机械拉伸对血管平滑肌细胞粘附及生长的影响

通过自行研制的“四点弯曲梁”实验装置对血管平滑肌细胞（VSMC）加载培养,并结合显微形态观察和计算机图像处理系统测量细胞铺展投影面积、微管吸吮实验系统检测细胞与表面的粘附力、α-肌动蛋白(actin)免疫组化试验,了解细胞骨架发育和排列取向、流式细胞仪检测细胞动力学以及细胞生长行为等认识VSMC对应变刺激的响应.发现VSMC粘附铺展与实验时间正相关,细胞粘附力、铺展面积、单位面积粘附力4 h后实验组与对照组无显著性差异.VSMC内α-actin发育随加载时间延长呈增加趋势.细胞动力学检测实验组加载24 h后VSMC增殖活动受到抑制.VSMC可能通过调节细胞铺展行为、胞内应力纤维发育等主动机制,实现对机械拉伸的适应性改建.应变刺激有利于体外培养的VSMC维持收缩表型.     

成梯度增加的拉伸刺激对成骨细胞胶原合成的影响

使用四点弯曲加载装置研究机械拉伸对成骨细胞胶原合成的影响,在生理应变范围（500～1 500 με）研究了不同加载时间、不同应变水平对成骨细胞胶原合成的影响.发现在500 με下的拉伸刺激提高了成骨细胞合成胶原的能力,而在1 000 με和1 500 με下的拉伸刺激使成骨细胞的胶原合成受到了明显抑制（P＜0.01）.设计了应变成梯度增加的加载方式：使细胞在500 με加载一段时间后,将应变增加到1 000 με加载同样长的时间,最后将应变增加到1 500 με加载同样长的时间.在梯度加载实验中发现,成骨细胞接收到有利于其胶原蛋白合成的信号时,大量地吸收用于合成胶原的脯氨酸,当力学刺激变为抑制信号时,储存在胞内的³H-脯氨酸又重新释放回溶液中.说明在应变逐渐增加的加载过程中,细胞会进行自我调节以适应新的机械刺激.     

大鼠成骨细胞在聚乳酸、马来酸酐改性聚乳酸表面的粘附性能研究

采用微管吸吮装置对大鼠成骨细胞,在聚乳酸和马来酸酐改性聚乳酸材料表面的粘附性能进行了研究.目的是评价材料的粘附性能和改性方法,并筛选材料.研究表明：与玻璃材料相比,成骨细胞在聚乳酸表面的粘附力更大,经化学结构改性后,聚乳酸对成骨细胞24 h的粘附性能提高了近2倍.成骨细胞在改性聚乳酸材料表面的24 h组的粘附力是15 min组的1.3倍（测量时间为3 h）,而在聚乳酸上则差别不明显.实验证实,改性聚乳酸是一种更利于成骨细胞粘附的支撑材料,采用的改性方法可行.     

拉伸刺激下MGF在成骨细胞中的表达及亚细胞定位分析

力生长因子（mechano-growth factor,MGF）是在成肌细胞中发现的一种对拉伸刺激敏感的生长因子,该生长因子也可能在其他的力效应细胞中由力学刺激产生.通过设计细胞拉伸装置,对成骨细胞施加不同时段的周期性动态拉伸刺激.定量分析mRNA和蛋白质表达显示,周期性拉伸刺激下成骨细胞中的MGF mRNA和蛋白质水平快速提高,mRNA的水平在加载6h达到最高峰,与静态对照组相比提高5倍,而MGF的蛋白表达需要加载12h达到最高,与对照相比提高了5.2倍,随后二者分别降低,在24h达到本底水平.荧光免疫细胞化学技术检验MGF在细胞中的分布发现,MGF具有核分布的特点.因此得出结论,周期性拉伸刺激能刺激成骨细胞快速表达,MGF核分布的特点暗示MGF可能是一种自分泌作用因子.     

