盐酸氨基葡萄糖对绿豆种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

结果表明:经55ppm盐酸氨基葡萄糖处理的绿豆种子,发芽率、发芽势以及生长势优于清水对照组且与3--吲哚乙酸处理效果类似。而高浓度盐酸氨基葡萄糖处理后各指数均劣于清水对照组。表明适宜浓度的盐酸氨基葡萄糖可以促进种子的萌发与种苗的生长,而高浓度则会产生抑制作用。     

硫酸氨基葡萄糖氯化钾的制备及对大鼠骨关节炎模型

目的：制备硫酸氨基葡萄糖氯化钾,考察其对大鼠骨关节炎模型的治疗作用。方法：以甲壳素为原料,经盐酸水解得盐酸氨基葡萄糖,将其与硫酸钾置于水溶液中,通过充分的离子交换反应,并加入作为沉淀剂的有机溶剂,制备硫酸氨基葡萄糖氯化钾;考察反应温度、反应溶液中各离子平衡时间、反应原料配比以及沉淀剂的种类、加入量和加入时间等对最终产物的影响,优化制备工艺。建立木瓜蛋白酶诱导的大鼠骨关节炎模型,并灌胃给予硫酸氨基葡萄糖氯化钾,通过血清中丙二醛和一氧化氮含量测定、关节肿胀度观察和关节软骨病理切片检查,考察硫酸氨基葡萄糖氯化钾对模型大鼠骨关节损伤的保护作用。结果：确立优化的硫酸氨基葡萄糖氯化钾制备工艺：反应温度为45～55℃,离子平衡时间为0.5 h,盐酸氨基葡萄糖与硫酸钾的质量配比为22.5:7.15,作为沉淀剂的乙醇加入浓度约为75 %及加入时间为3 h。骨关节炎模型大鼠接受硫酸氨基葡萄糖氯化钾给药后,血清中丙二醛和一氧化氮含量显著降低（P<0.05或P<0.01）,关节肿胀度明显减轻（P<0.01）,且病理切片显示,仅有少许关节软骨细胞轻度变性,软骨未见明显坏死,细胞未见明显增生。结论：优化的硫酸氨基葡萄糖氯化钾制备工艺适用于工业化生产;硫酸氨基葡萄糖氯化钾对骨关节炎损伤具有显著保护作用,且效果好于盐酸氨基葡萄糖。     

天可力氨糖胶囊中氨基葡萄糖硫酸钾测定方法比较

目的:选择一种能准确测定天可力氨糖胶囊中氨基葡萄糖硫酸钾含量的方法。方法:参照GB/T 20365-2006硫酸软骨素和盐酸氨基葡萄糖含量的方法进行液相色谱法测定以及利用盐酸氨基葡萄糖Fdson—Morgan反应后在525 nm左右波长处有吸收峰,测定其吸收值与标准品比较进行比色定量。结果:液相色谱法测定时胶囊中的其它中药成分干扰很大,数据偏差太大;而比色法测定时,氨基葡萄糖盐酸盐含量在175μg/mL浓度范围内,呈良好线性关系:Y(μg/mL)=0.196X-O.004,R=0.997,平均回收率102.09%。结论:该比色法测定方法灵敏、准确、简便,可供天可力氨糖胶囊中氨基葡萄糖硫酸钾含量测定。     

