Cryopreservation for eradication of Jujube witches' broom phytoplasma from Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba)

Here, we report efficient eradication of Jujube witches' broom phytoplasma (Candidatus Phytoplasma ziziphi) from Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba) by cryopreservation. Shoot tips (1.0 mm in size) with 5–6 leaf primordia (LPs) excised from diseased in vitro stock shoots were subject to droplet‐vitrification cryopreservation. Shoot tips following cryopreservation were post‐cultured on a recovery medium for survival. Plantlet regeneration was obtained by micrografting of surviving shoot tips upon in vitro rootstocks. With this protocol, 85% of shoot tips survived following cryopreservation, among which 75% regenerated into whole plantlets and all of them were free of phytoplasma, regardless of the sizes used for cryopreservation. Ultrastructural studies demonstrated that phytoplasma was absent in the apical dome, and leaf primordia (LPs) 1 and 2, while abundance of phytoplasma was present in the lower parts of shoot tips, leaf primordium 3 and older tissues. Histological observations showed that much more damage was found in cells located in the lower part of apical dome, leaf primordium 3 and older tissues than in those at the upper part of apical dome and in the LPs 1 and 2. These cells were most likely to survive and regenerate into phytoplasma‐free plantlets following cryopreservation and micrografting. Ploidy levels analyzed by flow cytometry (FCM) were maintained in plantlets regenerated from cryopreservation followed by micrografting. Results reported here would provide technical support for production of phytoplasma‐free plants and for long‐term storage of germplasm of Chinese jujube.     

Genome-wide identification and expression of the lipoxygenase gene family in jujube (Ziziphus jujuba) in response to phytoplasma infection

Journal of Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology - Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba) is an important fruit tree in China. Jujube witches' broom (JWB) disease, caused by JWB phytoplasma...     

几种提取枣和酸枣DNA用于RAPD分析的方法比较

利用不同的方法提取枣和酸枣的总DNA,并分析了不同样品状况、抗氧化剂和纯化过程等对所提DNA质量及其RAPD扩增效果的影响。实验显示：用改良CTAB法优于SDS法,可有效去除多糖。加入的抗氧化剂PVP、抗坏血酸、β-巯基乙醇等可有效阻止多酚类物质褐化,但不同抗氧化剂间效果差别不大。分别将样品干燥处理、固定处理、液氮处理、冷藏,与新鲜材料相比,用液氮处理并保存于-80℃的材料与新鲜材料所提DNA相当,而用其他方法DNA都有不同程度降解。不同材料提取结果比较显示：幼叶所提DNA产量和质量优于老叶,并且不需要较多的纯化过程。在有RNA和少量蛋白质时,对扩增结果影响不大。     

沼气发酵残余物应用于金丝小枣栽培的初步研究

通过田间试验比较了沼气发酵残余物（沼渣和沼液）和化肥对金丝小枣部分形态特征、土壤肥力和果实品质等的影响.结果表明,施用沼渣和沼液能显著增强植株和枣果抗病、抗逆能力;改良土壤肥力状况,有机碳、总氮和矿质氮分别比化肥组对照高42.65%、37.61%和35.26%;降低土壤碱度,土壤pH值由875下降到821;增加土壤微生物量,微生物碳和氮量分别比对照高59.44%和56.06%;提高果实品质,其中粗纤维、维生素C、总氨基酸、微量元素铁和磷的含量分别比对照高27.69%、24.85%、19.81%、10.89%和5.26%.表明将沼气发酵残余物应用于金丝小枣栽培能给枣农带来良好的经济收益和环境效益,为金丝小枣的无公害生产提供了新思路.     

Hybridization and polyploidization effects on LTR-retrotransposon activation in potato genome

Hybridization and polyploidization are major forces in plant evolution and potatoes are not an exception. It is proposed that the proliferation of Long Terminal Repeat-retrotransposons (LTR-RT) is related to genome reorganization caused by hybridization and/or polyploidization. The main purpose of the present work was to evaluate the effect of interspecific hybridization and polyploidization on the activation of LTR-RT. We evaluated the proliferation of putative active LTR-RT in a diploid hybrid between the cultivated potato Solanum tuberosum and the wild diploid potato species S. kurtzianum, allotetraploid lines derived from this interspecific hybrid and S. kurtzianum autotetraploid lines (ktz-autotetraploid) using the S-SAP (sequence-specific amplified polymorphism) technique and normalized copy number determination by qPCR. Twenty-nine LTR-RT copies were activated in the hybrid and present in the allotetraploid lines. Major LTR-RT activity was detected in Copia-27, Copia-12, Copia-14 and, Gypsy-22. According to our results, LTR-RT copies were activated principally in the hybrid, there was no activation in allotetraploid lines and only one copy was activated in the autotetraploid.

