查谟-克什米尔桑巴地区上西瓦立克亚群中的平额象化石

报道和描述了一件平额象左侧M3化石.新材料产自Nangal村附近火山灰层之下的泥岩层,该火山灰是出露于查谟-克什米尔桑巴地区Barakhetar上西瓦立克亚群Nagrota组中年龄为2.48 Ma的火山灰层的延伸.根据齿板数,臼齿长和宽,齿冠长、宽和高,釉质和齿质厚度,齿板长和宽,齿脊频率,冠高指数以及白垩质厚度等齿冠形态参数,暂时将之归为Elephas cf.E.planifrons.新材料的发现将该种的分布上限从2.6 Ma提高到2.48 Ma.     

查谟-克什米尔桑巴地区上西瓦立克亚群中的平额象化石（英文）

报道和描述了一件平额象左侧M3化石。新材料产自Nangal村附近火山灰层之下的泥岩层,该火山灰是出露于查谟-克什米尔桑巴地区Barakhetar上西瓦立克亚群Nagrota组中年龄为2.48 Ma的火山灰层的延伸。根据齿板数,臼齿长和宽,齿冠长、宽和高,釉质和齿质厚度,齿板长和宽,齿脊频率,冠高指数以及白垩质厚度等齿冠形态参数,暂时将之归为Elephas cf.E.planifrons。新材料的发现将该种的分布上限从2.6 Ma提高到2.48 Ma。     

云南禄丰盆地上新世的象类化石

本文记述了在云南禄丰盆地下上新统石灰坝组下部和中部两个三趾马化石层中发现的象类化石,包括四棱象属一未定种、轭齿象属一新种和嵌齿象属一未定种,它们都是云南地区早上新世腊玛古猿—三趾马动物群中的重要成员,在生物学和地层学上有一定的意义。     

贵州毕节麻窝口洞与智人伴生的长鼻类化石

最近在贵州毕节麻窝口洞发现了3枚古人类牙齿化石和伴生的哺乳动物群。其中,古人类牙齿经初步研究可归入解剖学上的现代人,而与古人类相伴的大、小哺乳动物化石,经初步鉴定共计8目20科43属53种。本文系统记述了该动物群中大哺乳动物的典型代表——长鼻类化石,共2属2种:东方剑齿象(Stegodon orientalis)和亚洲象(Elephas maximus)。麻窝口洞的长鼻类缺失我国南方早更新世的典型种类——中华乳齿象(Sinomastodon)和华南剑齿象(Stegodon huananensis),具有从典型的中更新世大熊猫-剑齿象动物群(Ailuropoda-Stegodon fauna)向晚更新世亚洲象动物群(Asian elephant fauna)过渡的特征。依动物群的性质和地貌地层的特征,毕节麻窝口洞的智人及伴生动物群的地质时代很可能为中更新世晚期或晚更新世早期,这与堆积物的光释光年代测定的初步结果(距今约11.2-17.8万年)基本吻合。麻窝口洞东方剑齿象与亚洲象的组合明显具有东洋界亚热带动物群的特点,指示温暖潮湿的气候,这些长鼻类与智人等生存于近水的森林和灌丛中,并镶嵌了一些草地。     

天津蓟县诺氏古菱齿象化石的发现

2005年9月,在天津蓟县杨津庄镇小陈庄砖厂内挖土时,发现了一个古象的残破头骨,带有左右第二上门齿和左右M3;同时发掘出的还有完整的带左右m3的下颌骨和一块股骨。化石保存在距地面下约12m处的黄色细砂层底部。细砂层之上有大约8m厚的黑色粘土层。此外,还在蓟县礼明庄乡发现一块古象的肱骨。经鉴定上述化石均属于诺氏古菱齿象(Palaeoloxodon naumanni)。真象亚科Elephantinae Gill,1857古菱齿象属Palaeoloxodon Matsumoto,1924诺氏古菱齿象Palaeoloxodon naumanniMakiyama,1924(图1、2)材料较完整的下颌骨带左右m3,冠状突与髁突残破。残…     