盐酸氨基葡萄糖联合塞来昔布治疗不同程度膝关节骨性关节炎的临床研究

目的:研究盐酸氨基葡萄糖联合塞来昔布治疗不同程度膝关节骨性关节炎的临床价值。方法:选取2011年1月至2014年2月已被收治的符合标准的病例共150例,按照病情轻重分为轻度(64例)、中度(52例)及重度(34例)3组,各组又随机等分为治疗组和对照组两组,治疗组给盐酸氨基葡萄糖联合塞来昔布治疗,对照组仅给予盐酸氨基葡萄糖治疗,分别于给药第2、4、6周以及停药8、12周观察两组患者经两种不同的治疗方案治疗后患者的Lequesne评分有无统计学差异。结果:轻度:两组停药12周后Lequesne评分仍低于治疗前,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),停药12周时治疗组低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。中度:用药2周、4周、6周及停药8周时两组相比差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。重度:对照组与治疗组在给药4周及给药6周时其Lequesne评分差异有统计学意义(P0.05),停药后均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:单用盐酸氨基葡萄糖可改善轻度膝关节骨性关节炎的临床症状,对于中度患者联合非类固醇类抗炎药类有较好疗效,对于重度患者两种方式都无明显效果。     

盐酸氨基葡萄糖联合塞来昔布对膝关节骨性关节炎的临床疗效观察

目的:观察盐酸氨基葡萄糖联合塞来昔布治疗膝关节骨性关节炎的效果及对不同程度关节炎Lequesne评分的影响,为关节炎的临床治疗提供参考。方法:选取2012年6月至2014年3月我院收治的膝关节骨性关节炎患者60例,根据治疗方法不同,将所选患者分为观察组和对照组,每组30例。对照组患者给予盐酸氨基葡萄糖单药治疗,观察组患者给予盐酸氨基葡萄糖和塞来昔布联合治疗。观察两种治疗方案的不良反应发生率,比较两组患者治疗前后的Lequesne评分。结果:对照组患者不良反应的发生率为26.67%,观察组为23.33%,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。两组患者治疗后的Lequesne评分均低于治疗前,且观察组患者Lequesne评分显著低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组不同程度膝关节骨性关节炎患者的Lequesne评分均显著低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:盐酸氨基葡萄糖联合塞来昔布治疗膝关节骨性关节炎具有良好的临床效果,应进一步推广应用。     

盐酸氨基葡萄糖联合非甾体抗炎药治疗中度膝关节骨关节炎的临床研究

目的:探讨盐酸氨基葡萄糖联合非甾体抗炎药治疗中度膝关节骨关节炎的临床疗效。方法:收集2010年5月至2013年9月我院中度膝关节骨关节炎患者214例,随机分为实验组和对照组各107例,对照组单独给予盐酸氨基葡萄糖治疗,实验组给予盐酸氨基葡萄糖联合非甾体抗炎药治疗,于用药后2、4、8、12周对比两组Lequesne评分、治疗效果和不良反应。结果:两组治疗前Lequesne评分比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。实验组用药后2、4、8、12周Lequesne评分均低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),且两组Lequesne评分均于用药后2、4周达到最低;用药12周后,两组有效率均有所下降,实验组用药后2、4、8、12周有效率均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),且两组有效率均于用药后2、4周达到最高;实验组不良反应发生率为6.54%(7/107),显著高于对照组的3.74%(4/107),差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 :盐酸氨基葡萄糖联合非甾体抗炎药治疗中度膝关节骨关节炎短期疗效较好,长期服用副作用大,临床应推荐2-4周内短期服用。     

盐酸氨基葡萄糖片联合玻璃酸钠治疗颞下颌关节骨关节炎的疗效观察

目的:研究盐酸氨基葡萄糖片联合玻璃酸钠治疗颞下颌关节骨关节炎(TMJOA)的临床疗效,为临床治疗提供依据。方法:选取2012年11月到2015年11月我院收治的TMJOA患者60例,按照随机数字表法将患者分为研究组和对照组,每组30例,两组均给予玻璃酸钠关节腔注射,研究组在此基础上给予盐酸氨基葡萄糖片治疗,应用视觉模拟评分法(VAS)评价关节疼痛情况,比较两组临床疗效和不良反应,比较治疗前后两组最大张口度、张口VAS评分和张口偏斜。结果:研究组总有效率为83.33%(25/30),显著高于对照组的56.67%(17/30),比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后两组张口VAS评分和张口偏斜显著降低,最大张口度显著增高,且研究组显著优于对照组,比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);两组不良反应发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:盐酸氨基葡萄糖片联合玻璃酸钠治疗TMJOA具有较好的临床疗效,能有效改善患者关节功能。     

