微生物转化合成香兰素

香兰素是食品工艺中应用最广泛的香料之一。本文首先探讨了能够合成香兰素的微生物,其次讨论了可用于合成转化香兰素的底物,阐述了测定香兰素的方法,最后对生物合成香兰素的前景进行了展望。     

荧光假单胞菌香兰素脱氢酶基因功能的验证

验证了荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fluorescensATCC13525)香兰素脱氢酶基因(vanillin dehydrogenasegene,vdh)的功能。基因vdh表达产物(Vdh)的活性测定结果显示Vdh具有很高的活性,而且不经IPTG诱导的Vdh也具有同样高的活性。经过4 h的体外酶促反应,重组蛋白Vdh能把95%以上的香兰素转化为香兰素酸,从而验证了vdh基因的表达产物具有香兰素脱氢酶的功能。同时发现NAD 是从香兰素到香兰素酸体外转化必不可少的因素。     

高效液相色谱法分离测定香兰素

用６０％乙醇提取香荚兰豆的香兰素,经高效液相色谱法分离,在紫外波长３３０ｍｍ处测定,选取适当的流动相,能快速,准确地测定出香兰素,最低检测含量可达到０．０１μｇ．     

香兰素在大孔吸附树脂上的吸附平衡、动力学及动态吸附过程

研究香兰素在大孔吸附树脂LX-02上的吸附平衡、动力学以及动态吸附和解吸过程。考察p H对香兰素吸附的影响,并测定不同温度条件下香兰素的吸附等温线。结果表明:树脂LX-02吸附香兰素的最适p H为4.5;Freundlich模型可以更好地拟合香兰素吸附等温线(R2=1),香兰素在LX-02树脂上的吸附为放热过程,最大吸附量为162.96 mg/g。吸附动力学结果表明,香兰素吸附动力学符合准二阶动力学模型。香兰素在树脂上的传质速率随着温度和浓度的增加而增加,且20 min内即可达到吸附平衡。动态吸附和解吸实验发现,温度升高会导致香兰素在树脂上的吸附量降低,而流量对树脂吸附香兰素的影响可忽略不计,因此,最佳上柱条件为温度298.15 K、流量2 m L/min,最适解吸剂为0.05 mol/L Na OH。     

香兰素生物合成的研究进展

香兰素是一种十分重要的香料,在较多行业中用途广泛。天然来源的香兰素受诸多因素的限制,不能满足市场需求,因此化学法合成的香兰素是主要原料来源。近年来,随着自然资源的不断枯竭以及人们对环境保护意识的增强,通过微生物转化适宜的底物生物合成香兰素逐渐变为研究热点。本文综述了以丁香酚、异丁香酚和阿魏酸为底物的细菌、真菌生产香兰素的相关研究进展,阐述丁香酚、异丁香酚、阿魏酸产香兰素代谢途径的研究,以及生物技术在这一领域的运用。香兰素的生物合成具有广阔的发展和市场应用前景。     

利用黑曲霉β-葡萄糖苷酶催化香兰素葡萄糖苷水解

本文通过在香兰素葡萄糖苷溶液中加入黑曲霉菌种发酵制取的β-葡萄糖苷酶,进行酶促反应实验,定时取样进行高效液相分析检测,结果表明在反应过程中,溶液中香兰素葡萄糖苷的含量呈逐步下降趋势,香兰素的量呈逐步增加趋势;而在没有加β-葡萄糖苷酶的对照实验中,整个反应过程中香兰素葡萄糖苷的含量基本没有出现什么变化,在反应液中也没有检测到香兰素,这说明黑曲霉β-葡萄糖苷酶能够催化香兰素葡萄糖苷分解为香兰素的反应.     

复合诱变法选育香兰素高转化率菌株

通过紫外线照射和He-Ne激光修复对香兰素生产菌链霉菌Streptomyces sp.L1936进行复合诱变,得到香兰素高产菌株Streptomyces sp.L1936-8。结果表明:出发菌株经过诱变处理后,脱乙酰酶酶活提高了75%,香兰素氧化酶酶活降低了37.5%,香兰素产量提高了33%。     

异丁香酚的生物转化及香兰素的合成

利用粘质沙雷氏菌菌株AB 90027产生的离体酶催化异丁香酚进行生物转化,结合TLC、GC、UV-VISI、R等测试手段对异丁香酚的转化途径进行了探讨,借助薄层扫描法对不同反应体系下产物香兰素的产率作了比较,并研究了可催化异丁香酚合成香兰素的酶在细胞的存在位置。结果表明:在酶的作用下,异丁香酚分别经过阿魏酸和香兰素两条途径开环降解成小分子,中间产物香兰素产率可达10.90%,催化合成香兰素的酶主要是胞外酶。     

“香料皇后”——天然香兰素生物合成的研究进展

香兰素是世界上最重要的香料之一,广泛应用在食品饮料、香精香料和医药工业等领域中,全球每年的需求量超过16 000 t.鉴于人们对纯天然绿色食品的追求日益增长,天然香兰素高效的生产方法也成为研究的热点.通过对各种香兰素生产方法的比较,明确提出微生物合成方法的主导地位,综述了香兰素的生物合成途径以及合成关键基因和酶等方面的研究进展,分析探讨了不同生物合成途径的优劣之处,并展望了利用微生物高产天然香兰素存在的瓶颈以及有潜力的发展方向.     

吸附剂及培养基组成对香荚兰细胞悬浮培养产生香兰素的影响

本文报道了培养基的组成及添加吸附剂对香荚兰细胞悬浮培养产生香兰素的影响。结果表明,添加吸附剂活性炭及XAD-2后,香荚兰细胞产生的香兰素含量明显增加,而且活性炭的效果优于XAD-2;香荚兰细胞在全组成的MS培养基中香兰素含量均低于由矿物质盐组成培养基中的含量。可以考虑采用二步培养法来培养香荚兰细胞及产生香兰素。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.