广西竹叶青蛇伤的临床特征探讨

目的探讨广西竹叶青蛇伤后的临床特征,为临床诊治提供较合理依据。方法选择被竹叶青蛇咬伤的急诊患者55例的临床资料并分析临床特征。结果 55例竹叶青蛇伤患者分别按咬伤地点与临床分型比较(χ2=18.03,P0.01),竹叶青蛇属(竹叶青和白唇竹叶青)与临床分型比较(χ2=24.67,P0.01)及咬伤地点与竹叶青蛇属比较(χ2=24.80,P0.01),差异均有统计学意义,咬伤地点与竹叶青蛇属呈中度正相关(rs=0.67);竹叶青蛇咬伤按临床分型比较血液学变化有统计学意义(均P0.01),其中血小板(PLT)、白细胞(WBC)各型比较均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论竹叶青蛇伤主要在城市花园草丛、田间地头等地点发生,伤后临床分型绝大多数为轻型,少数为重型和危重型;白唇竹叶青蛇伤地点主要在深山老林,伤后临床分型以危重型、重型为主,少数为轻型。咬伤地点与临床分型和蛇种属有很大差异性,可为临床诊治提供参考依据。竹叶青蛇伤致血液功能障碍,甚至出现类DIC;除分型标准外,患者WBC的增高程度可作为严重程度的参考指标。     

蛇伤性溃疡中西医结合高压氧治疗的体会

目的总结中西医结合高压氧治疗蛇伤性溃疡的临床疗效。方法对我院收治的27例蛇伤性溃疡患者在全身支持治疗、伤口局部清创、外用及湿敷中药治疗外,并给予高压氧治疗。结果 27例蛇伤性溃疡患者均治愈出院,治愈率100%。结论中西医结合高压氧治疗蛇伤性溃疡的疗效确切,值得临床借鉴及推广。     

不明蛇种咬伤的急诊救治

目的探讨不明蛇种咬伤的诊断方法、临床特点及急诊救治措施。方法对64例不明蛇种咬伤患者的诊断方法、临床表现、程序化综合救治方法及疗效评价进行分析。结果蛇种判定基本准确,治疗及时,总有效率100%,伤口渗血、肿胀明显减少。结论急诊救治的关键是早期诊断、早期预测、早期治疗,其中早期诊断是重中之重。需要早期评估病情的发展,加强蛇伤知识的普及,提高对毒蛇的认识,建议群众尽可能把伤人之蛇打死带来医院以便于及早确诊。     

Protease inhibitors in serum and urine of snakebite victims

In victims of poisonous snakebites, serum total antichymotryptic activity but not the antitryptic activity was found to be increased. In addition, urinary antitryptic activity was found to be markedly elevated. In nonpoisonous snakebite cases, no such differences were noted. Ion-exchange chromatographic analysis of serum protease inhibitors revealed the absence of inhibitory activity in the alpha 2-macroglobulin fraction and elevation of alpha 1-antichymotrypsin in poisonous bite cases. In addition, there was a significant increase in the ratio of cationic to anionic fraction of alpha 1-protease inhibitor compared to normals. Urinary antitryptic activity could serve as a reliable index in assessing clinical improvement in snakebite victims during treatment and in differentiating poisonous from nonpoisonous cases.     

双黄蛇伤散治疗竹叶青蛇咬伤96例体会

目的探讨双黄蛇伤散对竹叶青蛇咬伤的临床疗效．方法将96倒竹叶青蛇咬伤患者随机分为治疗组和对照组各48侧,均给予常规治疗,治疗组加外敷双黄蛇伤散．结果两组息肢肿胀开始消退时间、肿胀完全消退时间、疼痛缓解时间和住院时间比较均有极显著性差异（P〈0．01）．治疗组局部坏死和功能受限发生事与对照组比较均有极显著性差异（P〈0．01）．结论双黄蛇伤散外敷治疗竹叶青蛇咬伤有显著疗效．     

Time delays in treatment of snakebite patients in rural Sri Lanka and the need for rapid diagnostic tests