盐酸氨基葡萄糖胶囊对膝骨关节炎患者血清IL-1β和TNF-α水平的影响及临床疗效

目的:观察盐酸氨基葡萄糖对膝骨关节炎(Knee osteoarthritis,KOA)患者血清IL-1β和TNF-α水平的影响及临床治疗效果。方法:将128例KOA患者随机分为治疗组与对照组,治疗组口服盐酸氨基葡萄糖胶囊,对照组口服双氯芬酸钠缓释胶囊,各组均以8周为一个疗程。用流式细胞仪微球阵列法检测两组患者治疗前后血清IL-1β和TNF-α水平,比较两组治疗前后膝关节功能WOMAC评分、疼痛VAS评分的变化及疼痛缓解时间。结果:治疗后,两组患者血清IL-1β和TNF-α的水平均较治疗前明显降低(P0.05),WOMAC评分较治疗前显著升高(P0.05),且治疗组血清IL-1β和TNF-α的水平均显著低于对照组(P0.05),而WOMAC评分明显高于对照组(P0.05)。两组患者疼痛VAS评分和疼痛缓解时间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:盐酸氨基葡萄糖胶囊能明显改善KOA患者膝关节功能,缓解膝关节局部的疼痛,可能与其显著降低患者血清IL-1β和TNF-α的水平有关。     

氨基葡萄糖盐酸盐母液回收及综合利用研究

研究氨基葡萄糖盐酸盐[1]母液纯化工艺及综合利用的课题。由于传统行业生产过程中产生的母液中含有大量的盐酸及盐类直接排放会对环境造成严重的破坏,本课题主要研究膜技术[2]在提纯母液中残留的产品,同时对废液综合利用达到零排放,零污染。     

高产氨基葡萄糖基因工程菌的研究进展

氨基葡萄糖(GlcN)又称氨基葡糖或葡糖胺,是葡萄糖的一个羟基被氨基取代后的化合物,在医药和保健领域具有广泛应用。氨基葡萄糖的传统生产方法主要采取酸解几丁质法,受原料限制产量低,污染比较严重,构建高效产氨基葡萄糖的基因工程菌可以避免这些问题。介绍了氨基葡萄糖的代谢途径,以及最近几年国内外产氨基葡萄糖基因工程菌的构建和氨基葡萄糖的发酵培养,对氨基葡萄糖和乙酰氨基葡萄糖的发酵生产有重大的指导意义。     

Échinodermes de l'Ordovicien supérieur (Ashgill) de Sardaigne et d'Algérie

Research on the influence of sea level variations on the benthic faunas have been carried out in the Upper Ordovician of Sardinia. Study of the depositional facies and sequence analysis of the upper part (Lower Ashgill) of the Portixeddu Formation led to the identification of the sedimentary environments. Cystoids and crinoids are associated to bryozoans and brachiopods in most levels. The numerical analysis of associations and megaguilds shows that crinoids and cystoids have a higher frequency in the proximal and median facies of the upper offshore. The columnal association characterized by Conspectocrinus celticus and the coronoid Mespilocystites tregarvanicus has been discovered in the upper part of the formation. This material and complementary samples from Upper Ordovician of Sardinia and Kabylia (Algeria) bring additional data on the systematic and show the wide distribution of this fauna outside of the Ibero-armorican domain. The distribution of this echinoderm association supports a palaeogeographical position of the Ibero-armorican domain and Sardinia within the north gondwanan margin during the Lower Palaeozoic.     

