most environmental impacts except for photochemical smog and eutrophication is the PHA fermentation and recovery process. For photochemical smog and eutrophication, the primary contributing process is corn cultivation due to nitrogen related burdens from soil. The trend of PHA fermentation development shows that the PHA fermentation technology is still immature and continues to improve, thereby also decreasing the environmental impacts. PHA produced in an integrated system, in which corn stover is harvested and used as raw material for PHA along with corn grain, offers global warming credits (negative greenhouse gas emissions), ranging from –0.28 to –1.9 kg-CO2 eq. kg–1, depending on the PHA fermentation technologies employed and significantly reduces the environmental impacts compared to corn based PHA. The significant reductions from the integrated system are due to 1) less environmental impacts in corn cultivation and wet milling, and 2) exporting surplus energy from lignin–rich residues in corn stover process.Conclusions and Outlook Under the current PHA fermentation technology, corn grain based PHA does not provide an environmental advantage over polystyrene. Corn grain based PHA produced by the near future PHA fermentation technology would be more favorable than polystyrene in terms of nonrenewable energy and global warming due to improvement in the PHA fermentation and recovery process. However, corn grain based PHA produced in even the near future technology does not provide better profiles for other environmental impacts (i.e., photochemical smog, acidification and eutrophication) than polystyrene. One of the primary reasons for high impacts of PHA in photochemical smog, acidification and eutrophication is the environmental burdens associated with corn cultivation. Thus other approaches to reduce these burdens in the agricultural process (e.g., use of buffer strips, etc.) are necessary to achieve better profiles for photochemical smog, acidification and eutrophication associated with corn cultivation. PHA produced in the integrated system is more favorable than polystyrene in terms of most environmental impacts considered here except for eutrophication.     

Relations of Oligotrophic Bacteria to Oxygen

Polluted air and the derived photochemical smog are the sources of free radicals in the atmosphere. Organic peroxides present in the smog mediate formation of peroxide radical. Oxygen species are formed by purely physical mechanisms, for instance, energy consumption converts molecular oxygen to an excited singlet state. Six active oxygen species are known: ozone, atomic oxygen, perhydroxyl, superoxide, and singlet oxygen. Singlet oxygen is the most harmful oxygen product for living cells, while hydrogen peroxide is the least harmful. Molecular oxygen is hardly toxic for prokaryotes due to an efficient protection of microbial cells by specific enzymes. This work experimentally confirms the harmlessness of molecular oxygen.     

Induction of sister-chromatid exchanges in Chinese hamster V79 cells by exposure to the photochemical reaction products of toluene plus NO2 in the gas phase

A study was made on the induction of sister-chromatid exchanges (SCE) in cultured Chinese hamster V79 cells exposed to the photochemical reaction products of toluene plus NO2 in the gas phase. The photochemical reaction products of toluene plus NO2 were obtained by photochemical reaction of a toluene--NO2/dry air system in a photochemical smog chamber and then exposed to cultured cells for 2 h using a system for in vitro gas exposure. SCEs were induced at all concentrations of the photochemical reaction products employed in the present study, and the highest SCE frequency observed for the highest concentration tested for each component was 3.6 times higher than that of the control. Cytogenotoxicity which was evaluated with induced-SCEs of the photochemical reaction products of toluene plus NO2 was much the same as that of the previously reported photochemical reaction products of propylene plus NO2 (Shiraishi and Bandow, 1985), but was considerably stronger than that of typical gaseous air pollutants such as NO2 alone and O3 alone.     

Who is susceptible to perceive higher smog-induced health risk? Comparative analysis between physical and mental health dimensions

Abstract

Smog pollution can significantly affect the health of skilled workers. This paper explores the concept, structure and characteristics of smog-induced health risk perception. Based on face-to-face interviews with 30 skilled workers in a smog pollution area of China and quantitative analysis, we determined the dimensions of smog-induced health risk perception. The different effects of demographic variables on the dimensions of smog-induced health risk perception were investigated through 715 questionnaires distributed to skilled workers living in areas polluted by smog. The results showed that smog-induced health risk perception is a two-dimensional concept. We found that 86.3% of skilled workers perceived that physical health risk level was higher than mental health risk level. One-third of the population in most groups perceived higher degree of physical health risk than that of mental health risk, but the difference between physical and mental health risk for them was small. Moreover, skilled workers with a high level of smog-induced health risk perception were distributed mainly in groups of long employment duration, older skilled workers and skilled workers living in areas severely polluted by smog. Based on our results, we propose practical suggestions to help government, enterprises and skilled workers improve physical and mental health of skilled workers.