Delays in treatment seeking and antivenom administration remain problematic for snake envenoming. We aimed to describe the treatment seeking pattern and delays in admission to hospital and administration of antivenom in a cohort of authenticated snakebite patients. Adults (> 16 years), who presented with a confirmed snakebite from August 2013 to October 2014 were recruited from Anuradhapura Hospital. Demographic data, information on the circumstances of the bite, first aid, health-seeking behaviour, hospital admission, clinical features, outcomes and antivenom treatment were documented prospectively. There were 742 snakebite patients [median age: 40 years (IQR:27–51; males: 476 (64%)]. One hundred and five (14%) patients intentionally delayed treatment by a median of 45min (IQR:20-120min). Antivenom was administered a median of 230min (IQR:180–360min) post-bite, which didn’t differ between directly admitted and transferred patients; 21 (8%) receiving antivenom within 2h and 141 (55%) within 4h of the bite. However, transferred patients received antivenom sooner after admission to Anuradhapura hospital than those directly admitted (60min [IQR:30-120min] versus 120min [IQR:52-265min; p<0.0001]). A significantly greater proportion of transferred patients had features of systemic envenoming on admission compared to those directly admitted (166/212 [78%] versus 5/43 [12%]; p<0.0001), and had positive clotting tests on admission (123/212 [58%] versus 10/43 [23%]; p<0.0001). Sri Lankan snakebite patients present early to hospital, but there remains a delay until antivenom administration. This delay reflects a delay in the appearance of observable or measurable features of envenoming and a lack of reliable early diagnostic tests. Improved early antivenom treatment will require reliable, rapid diagnostics for systemic envenoming.     

Control of snakebite envenoming: A mathematical modeling study

A mathematical model is designed to assess the impact of some interventional strategies for curtailing the burden of snakebite envenoming in a community. The model is fitted with real data set. Numerical simulations have shown that public health awareness of the susceptible individuals on snakebite preventive measures could reduce the number of envenoming and prevent deaths and disabilities in the population. The simulations further revealed that if at least fifty percent of snakebite envenoming patients receive early treatment with antivenom a substantial number of deaths will be averted. Furthermore, it is shown using optimal control that combining public health awareness and antivenom treatment averts the highest number of snakebite induced deaths and disability adjusted life years in the study area. To choose the best strategy amidst limited resources in the study area, cost effectiveness analysis in terms of incremental cost effectiveness ratio is performed. It has been established that the control efforts of combining public health awareness of the susceptible individuals and antivenom treatment for victims of snakebite envenoming is the most cost effective strategy. Approximately the sum of US$72,548 is needed to avert 117 deaths or 2,739 disability adjusted life years that are recorded within 21 months in the study area. Thus, the combination of these two control strategies is recommended.     

Research strategies to improve snakebite treatment: challenges and progress

Antivenom is an effective treatment of snakebite but, because of the complex interplay of fiscal, epidemiological, therapeutic efficacy and safety issues, the mortality of snakebite remains unacceptably high. Efficiently combating this high level of preventable death amongst the world's most disadvantaged communities requires the globally-coordinated action of multiple intervention programmes. This is the overall objective of the Global Snakebite Initiative. This paper describes the challenges facing the research community to develop snakebite treatments that are more efficacious, safe and affordable than current therapy.     

龙岩市急诊蛇伤流行病学特征与综合救治

目的探讨龙岩市急诊蛇伤流行病学特征和综合救治措施。方法回顾性分析我院2006-2011年资料完整的458例蛇伤住院患者的临床资料。结果458例急诊蛇伤患者中,死亡6例,病死率1．3％,致伤蛇种以竹叶青蛇、烙铁头、眼镜蛇、银环蛇、眼镜王蛇为主,近年来还发现一些罕见蛇类如白头蝰蛇、红脖颈槽蛇咬伤病例;掌握了我市蛇伤的发病季节、致伤人群、致伤部位及转归。结论初步掌握了龙岩市急诊蛇伤流行病学特征,并提出了有效的综合救治措施,为今后开展蛇伤的防治、教学、科研提供了科学依据。     

The Treatment of Snake Bites in a First Aid Setting: A Systematic Review

BackgroundThe worldwide burden of snakebite is high, especially in remote regions with lesser accessibility to professional healthcare. Therefore, adequate first aid for snakebite is of the utmost importance. A wide range of different first aid techniques have been described in literature, and are being used in practice. This systematic review aimed to summarize the best available evidence concerning effective and feasible first aid techniques for snakebite.MethodsA systematic literature screening, performed independently by two authors in the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE and Embase resulted in 14 studies, fulfilling our predefined selection criteria, concerning first aid techniques for snakebite management. Data was extracted and the body of evidence was appraised according to the GRADE approach.ConclusionsThe practical recommendation for the treatment of snakebite in a first aid setting is to immobilize the victim, while awaiting the emergency services. However, given the low to very low quality of the data collected, high quality randomized controlled trials concerning the efficacy and feasibility of different variations of the pressure immobilization technique are warranted.     