Labellar micromorphology of Bifrenariinae Dressler (Orchidaceae)

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The two closely related subtribes Bifrenariinae Dressler and Maxillariinae Benth. are easily distinguished on morphological grounds. Recently, however, molecular techniques have supported the inclusion of Bifrenariinae within a more broadly defined Maxillariinae. The present paper describes the diverse labellar micromorphology found amongst representatives of Bifrenariinae (Bifrenaria Lindl., Rudolfiella Hoehne, Teuscheria Garay and Xylobium Lindl.) and compares it with that found in Maxillaria Pabst & Dungs and Mormolyca Fenzl (Maxillariinae). METHODS: The labella of 35 specimens representing 22 species of Bifrenariinae were examined by means of light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy and their micromorphology compared with that of Maxillaria sensu stricto and Mormolyca spp. The labellar epidermis of representatives of Bifrenaria, Xylobium and Mormolyca was tested for protein, starch and lipids in order to ascertain whether this tissue is involved in the rewarding of pollinators. KEY RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The labella of Bifrenaria spp. and Mormolyca spp. are densely pubescent but those of Xylobium, Teuscheria and Rudolfiella are generally papillose. However, whereas the trichomes of Bifrenaria and Mormolyca are unicellular, those found in the other three genera are multicellular. Hitherto, no unicellular trichomes have been described for Maxillaria, although the labella of a number of species secrete a viscid substance or bear moniliform, pseudopollen-producing hairs. Moniliform hairs and secretory material also occur in certain species of Xylobium and Teuscheria and these genera, together with Maxillaria, are thought to be pollinated by stingless bees (Meliponini). Differences in the labellar micromorphology of Bifrenaria and Mormolyca are perhaps related to Euglossine- and/ or bumble bee-mediated pollination and pseudocopulation, respectively. Although Xylobium and Teuscheria share a number of labellar features with Maxillaria sensu stricto, this does not necessarily reflect taxonomic relationships but may be indicative of convergence in response to similar pollinator pressures.     

Lipid composition of pine needle chloroplasts and apple bark tissue as affected by growth temperature and daylength changes. 1. Phospholipids

Phospholipid (PL) and fatty acid composition of chloroplasts of pine needles ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and apple bark tissue ( Malus sylvestris Mill. cv. Golden Delicious) was determined in a series of experiments in which growth temperature and daylength were changed. Trees were exposed to 0 and 20°C and to daylength conditions of 9 and 14 h. All 16 possible combinations were investigated by transfer of the trees from the original condition to each of the other conditions. There was no direct relation between cold hardiness and PL composition in apple bark and pine chloroplasts, when temperature and/or daylength were changed. PL composition seemed to be strongly determined by the sequence of the imposed sets of daylength and temperature. The effect of these environmental factors on PL composition strongly differed from that for cold hardiness. The correlation between the levels of PL (and phosphatidylcholine) and cold hardiness, as reported in the literature, was also evident in this experiment, when treatments, presenting the normal seasonal order, were compared. It seems that the yearly cycle of temperature and daylength is important in determining the PL composition of apple bark and pine chloroplasts.     

Cryogenic changes in proteases and antiprotease activities of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) and cattle (Bos taurus) semen

The postthaw motility and fertility of buffalo and cattle semen is reduced when they are cryopreserved for artificial insemination. In the present study, an attempt was made to characterize the cryogenic changes in proteases and antiprotease activities (APA) of buffalo and cattle semen because these proteolysis regulators have been reported to be associated with sperm motility and fertility. Buffalo sperm demonstrated at least two major proteases of 45 and 42 kDa and three minor proteases of 95, 52, and 33 kDa. Similarly, cattle sperm demonstrated three major proteases of 62, 45, and 42 kDa and two minor proteases of 85 and 78 kDa. Buffalo seminal plasma demonstrated at least three major proteases of 78, 68, and 62 kDa and one minor protease of 98 kDa and cattle seminal plasma demonstrated one major protease of 68 kDa and two minor proteases of 78 and 75 kDa. Except for the 45 kDa protease, most of the previously mentioned proteases were found to be metalloproteinases. Compared with fresh sperm, cryopreserved buffalo and cattle sperm demonstrated a major protease band of 52/49 kDa and the activity of this protease reduced progressively with the duration of cryopreservation. On the contrary, compared with the fresh seminal plasma, cryopreserved buffalo and cattle semen extenders displayed the presence of a new protease band of 45 kDa and demonstrated that this protease activity was leaked from buffalo and cattle cryopreserved spermatozoa. Buffalo and cattle seminal plasmas displayed at least two major APA of 86 and 26 kDa. Compared with buffalo, cattle seminal plasma demonstrated significantly greater APA. Thus, the present study demonstrated the presence of an array of proteases and APA in buffalo and cattle semen and the activities of which changed during cryopreservation. The leakage of the specific protease activity and changes in the proteases and APA might be attributed to reduced motility and fertility of cryopreserved semen in these species.     