江苏宿迁嶂山地点晚更新世脊椎动物化石

嶂山化石地点位于淮河下游、马陵山南端的人工河——新沂河的河床上。该化石点最早报道于1953年,是淮河下游为数不多的更新世化石点之一。本文报道了嶂山化石点近年新出土的一批动物化石,动物群包括:龟鳖类、扬子鳄(相似种)、虎、淮河古菱齿象、蒙古野驴、梅氏犀、李氏野猪、河套大角鹿、葛氏斑鹿和草原野牛。嶂山的扬子鳄(相似种)是该物种在更新世化石记录中分布最北的,而草原野牛则是该物种最靠南的化石记录。嶂山的古菱齿象被归入淮河古菱齿象,因其齿板数多于纳玛古菱齿象,而牙齿尺寸大于诺氏古菱齿象。嶂山河套大角鹿的下颌提供了该物种仅有的下颊齿列长度数据,证明晚更新世的河套大角鹿具有相对弱的角枝、纤细的下颌和延长的齿列,支持了中国大角鹿属(Sinomegaceros)在角枝粗壮度、下颌肿厚度和齿列长度之间的演化关联性。嶂山动物群中蒙古野驴、河套大角鹿是典型的晚更新世物种,且成员多为绝灭种,推断年代很可能为晚更新世的早段。嶂山动物群组合反映了相对温暖湿润的气候,显示当时的骆马湖一带兼有湿地、森林和草地。嶂山化石点也为马陵山地区旧石器遗存的相关研究提供了新的生物地层学参照。     

元谋盆地玛姆象科化石并再论中华乳齿象(Sinomastodon)的起源

云南地区中新世晚期的玛姆象和嵌齿象类化石的归类一直存在较多的争议,尤其是涉及中华乳齿象(Sinomastodon)的起源问题.本文对此前发表及最近发现的产自元谋盆地中新世晚期小河组(8.2-7.2 Ma)的玛姆象类化石进行了深入研究,从中辨认出了两个颊齿形态截然不同的类群.一类颊齿轭形化程度高,将其鉴定为曾经在禄丰、昭...     

泥河湾盆地新发现的梅氏犀及裴氏板齿犀化石

在河北省阳原县大黑沟中更新世和岑家湾附近石沟早更新世地层中分别发现了犀牛的下颌骨和股骨化石。其下颌联合部窄长、无下门齿、牙齿釉质层平滑而无褶皱、牙齿表面无垩质充填,股骨较披毛犀的长,故将其归入梅氏犀(Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis)。泥河湾盆地的化石是我国早期梅氏犀化石中材料最可靠,地点层位最明确的记录。山神庙咀和大黑沟出土的板齿犀牙齿及前脚骨化石,是泥河湾盆地发现的最好材料,尤其是大黑沟出土的板齿犀牙齿化石,是迄今在泥河湾盆地首次发现的完整材料;依据冠面结构和测量数据,该批材料可归入裴氏板齿犀(Elasmotherium peii);裴氏板齿犀特征鲜明,是有效名称,我国早更新世的板齿犀均应归入该种。我国第四纪的板齿犀与高加索板齿犀之间存在显著差异,表现在釉质层厚度较大但褶皱不够强烈、下颊齿的下后尖发育、颊齿冠面的前后径多数大于颊舌径、M3比M2小、M3后附尖欠发育,后脊与外脊已完全融合、上颊齿的齿脊更厚。此外,我国的板齿犀与西伯利亚板齿犀也有差异,后者的牙齿齿冠更高、无齿根、釉质层薄且褶皱强烈、上颊齿无后窝。最新地层研究表明,我国含板齿犀属的地层时代不晚于早更新世,且集中出现于下更新统。在晚新生代期间,犀牛在泥河湾盆地十分常见,先后出现过如下属种:大唇犀(Chilotherium sp.)(上新世)、裴氏板齿犀(Elasmotherium peii)(早更新世)、泥河湾披毛犀(Coelodonta nihowanensis)(早更新世)、梅氏犀Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis(早-中更新世)和真披毛犀(Coelodonta antiquitatis)(中-晚更新世)。     

浙江菱湖一亚洲象臼齿的记述

1978年5月,浙江吴兴县文管会赠给我馆一个象的臼齿化石。随即笔者到化石产地——菱湖镇郊杨介巷大队了解。化石是在距地面3米左右的地层中发现的。这是一个亚洲象(Elephas maxi-mus)的第三右下臼齿,牙齿保存基本完整,现记述如下:     

禄丰古猿地点的鼷鹿化石

本文记述了在禄丰古猿地点发现的鼷鹿科化石两属两种,一为简单云南鼷鹿(新属、新种)Yunnanotherium simplex gen.et sp.nov;另一为进步丘齿鼷鹿 Dorcabune progressus (Yan)。新属、种代表了中新世鼷鹿科中一进步类型,根据齿系特征,它与 Dorcatherium 属的亲缘关系较近。进步丘齿鼷鹿无疑与南亚西瓦立克纳格瑞带的同属动物有密切的关系,但具有一些明显的进步性质。     

Mandible of Golunda (Rodentia,Mammalia) from the Upper Siwalik Subgroup of Jammu,India

A left mandibular fragment bearing M₁–M₃ recovered from the mudstones underlying an Upper Siwalik bentonitised tuff exposed 0.375 km NW of Barakhetar village, Jammu district, Jammu and Kashmir (state), India, is described here. The new specimen represents the first mandibular fragment of fossil Golunda with all three molars in situ. Based on crown morphology of the molars, it is tentatively referred to Golunda kelleri Jacobs, 1978, possibly representing a lineage distinct from G. ellioti ancestry.     