成骨细胞对梯度拉伸应变的响应

采用四点弯曲加载装置对原代的大鼠颅盖骨细胞施加周期性的拉伸刺激,并设计了应变呈梯度增加的加载方式,使成骨细胞受到的拉伸应变为500－1500με,每隔2h增加500με,以考察成骨细胞对变化的力学环境的响应。结果表明,在500με下拉伸2－6h促进了成骨细胞的增殖、碱性磷酸酶活力增强和胞外钙基质沉积。对细胞施加应变呈梯度增加的拉伸刺激,则发现当应变从有利于细胞的生长分化水平（500με）变化为不利于细胞生长分化的水平（1000με,1500με）后,细胞的增殖指数、碱性磷酸酶活力和胞外钙基质分泌量都迅速降低,以适应新的力学环境。说明成骨细胞能够分辨不同的应变水平,并相应地调节自身的生理功能,从而表现出对变化的力学环境的适应。     

周期加载对VEC-304细胞株迁移、增殖分布的影响

在弹性膜上接种VEC－304,融合生长后擦去周边细胞形成一规则圆斑,使用弹性膜周期加载装置,对生长在弹性膜上的VEC－304圆斑施以15％拉伸应变,经显微镜观察,计算机图像处理了解细胞增殖、迁移时间过程及增殖细胞在应变场中的分布,细胞银染了解细胞形态及细胞连接情况,免疫荧光染色观察增殖细胞的分裂极。结果发现：（1）随加载时间延长圆斑沿与应变垂直向伸展成椭圆形,24h两径出现明显差异;（2）随时间增加圆斑面积扩大,但实验组沿与加载垂直方向的增大较沿加载方向为大;（3）细胞有丝分裂器（中心粒）位于细胞短轴即加载方向;（4）加载后细胞较对照组排列紧密,细胞间距更小,且出现较为明显的重叠生长现象。VEC－304在应变场中的运动迁移、增殖具有方向依赖性,周期加载可以促进细胞间连接。     

生物材料表面蛋白质微图形对人体软骨细胞形态及蛋白表达的影响

主要研究采用微接触印刷术在生物材料表面制备的细胞外基质蛋白微图形对人体软骨细胞粘附、铺展以及蛋白质表达等细胞行为的影响．研究结果表明,蛋白质微图形表面对细胞的粘附、铺展、排列以及细胞蛋白质表达具有明显的影响．细胞优先粘附在微图形蛋白区域,微图形形状以及尺度明显影响细胞的粘附形态以及铺展程度,同时也影响细胞生长过程中的Ⅱ型与Ⅵ型胶原蛋白的表达,细胞的铺展行为与细胞的蛋白质表达具有一定的正相关性,铺展较好的细胞表现出更好的Ⅱ型与Ⅵ型胶原蛋白表达．结果表明,通过在材料表面制备细胞外基质蛋白微图形可以有效调控人体软骨细胞的生长行为与功能．     

牵张应力对成骨肉瘤细胞MG-63中RhoA和ROCK表达的影响

目的:探索机械牵张应力对人成骨肉瘤细胞MG-63中RhoA/ROCK信号通路的影响。方法:将同一条件培养的细胞MG-63分为实验组(加力)与对照组(不加力),实验组采用Flexcell牵张应力加载系统,选择12%形变率作为加载应力值,分为五个时间组,分别加载1 h,4 h,8 h,12 h,24 h,RT-PCR检测RhoA、ROCK mRNA水平表达的变化,Western-Blot检测RhoA与Rock蛋白含量变化。结果:RT-PCR显示MG-63细胞受应力刺激后1 h RhoA、ROCK均未见明显变化(P0.05),4小时后略有升高(P0.05),在8 h达到最大值(P0.05),12、24 h降低,但仍高于对照组(P0.05);Western-Blot显示MG-63细胞受应力刺激后1 h RhoA、ROCK均未见明显变化,4 h仍未见明显变化,在8 h达到最大值,12、24 h降低,高于对照组。结论:机械牵张力加载下MG-63细胞内RhoA、ROCK表达升高并随时间增加出现峰值,提示其可能在成骨细胞力学信号转导过程中发挥重要作用。     