How Romanowsky stains work and why they remain valuable — including a proposed universal Romanowsky staining mechanism and a rational troubleshooting scheme

Abstract

An introduction to the nomenclature and concept of “Romanowsky stains” is followed by a brief account of the dyes involved and especially the crucial role of azure B and of the impurity of most commercial dye lots. Technical features of standardized and traditional Romanowsky stains are outlined, e.g., number and ratio of the acidic and basic dyes used, solvent effects, staining times, and fixation effects. The peculiar advantages of Romanowsky staining are noted, namely, the polychromasia achieved in a technically simple manner with the potential for stain intensification of “the color purple.” Accounts are provided of a variety of physicochemically relevant topics, namely, acidic and basic dyeing, peculiarities of acidic and basic dye mixtures, consequences of differential staining rates of different cell and tissue components and of different dyes, the chemical significance of “the color purple,” the substrate selectivity for purple color formation and its intensification in situ due to a template effect, effects of resin embedding and prior fixation. Based on these physicochemical phenomena, mechanisms for the various Romanowsky staining applications are outlined including for blood, marrow and cytological smears; G-bands of chromosomes; microorganisms and other single-cell entities; and paraffin and resin tissue sections. The common factors involved in these specific mechanisms are pulled together to generate a “universal” generic mechanism for these stains. Certain generic problems of Romanowsky stains are discussed including the instability of solutions of acidic dye–basic dye mixtures, the inherent heterogeneity of polychrome methylene blue, and the resulting problems of standardization. Finally, a rational trouble-shooting scheme is appended.     

Restoration and management of riparian ecosystems: a catchment perspective

1. We propose that strategies for the management of riparian ecosystems should incorporate concepts of landscape ecology and contemporary principles of restoration and conservation. A detailed understanding of the temporal and spatial dynamics of the catchment landscape (e.g. changes in the connectivity and functions of channel, riparian and terrestrial components) is critical. 2. This perspective is based upon previous definitions of riparian ecosystems, consideration of functional attributes at different spatial scales and retrospective analyses of anthropogenic influences on river catchments. 3. Restoration strategies must derive from a concise definition of the processes to be restored and conserved, recognition of social values and commitments, quantification of ecological circumstances and the quality of background information and determination of alternatives. 4. The basic components of an effective restoration project include: clear objectives (ecological and physical), baseline data and historical information (e.g. the hydrogeomorphic setting and the disturbance regime), a project design that recognizes functional attributes of biotic refugia, a comparison of plans and outcomes with reference ecosystems; a commitment to long-term planning, implementation and monitoring and, finally, a willingness to learn from both successes and failures. 5. Particularly important is a thorough understanding of past natural disturbances and human-induced changes on riparian functions and attributes, obtained by a historical reconstruction of the catchment.     