     

木枣的组织培养和快速繁殖

1　植物名称　木枣 (Ｚｉｚｉｐｈｕｓｊｕｊｕｂａｖａｒ.Ｍｕｚａｏ)。2　材料类别　茎尖和带腋芽的茎段。3　培养条件　 ( 1 )初代培养基 :ＣｙＩ———为本室研制的红枣基本培养基 ,组成为 :ＧａＣｌ2 ·2Ｈ2 Ｏ 330ｍｇ·Ｌ- 1 (单位下同 )、ＮＨ4ＮＯ31 2 38、ＫＮＯ31 4     

大枣中氨基酸类成分的薄层色谱分析

中药大枣中含有多种氨基酸类成分,建立大枣中主要氨基酸类成分的薄层色谱鉴定方法,为大枣的相关研究提供依据。采用薄层色谱法对大枣中氨基酸类成分进行定性鉴别,本法操作简单,重复性好,特征明显,可以作为大枣中四种氨基酸的薄层色谱鉴别依据。     

枣树内参基因ZjH3的克隆与筛选

为了克隆和筛选适合于枣树(Ziziphus jujuba Mill.)基因表达研究用的内参基因,利用枣结果枝cDNA文库ESTs序列,克隆获得4条其它物种常用内参基因的同源基因:组蛋白H3的同源基因全长序列,命名为ZjH3(Ziziphus jujubaH3,GenBank登录号:EU916201);肌动蛋白的同源基因片段,命名为ZjAT1(Ziziphus jujubaACT,GenBank登录号:EU251882);泛素延伸蛋白同源基因全长序列,命名为ZjUBQ(Ziziphus jujubaUBQ,GenBank登录号:EU916200);翻译延伸因子的同源基因片段,命名为ZjEF1(Ziziphus jujubaEF,GenBank登录号:EU916202)。在相同的条件下,用半定量RT-PCR方法分析了这4个潜在内参基因在枣不同生长时期的结果枝及其茎尖和不同器官中的表达,结果表明,ZjAT1、ZjUBQ和ZjEF1基因的表达不恒定,不适合用作枣树内参基因;而ZjH3基因在不同发育阶段的结果枝及其茎尖、根、茎、叶、芽、花蕾、花、幼果、膨大果实和种子中均表达稳定,适合于用作枣树的内参基因。     

Megasporogenesis,microsporogenesis, and female and male gametophyte development in Ziziphus jujuba Mill

Protoplasma - Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) is an important fruit tree species in China. In this study, we studied the megasporogenesis, microsporogenesis, and female and male gametophyte...     

Extraction, purification and characterization of a sweetnessmodifying component from Ziziphus jujuba

An aqueous ethanol extract of Ziziphus jujuba leaves was fractionatedby solvent extraction. The active chloroform-ethanol fractionwas separated into two components - ZjE-A, which had surfaceactive properties, and ZjE-B, which did not. Bioassay by psychophysicaltests on humans revealed sweetness-modifying activity in ZjE-A,but not in ZjE-B. The combined chemistry and bioassay resultsindicated that the active component is either closely associatedwith, or is itself, an amphipathic molecule and supported thenotion of a role for surface active properties in the tastemodifyingaction of Z. jujuba. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) and otherdata indicated and/or suggested that the active component inZ. jujuba consists of a group of compounds (ziziphins), whichprobably are triterpene saponin glycosides, as had been indicatedpreviously for the taste-modifying component in Gymnema sylvestre(gymnemic acids). However, the ziziphins differed from the gymnemicacids in TLC mobility and in coloration by a Liebermann-Burchardreagent. Therefore, the ziziphins are not the same compoundsas the gymnemic acids. ZjE-A is a potent, purified component,consisting of 60–80% ziziphins, which should be usefulfor future physiological and chemical studies. ^*A preliminary report of this research was presented at theChemical Senses and Intake Society Annual Meeting, Natick, MA,April, 1977. An earlier version of this paper is included inKennedy,L.M., Ph. D.Thesis, Harvard University, 1979 ^**Now at the Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology,Shrewsbury, MA 01545, USA, Reprint requests should be sent tothis address     