Molecular phylogeny of the extinct pleistocene dwarf elephant Palaeoloxodon antiquus falconeri from Tilos Island,Dodekanisa, Greece

A partial sequence of cytochrome b (228 bp) gene of mitochondrial DNA was successfully determined from rib bones of the dwarf elephant Palaeoloxodon antiquus falconeri BUSK, which were excavated from Charkadio cave of the island of Tilos, Dodekanisa, Greece. This is the first report of DNA sequence of a dwarf elephant. The sequences were used to examine the phylogenetic relationships among Elephantidae. Phylogenetic trees reconstructed by the neighbor-joining and maximum parsimony methods provided identical topologies. The results support the "Palaeoloxodon–Elephas" clade, which is consistent with previous morphological reports according to which Palaeoloxodon is more closely related to Elephas than to Loxodonta or Mammuthus.     

Description of Distorhabditis poonchiana n. gen., n. sp. (Nematoda: Rhabditidae) from Jammu and Kashmir,India

Distorhabditis poonchiana n. gen., n. sp. from humus in Jammu and Kashmir, India, is described and illustrated. The new genus is characterized by a small body; slightly setoff labial region; long tubular gymnostom; prominently cuticularized cheilostom; absence of glottoid apparatus; monoprodelphic reproductive system; vulva (V) = 81 to 84; spicules with trifurcated distal ends, simple gubernaculum, peloderan bursa with eight pairs of bursal papillae arranged in 1 + 1 + 1 + 2 + 1 + 2 arrangement.     

Ancient DNA forces reconsideration of evolutionary history of Mediterranean pygmy elephantids

During the Pleistocene pygmy elephantids, some only a quarter of their ancestors' size, were present on Mediterranean islands until about 10,000 years ago (y.a.). Using a new methodology for ancient DNA (aDNA) studies, the whole genomic multiple displacement amplification method, we were able to retrieve cytochrome b (cytb) DNA fragments from 4200 to 800,000 y.a. specimens from island and mainland samples, including pygmy and normal-sized forms. The short DNA sequence (43 bp) retrieved from the 800,000 y.a. sample is one of the oldest DNA fragment ever retrieved. Duplication of the experiments in two laboratories, the occurrence of three diagnostic sites and the results of the phylogenetic analyses strongly support its authenticity. Our results challenge the prevailing view that pygmy elephantids of the eastern Mediterranean originated exclusively from Elephas, suggesting independent histories of dwarfism and the presence of both pygmy mammoths and elephant-like taxa on these islands. Based on our molecular data, the origin of the Tilos and Cyprus elephantids from a lineage within the genus Elephas is confirmed, while the DNA sequence from the Cretan sample falls clearly within the mammoth clade. Thus, the name Mammuthus creticus rather than Elephas creticus, seems to be justified for this form. Our findings also suggest a need to re-evaluate the evolutionary history of the Sicilian/Maltese species, traditionally included in the genus Elephas.     

尚勇保护区亚洲象种群数量动态、种群结构及季节分布格局

在2006 年6 月至2007 年9 月,通过种群个体识别、社区监测网络、样线调查和村寨访问等方法对尚勇保护区亚洲象的种群动态和季节性分布格局进行研究。结果显示:目前在尚勇保护区的亚洲象种群数量约为68头;拍摄到亚洲象共计347 头次,通过个体识别方法识别出亚洲象53 头,其中幼体、青少年体、亚成体和成体数量及所占比例分别为:3 (5.66%)、11 (20.75% )、15 (28.30% )、24 (45.28% ),在成体中雄性只有两头,成年象的雌雄性比为11∶ 1,高于已知国内外的其他区域。从1992 年至2007 年10 月,至少有32 头亚洲象死亡,其中确认死于猎杀的有7 头,保护区的核心区野牛河、金宝河一带是盗猎亚洲象最严重的地区。严重的盗猎和不断减少的栖息地对当地的亚洲象种群产生了巨大的威胁,也加剧了当地的人象冲突。在雨季和旱季,亚洲象各有五个核心活动区域,食物是导致雨季和旱季分布格局不同的主要因素。     

Biochemical variation in the Sunni Muslims of Pulwama district, Jammu and Kashmir

Baseline data are presented on phenotype and gene frequency distributions of nine red-cell enzyme systems (ADA, AK, EsD, GLO I, PGM1, AP, GPI, PGM2, SOD) in the Sunni Muslims of Kashmir valley in the northernmost Indian border state of Jammu and Kashmir.     