COEVOLUTION DRIVES TEMPORAL CHANGES IN FITNESS AND DIVERSITY ACROSS ENVIRONMENTS IN A BACTERIA–BACTERIOPHAGE INTERACTION

Coevolutionary interactions are thought to play a crucial role in diversification of hosts and parasitoids. Furthermore, resource availability has been shown to be a fundamental driver of species diversity. Yet, we still do not have a clear understanding of how resource availability mediates the diversity generated by coevolution between hosts and parasitoids over time. We used experiments with bacteria and bacteriophage to test how resources affect variation in the competitive ability of resistant hosts and temporal patterns of diversity in the host and parasitoid as a result of antagonistic coevolution. Bacteria and bacteriophage coevolved for over 150 bacterial generations under high and low-resource conditions. We measured relative competitive ability of the resistant hosts and phenotypic diversity of hosts and parasitoids after the initial invasion of resistant mutants and again at the end of the experiment. Variation in relative competitive ability of the hosts was both time- and environment-dependent. The diversity of resistant hosts, and the abundance of host-range mutants attacking these phenotypes, differed among environments and changed over time, but the direction of these changes differed between the host and parasitoid. Our results demonstrate that patterns of fitness and diversity resulting from coevolutionary interactions can be highly dynamic.     

Recent advances and prospects in Prunus virology

The stone fruit genus Prunus, within the family Rosaceae, comprises more than 230 species, some of which have great importance or value as ornamental or fruit crops. Prunus are affected by numerous viruses and viroids linked to the vegetative propagation practices in many of the cultivated species. To date, 44 viruses and three viroids have been described in the 9 main cultivated Prunus species. Seven of these viruses and one viroid have been identified in Prunus hosts within the last 5 years. This work addresses recent advances and prospects in the study of viruses and viroids affecting Prunus species, mostly concerning the detection and characterisation of the agents involved, pathogenesis analysis and the search for new control tools. New sequencing technologies are quickly reshaping the way we can identify and characterise new plant viruses and isolates. Specific efforts aimed at virus identification or data mining of high‐throughput sequencing data generated for plant genomics‐oriented purposes can efficiently reveal the presence of known or novel viruses. These technologies have also been used to gain a deeper knowledge of the pathogenesis mechanisms at the gene and miRNA expression level that underlie the interactions between Prunus spp. and their main viruses and viroids. New biotechnological control tools include the transfer of resistance by grafting, the use of new sources of resistance and the development of gene silencing strategies using genetic transformation. In addition, the application of next generation sequencing and genome editing techniques will contribute to improving our knowledge of virus–host interactions and the mechanisms of resistance. This should be of great interest in the search to obtain new Prunus cultivars capable of dealing both with known viruses and viroids and with those that are yet to be discovered in the uncertain scenario of climate change.     

Manipulation of xylem transport affects Zn and Mn transport into developing wheat grains of cultured ears

Zinc and manganese loading into developing wheat grain is little understood at present. The objective of this work was to investigate factors that may affect the rate of transport of Zn and Mn into developing wheat grain of cultured ears. Ears 18-22 days post-anthesis were cultured in solutions containing labelled Zn and Mn. The effect of additions of Cu, Fe, citrate, malate and EDTA to the culture solution was observed. The effect of humidity and awn removal as well as the sucrose status of the ears on Zn and Mn transport was also investigated. The effect of high concentration of Zn and Mn on [¹⁴C]-sucrose transport was determined. High humidity almost completely blocked transport of Zn and Mn into the grain. Awn removal reduced the transport of Zn and Mn to the lemma but not the grain. When the ears were depleted of sucrose (by maintaining them in the dark prior to labelling) transport of Zn and Mn to the grain was reduced compared to ears cultured with sucrose. The presence of Cu reduced the loading of Zn into the grain. There was little effect of Cu on Mn transport or Fe on either Zn or Mn transport. High concentrations of Zn and Mn in the culture solution did not affect [¹⁴C]-sucrose loading into the grain but loading of Zn and Mn was limited at high concentrations suggesting membrane saturation. This study demonstrates that sucrose status and humidity clearly influence the transport of Zn and Mn into the grain, and that other ions may influence Zn and Mn transport.