成梯度增加的流体流动剪切力促进明胶基底上人脐静脉内皮细胞粘附

采用脉动平板流动腔 (flowchamber)系统 ,研究了的单水平流动剪应力加载 ,和从 5或 7.5dyne/cm² 开始的成梯度增加至 1 0或 1 5dyne cm² 的流动剪应力加载 ,在 5h、1 0h、2 4h对生长在明胶基底上的人脐静脉内皮细胞 (HUVEC)粘附性的影响 ,探讨了梯度增加的流动剪切力加载对细胞粘附能力的促进作用。实验结果表明 :与 7.5dyne cm² 的单一水平的加载相比 ,成梯度增加的流动剪切力可明显提高HUVEC在明胶基底上的粘附 ,增加HUVEC对流动剪应力的耐受程度 ,有利于引起HUVEC转变成与在体相同的形态和排列。     

机械拉伸对骨髓间充质干细胞迁移行为的影响

目的:研究机械拉伸刺激对大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞迁移行为的影响并探讨其相关分子机制。方法:应用单轴机械拉伸加载装置考察不同条件的周期拉伸刺激对大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞迁移行为的影响,采用Transwell和划痕法评价细胞迁移能力,采用明胶酶谱法检测基质金属蛋白酶-2,-9(MMP-2,-9)表达的变化。结果:适宜的拉伸刺激可以明显促进大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞的迁移能力,1 Hz、10%应变拉伸8 h后可以使细胞迁移数量增加到对照组的1.58倍。拉伸刺激诱导骨髓间充质干细胞基质金属蛋白酶-2,-9(MMP-2,-9)表达。抑制剂GM6001抑制了拉伸诱导的MMP-2,-9分泌增加,同时抑制了拉伸刺激对细胞迁移的促进作用。结论:机械拉伸刺激影响大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞的迁移行为,MMP-2,-9在此过程中可能起着重要介导作用。     

EFFECTS OF GIBBERELLIN AND AUXIN ON THE EXTENSIBILITY OF THE PEA STEM

Excised pieces of etiolated Alaska pea stem were pulled longitudinallyor transversely, and elongation or bending was measured. Pieces treated with IAA were stretched conspicuously when longitudinalforce was applied, and continued elongating under the forceat approximately the same rate as without it. Control piecesbehaved in a similar way, but on a smaller scale. Pieces treatedwith gibberellin scarcely elongated under the force, but elongatedwithout it. IAA-treated stem pieces were bent by transverse force more easily,and gibberellin-treated ones less easily than control. (Received February 1, 1960; )     

Investigation of Adhesion and Mechanical Properties of Human Glioma Cells by Single Cell Force Spectroscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy

Active cell migration and invasion is a peculiar feature of glioma that makes this tumor able to rapidly infiltrate into the surrounding brain tissue. In our recent work, we identified a novel class of glioma-associated-stem cells (defined as GASC for high-grade glioma -HG- and Gasc for low-grade glioma -LG-) that, although not tumorigenic, act supporting the biological aggressiveness of glioma-initiating stem cells (defined as GSC for HG and Gsc for LG) favoring also their motility. Migrating cancer cells undergo considerable molecular and cellular changes by remodeling their cytoskeleton and cell interactions with surrounding environment. To get a better understanding about the role of the glioma-associated-stem cells in tumor progression, cell deformability and interactions between glioma-initiating stem cells and glioma-associated-stem cells were investigated. Adhesion of HG/LG-cancer cells on HG/LG-glioma-associated stem cells was studied by time-lapse microscopy, while cell deformability and cell-cell adhesion strengths were quantified by indentation measurements by atomic force microscopy and single cell force spectroscopy. Our results demonstrate that for both HG and LG glioma, cancer-initiating-stem cells are softer than glioma-associated-stem cells, in agreement with their neoplastic features. The adhesion strength of GSC on GASC appears to be significantly lower than that observed for Gsc on Gasc. Whereas, GSC spread and firmly adhere on Gasc with an adhesion strength increased as compared to that obtained on GASC. These findings highlight that the grade of glioma-associated-stem cells plays an important role in modulating cancer cell adhesion, which could affect glioma cell migration, invasion and thus cancer aggressiveness. Moreover this work provides evidence about the importance of investigating cell adhesion and elasticity for new developments in disease diagnostics and therapeutics.     