土壤干旱胁迫对酸枣叶片黄酮类代谢及某些生长和生理指标的影响

采用盆栽称量法研究了对照、中度和重度干旱(土壤相对含水量分别为75%、55%和35%)条件下1年生酸枣〔Ziziphus jujuba Mill.var.spinosa(Bunge)Hu ex H.F.Chow〕幼苗叶片中黄酮类成分含量及一些生长和生理指标的变化,并讨论了酸枣适应干旱过程中黄酮类成分的作用。结果表明:在中度和重度干旱条件下酸枣叶片苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性均高于对照,但经重度干旱处理后复水第7天PAL活性与对照无显著差异。与对照相比,中度干旱条件下叶片槲皮素含量基本无变化,总黄酮和芦丁含量分别显著或极显著增加,丙二醛和可溶性蛋白质含量无显著变化;与中度干旱条件相比,重度干旱条件下叶片总黄酮、芦丁和槲皮素含量显著或极显著下降,丙二醛含量不显著增加,可溶性蛋白质含量显著降低;与对照相比,重度干旱条件下总黄酮含量无明显变化,芦丁和丙二醛含量极显著或显著增加,槲皮素和可溶性蛋白质含量显著下降;复水第7天,总黄酮、芦丁和槲皮素含量均显著或极显著高于复水前,且总黄酮和芦丁含量显著高于对照,槲皮素含量与对照无显著差异;复水第1天至第4天,丙二醛含量呈先降后增再降的趋势、可溶性蛋白质含量则呈先降低后逐渐增加的趋势,其中复水第1天丙二醛含量显著高于复水前、可溶性蛋白质含量显著低于复水前。在中度或重度干旱胁迫后酸枣枝条长度均极显著小于对照,且随土壤相对含水量的降低枝条长度减小;叶片相对含水量也表现出随土壤相对含水量的降低逐渐减小的趋势,但差异不显著。研究结果提示:适宜的干旱胁迫可促进酸枣叶片黄酮类代谢,但在不同的干旱胁迫条件下,黄酮类代谢在酸枣抗旱过程中具有不同的作用。     

太行山区酸枣叶化学成分的UPLC-QTOF-MS分析

为评价冀南太行山产酸枣叶的质量,本研究采用超高效液相色谱-串联四级杆-飞行时间质谱(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS)技术对其化学成分进行系统分析。选用反相WatersBEHAmide(100mm×2.1mm,1.7μm)色谱柱,乙腈与水(含0.5%甲酸)作为流动相二元线性梯度洗脱,检测波长340nm,流速0.20mL/min,柱温40℃;以G2Q-TOF联用系统进行检测。通过得到的样品电喷雾-质谱(ESI-MS)正离子和负离子扫描模式下的准分子离子峰、碎片信息、保留时间,并结合相关文献,从酸枣叶中共鉴定出53个化合物,其中包括黄酮10个、三萜皂苷14个、三萜酸13个、生物碱3个、脂肪酸和有机酸13个。分析结果表明,UPLC-Q-TOF-MS技术可快速、灵敏地鉴定冀南太行山区酸枣叶中的化学成分,可为有效控制该药材质量,为阐明其药效物质基础提供理论依据。     

Genetic diversity and population dynamic of Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosa (Bunge) Hu ex H. F. Chow in Central China