Nouvelles recherches dans le bassin Plio-Pléistocène d’Anagni (Latium méridional, Italie)

The Anagni intra-apennine basin is especially rich in palaeontological and archaeological sites, spanning between middle Villafranchian and upper Pleistocene. The Italian Institute of Human Palaeontology has carried out researches in this region in the last 30 years. At Costa San Giacomo, middle Villafranchian yellow sands contain Mastodon arvernensis and Elephas meridionalis. At Colle Marino, a travertine layer and lime-clay contains mode 1 lithic industry, below any volcanic layers whose lower limit is 700 Ky old. Excavations have been restarted at Fontana Ranuccio, a 458 Ky Acheulian site with rich mammalian fauna (Elephas antiquus, Ursus deningeri, Bos primigenius, Dama clactoniana, Equus mosbachensis), a remarkable bone industry and four human teeth. Drillings, for about 40 m, have identified Matuyama-Brunhes limit 23 m under the main volcanic pyroclastite, in a thick limnic clay layer.     

Bird diversity and distribution in mosaic landscapes around Jammu,Jammu & Kashmir

The composition and persistence of avian population depends not only on the size and structure of habitat patch but also on surrounding landscapes which contribute to many environmental functions in an urban environment. To assess the bird assemblages around an urban conglomeration, we surveyed the urban landscape of Jammu stratified into six habitat types from January 2017 to December 2017. These comprised two aquatic (Nikki Tawi & Gharana Wetland Conservation Reserve), three terrestrial (Ramnagar Wildlife Sanctuary, Bahu-Mahamaya Forest & Jammu University Campus) and a mixed ecosystem, the Southern Open plains. Two hundred and eight species of birds in 63 families and 16 orders were recorded during the investigations. We observed that the protected ecosystems and semi disturbed landscapes harbored rich avian diversity among other sites. A distinct species overlap was noticed in all the study sites while the protected areas shared maximum similarity. The study indicated a defined set of bird assemblages for different habitats across the study area. More datasets are however required to understand the patterns and drivers of bird biodiversity in relation to the fast-expanding urbanization.     

Hair structure of the Woolly mammoth, Mammuthus primigenius and the modern elephants, Elephas maximus and Loxodonta africana

The structure of overhairs from a Wooly mammoth, Mammuthus primigenius , 10–13 thousand years old, is compared with that of its living relatives, Elephas maximus and Loxodonta africana . The hair profile, cross-sectional appearance, wholeamount and cuticular scale cast of the haris of the three species were examined and a selected array of photographs representing the hair structure of each species are presented. In general there is little variation between the three in the gross structure of the overhairs.     

Species richness,abundance, distributional pattern and trait composition of butterfly assemblage change along an altitudinal gradient in the Gulmarg region of Jammu & Kashmir,India

Despite enormous diversity, abundance, and role in ecosystem processes, little is known about how butterflies differ across altitudinal gradients. For this, butterfly communities were investigated along an altitudinal gradient of 2700–3200 m a.s.l, along the Gulmarg region of Jammu & Kashmir, India. We aimed to determine how the altitudinal gradient and environmental factors affect the butterfly diversity and abundance. Our findings indicate that species richness and diversity are mainly affected by the synergism between climate and vegetation. Alpha diversity indices showed that butterfly communities were more diverse at lower elevations and declined significantly with increase in elevation. Overall, butterfly abundance and diversity is stronger at lower elevations and gradually keep dropping towards higher elevations because floristic diversity decreased on which butterflies rely for survival and propagation. A total of 2023 individuals of butterflies were recorded belonging to 40 species, represented by 27 genera and 05 families. Six survey sites (S I- S VI) were assessed for butterfly diversity from 2018 to 2020 in the Gulmarg region of Jammu & Kashmir. Across the survey, Nymphalidae was the most dominant family represented by 16 genera and 23 species, while Papilionidae and Hesperiidae were least dominant represented by 01 genera and 01 species each. Among the six collection sites selected, Site I was most dominant, represented by 16 genera and 21 species, while Site VI was least dominant, represented by 04 genera and 04 species.