Determination of binding strength and kinetics of binding initiation. A model study made on the adhesive properties of P388D1 macrophage-like cells

The adhesive properties of the mouse P388D1 macrophage-like line were explored. Cells were deposited in glass capillary tubes, and the kinetics of adhesion and spreading were studied. Binding involved the cell metabolism since it was decreased by cold, azide, or a divalent cation chelator. Glass-adherent cells were subjected to calibrated laminar shear flows with a highly viscous dextran solution. A tangential force of about 5 X 10(-3) dyn/cell was required to achieve substantial detachment. The duration of application of the shearing force strongly influenced cell-substrate separation when this was varied from 1-10 s. Further, this treatment resulted in marked cell deformation, with the appearance of an elongated shape. Hence, cell-substrate separation is a progressive process, and binding strength is expected to be influenced by cell deformability. The minimum time required for adhesion was also investigated by making cells adhere under flow conditions. The maximum flow rate compatible with adhesion was about 1000-fold lower than that required to detach glass-bound cells. A simple model was devised to provide a quantitative interpretation for the experimental results of kinetic studies. It is concluded that cell-to-glass adhesion required a cell-substrate contact longer than a few seconds. This first step of adhesion was rapidly followed by a large (about 1000-fold) increase of adhesion strength. It is therefore emphasized that adhesion is heavily dependent on the duration of cell-to-cell encounter, as well as the force used to remove so-called unbound cells.     

PROBING THE SURFACE OF LIVING DIATOMS WITH ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY: THE NANOSTRUCTURE AND NANOMECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MUCILAGE LAYER1

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is used to investigate the topography and material properties of the mucilage layer of live cells of three benthic diatoms, the marine species Crasepdostauros australis E. J. Cox and Nitzschia navis‐varingica Lundholm et Moestrup and the freshwater species Pinnularia viridis (Nitzsch) Ehrenberg. Contrary to previous studies, we show that this surface mucilage layer displays unique nanostructural features. In C. australis, tapping mode images revealed a soft mucilage layer encasing the silica cell wall, consisting of a smooth flat surface that was interrupted by regions with groove‐like indentations, whereas force measurements revealed the adhesive binding of polymer chains. The elastic responses of these polymer chains, as they were stretched during force measurements, were successfully fitted to the worm‐like chain model, indicating the stretching of mostly single macromolecules from which quantitative information was extracted. In P. viridis, tapping mode images of cells revealed a mucilage layer that had the appearance of densely packed spheres, whereas force measurements exhibited no adhesion. In N. navis‐varingica, tapping mode images of the outer surface of this cell in the girdle region revealed the absence of a mucilage layer, in contrast to the other two species. In addition to these topographic and adhesion studies, the first quantitative measurement of the elastic properties of microalgal extracellular polymeric substance is presented and reveals significant spatial variation in the C. australis and P. viridis mucilage layers. This study highlights the capacity of AFM in elucidating the topography and mechanical properties of hydrated microalgal extracellular polymeric substance on a nanoscale.     

Determination of binding strength and kinetics of binding initiation

The adhesive properties of the mouse P388D1 macrophage-like line were explored. Cells were deposited in glass capillary tubes, and the kinetics of adhesion and spreading were studied. Binding involved the cell metabolism since it was decreased by cold, azide, or a divalent cation chelator. Glass-adherent cells were subjected to calibrated laminar shear flows with a highly viscous dextran solution. A tangential force of about 5×10⁻³ dyn/cell was required to achieve substantial detachment. The duration of application of the shearing force strongly influenced cell-substrate separation when this was varied from 1–10 s. Further, this treatment resulted in marked cell deformation, with the appearance of an elongated shape. Hence, cell-substrate separation is a progressive process, and binding strength is expected to be influenced by cell deformability. The minimum time required for adhesion was also investigated by making cells adhere under flow conditions. The maximum flow rate compatible with adhesion was about 1000-fold lower than that required to detach glass-bound cells. A simple model was devised to provide a quantitative interpretation for the experimental results of kinetic studies. It is concluded that cell-to-glass adhesion required a cell-substrate contact longer than a few seconds. This first step of adhesion was rapidly followed by a large (about 1000-fold) increase of adhesion strength. It is therefore emphasized that adhesion is heavily dependent on the duration of cell-to-cell encounter, as well as the force used to remove so-called unbound cells.     