Phylogeographic research concerning Central China has been rarely conducted. Population genetic and phylogeography of Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosa (also called sour jujube) were investigated to improve our understanding of plant phylogeographic patterns in Central China. Single‐copy nuclear gene markers and complete chloroplast genome data were applied to 328 individuals collected from 21 natural populations of sour jujube in China. Nucleotide variation of sour jujube was relatively high (π = 0.00720, θ _w = 0.00925), which resulted from the mating system and complex population dynamics. Analysis of molecular variation analysis revealed that most of the total variation was attributed to variation within populations, and a high level of genetic differentiation among populations was detected (F _st = 0.197). Relatively low long‐distance dispersal capability and vitality of pollen contributed to high genetic differentiation among populations. Differences in the environmental conditions and long distance among populations further restricted gene flow. Structure clustering analysis uncovered intraspecific divergence between central and marginal populations. Migrate analysis found a high level of gene flow between these two intraspecific groups. Bayesian skyline plot detected population expansion of these two intraspecific groups. Network and phylogeny analysis of chloroplast haplotypes also found intraspecific divergence, and the divergence time was estimated to occur at about 55.86 Ma. Haplotype native to the Loess Plateau was more ancient, and multiple glacial refugia of sour jujube were found to locate at the Loess Plateau, areas adjacent to the Qinling Mountains and Tianmu Mountains. Species distribution model analysis found a typical contraction‐expansion model corresponding to the Quaternary climatic oscillations. In the future, the distribution of sour jujube may shift to high‐latitude areas. This study provides new insights for phylogeographic research of temperate plant species distributed in Central China and sets a solid foundation for the application of the scientific management strategy of Z. jujuba var. spinosa.     

枣（Ziziphus jujuba Mill.）品种结实特性研究

对河北省沧县枣种质资源圃124个和山西果树研究所国家枣种质资源圃156个枣品种(品系)在自花授粉和自然授粉条件下的结实及种仁发育情况进行了调查.结果表明,供试品种自然授粉和自花授粉条件下的平均结实率(结果数/100枣吊)分别为37.06%、20.63%,变幅分别为4.17%～175.00%、0%～163.64%,平均可育率(含仁果实/果实总数×100%)分别为12.10%、3.07%,变幅均为0%～100%;自花结实率和自然结实率极显著正相关,相关系数0.597;供试枣品种可分成自花不实异花可实不育、自花不实异花可育、自花异花均可实不育、自花可实不育异花可育、自花异花都可育等5种结实类型,分别占总品种数的10.27%、16.06%、45.19%、17.15%、11.33%;筛选出稳定表现自花不实或自花可实不育而异花授粉可育率高且种仁饱满的品种2个(小枣4、小墩墩枣),种仁较饱满的5个(洪赵十月红、广东白枣、大荔圆枣、小枣25、圆铃枣),利用这些品种做母本进行杂交育种时可省略去雄程序,有效解决因枣花小去雄难的问题;蛤蟆枣、团枣、无核小枣、马牙枣、核桃纹等自花不实而异花可实的品种,在栽植时应配置授粉树.     

沾化冬枣叶片培养和植株再生

1　植物名称　沾化冬枣 (Ｚｉｚｉｐｈｕｓｊｕｊｕｂａｖａｒ.Ｚｈａｎ Ｈｕａ Ｄｏｎｇｚａｏ)。2　材料类别　叶片。3　培养条件　 ( 1 )愈伤组织诱导和增殖培养基 :ＭＳ 6 ＢＡ 0 .2ｍｇ·Ｌ- 1 (单位下同 ) 2 ,4 Ｄ 2 .0。( 2 )愈伤组织分化培养基 :ＭＳ 6 ＢＡ 2 .     

枣不同器官和组织RNA提取方法的研究

以田间幼嫩叶片为试材,建立枣RNA改良CTAB提取法,改良之处包括利用巯基乙醇和PVP联合去除多酚、CTAB与异硫酸氰胍联合促进RNA释放及加入糖原提高产率等.改良CTAB法提取液组成:2% CTAB,4mol/L异硫酸氰胍,100mmol/L Tris-HCl(pH8.0),20mmol/L EDTA(pH8.0),2% PVP,4% β-巯基乙醇,250μg/ml糖原.进而采用Trizol试剂法、改良CTAB法、改进SDS-酚法、热硼酸法和异硫氰酸胍法5种方法分别对枣组培苗、幼叶、幼嫩枝皮、根皮和枣果5种器官和组织进行了总RNA提取.结果表明,组培苗RNA提取以Trizol试剂法为最佳,田间幼叶和成熟果实宜采用改良CTAB法,幼嫩枝皮和根皮宜采用改良CTAB法或改进SDS-酚法;本研究建立的改良CTAB法可作为枣不同器官和组织RNA提取的通用方法;根据季节可从不同器官和组织中获得高质量RNA;枣组织RNA含量相差较大,以幼嫩叶片含量最高,其次为组培苗、枝皮、枣果和根皮.