Atomic force microscope-based single cell force spectroscopy of breast cancer cell lines: An approach for evaluating cellular invasion

The adhesiveness of cancerous cells to their neighboring cells significantly contributes to tumor progression and metastasis. The single-cell force spectroscopy (SCFS) approach was implemented to survey the cell–cell adhesion force between cancerous cells in three cancerous breast cell lines (MCF-7, T47D, and MDA-MB-231). The gene expression levels of two dominant cell adhesion markers (E-cadherin and N-cadherin) were quantified by real-time PCR. Additionally, the local stiffness of the cell bodies was measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM), and the actin cytoskeletal organization was examined by confocal microscopy. Results indicated that the adhesion force between cells was conversely correlated with their invasion potential. The highest adhesion force was observed in the MCF-7 cells. A reduction in cell–cell adhesion, which is required for the detachment of cells from the main tumor during metastasis, is partly due to the loss of E-cadherin expression and the enhanced expression of N-cadherins. The reduced adhesion was accompanied by the softening of cells, as described by the rearrangement of actin filaments through confocal microscopy observations. The softening of the cell body and the reduced cellular adhesiveness are two adaptive mechanisms through which malignant cells achieve the increased deformability, motility, and strong metastasis potential necessary for passage through endothelial junctions and positioning in host tissue. This study presented application of SCFS to survey cell phenotype transformation during cancer progression. The results can be implemented as a platform for further investigations that target the manipulation of cellular adhesiveness and stiffness as a therapeutic choice.     

Tissue changes in the rabbit periodontal ligament during orthodontic tooth movement

In this (semi) quantitative animal study the reaction of the periodontal ligament (PDL) to experimental tooth movement is described. To this end, rabbit first incisors were moved sideways with helical torsion springs for periods varying from 3-24 hours. The initial force of the springs was 50 gf. The histomorphology of the PDL was studied in 5 microns thick plastic sections. Comparison with control animals and animals wearing passive springs showed that tooth movement leads to an increased trauma in the PDL within only a few hours. This trauma is characterized by hyalinization, tears and ruptures in the fibres and blood vessels, and by the presence of extravascular erythrocytes and pyknosis. Tissue damage significantly increased with time. After 24 hours of tooth movement, the PDL fibers are compressed or stretched in 68% of the sections and the blood vessels in the PDL are compressed or stretched in 62% of the sections. Even in the controls, more than 15% of the sections displayed slightly stretched or compressed fibers, and about 10% showed slightly compressed or stretched blood vessels. This indicates that some damage is regularly present in a normally functioning PDL. Increases in the percentage of sections with blood vessel compression are found in all groups wearing passive springs, especially after 6 hours. A high concordancy in compression and tension patterns of blood vessels and fibers is present in 83% of the sections. Pyknotic cells are practically confined to areas with compressed PDL fibers in rabbits wearing active springs. Extravascular erythrocytes were found in sections with all types of fiber patterns. A significant majority of extravascular erythrocytes, however, was found in areas with compressed fibers.     

TLR4在急性肝衰竭模型大鼠中的动态变化及意义

目的 探讨TLR4在D-Gal/LPS诱导的大鼠急性肝衰竭中的表达变化及其作用。方法 65只SD雄性大鼠随机分为正常对照组（n=5）、D-Gal/LPS模型组（n=25）、PDTC干预组（n=25）,于不同时间点检测肝功能,免疫组化观察肝组织TLR4的表达,TUNEL法观察肝脏细胞凋亡。结果 模型组大鼠4h开始ALT、AST明显升高,8h达峰值,4-24h ALT、AST明显高于正常对照组（P〈0.05）。模型组各时间点TLR4表达明显高于正常对照组（P〈0.05）。模型组凋亡的肝脏细胞数随时间的延长逐渐增多,均高于正常对照组（P〈0.05）。PDTC干预后ALT、AST水平,TLR4的表达及凋亡的肝脏细胞数低于模型组（P〈0.05）。结论 急性肝衰竭模型鼠TLR4表达增强,PDTC干预可下调其表达,提示TLR4在急性肝衰竭的发生发展中可能具有一定作用。