Venomous snakebites in southern Croatia

This retrospective study is based on the analysis of 542 snakebite envenomation cases in southern Croatia, which were treated in the University Hospital Split over the period of 21 years. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of venomous snakebite in southern Croatia, epidemiological and clinical features of snakebite and treatment in the region. The mean annual snakebite incidence in southern Croatia was 5.2 per 100,000 inhabitants. The nose- horned viper (Vipera ammodytes) was responsible for most bites, only a small proportion being inflicted by the adder (Vipera berus). People of all ages were affected (1 - 82 year old), but the bites were more frequent in individuals older than 50 (46% of the cases) and in children and adolescents 19 year old and younger (27% of the cases). Most snakebite accidents happened in warm spring and summer months, the highest number occurring in May (22%). A majority of the victims were rural people engaged in agricultural activities. Bites on the upper limbs were more frequent (57%) than bites on the lower limbs (42%). With regard to envenomation severity, there were 15.1% minor, 40.5% mild, 26% moderate and 18% severe cases. Two victims died (0.4%). The antivenom produced by the Institute of Immunology in Zagreb was given to virtually all patients, and complications following its administration were rare. The antivenom was used more often than it was suggested by the symptoms present.     

三草汤在蛇伤患者中抗肾损害的临床研究

目的观察三草汤在蛇伤患者中抗肾损害的疗效。方法选择186例毒蛇咬伤患者,给予早期口服三草汤,观察患者治疗前,治疗后2、24、72 h及72 h后的尿微白蛋白、尿转铁蛋白、血尿素氮、血肌酐等临床指标变化。结果三草汤对毒蛇咬伤早期肾损害的疗效显著,临床生化指标明显改善。结论蛇伤后早期口服三草汤能有效预防和治疗肾损害,并能有效降低急性肾功能衰竭的发生。     

毒蛇咬伤对患者凝血功能的影响及诊疗分析

目的观察毒蛇咬伤对患者凝血功能的影响,并探讨有效的诊疗方法。方法对2014年9月~2015年9月我院收治的200例毒蛇咬伤患者凝血功能的变化情况进行研究,主要包括变化的类型、变化种类数量、出现异常的时间和好转时间,并分析诊疗过程及诊疗效果。结果毒蛇咬伤患者的凝血功能会受到不同程度的影响,其中纤维蛋白原(Fib)减少较明显,异常持续时间一般在72h以内,少数患者超过72h;患者入院后立即实施伤口清理、注射抗蛇毒血清、连续肾脏替代(CRRT治疗)等诊疗措施。经治疗后,患者均恢复出院。结论毒蛇咬伤可引起明显的凝血功能异常,及时采取有效的治疗措施,可明显提高治疗效果,促进康复。     

中华眼镜蛇咬伤致器官功能障碍76例临床分析

目的分析中华眼镜蛇咬伤致器官功能障碍的临床特点,为临床提供帮助。方法回顾性分析中华眼镜蛇咬伤致器官功能障碍76例患者的临床资料,分析各器官的受损情况;并将76例患者按就诊时间的不同分为3组,分别为:0 h就诊时间≤12 h组(A组),12 h就诊时间≤24 h组(B组)和就诊时间24 h组(C组),以多器官功能障碍发生率为观察对象进行统计分析。结果 76例器官功能障碍患者中,以肝的器官功能障碍率最高,为60.53%(46例),其他肾、心、血液、肺和胰腺的器官功能障碍率分别为42.11%(32例)、28.95%(22例)、23.68%(18例)、15.79%(12例)和7.89%(6例),各器官功能障碍率比较有统计学意义(P0.01);而多器官功能障碍的发生率A组为20.59%,低于B组的42.11%和C组的52.17%,3组间的差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论中华眼镜蛇咬伤所致的器官功能障碍以肝脏受损最为多见,且病情进展快,因此,蛇伤后12h内应积极进行预防各器官功能受损的治疗。     

Knowledge of health workers on snakes and snakebite management and treatment seeking behavior of snakebite victims in Bhutan

BackgroundPublished information on snakebite is rare in Bhutan although remarkably higher number of snakebites and associated deaths are reported from other South Asian countries.Aims and methodologyStructured questionnaire was used to collect knowledge of health workers in snakebite management and health seeking behavior of snakebite victims as observed by health workers. Study was conducted in purposively sampled 10 Dzongkhags (district level administrative units) with higher incidence of snakebites.ResultHeath workers scored 27–91% (with an average of 63%, SD = 14) for 52 questions related to snake identification and snakebite management. Among 118 health workers interviewed, 23% had adequate knowledge on snakes and snakebite management while 77% had inadequate knowledge. Among 32 Doctors, 63% of them scored above or equal to 75%. Health workers from Sarpang scored higher (76%, SD = 11) than those from other Dzongkhags. Snakebite victim''s visit to local (traditional) healers prior to seeking medical help from hospital was observed by 75 (63%) health workers. Fifty one percent of health workers observed patients treated with local methods such as the use of black stone called Jhhar Mauro (believed to absorb snake venom), application of honey, rubbing of green herbal paste made up of Khenpa Shing (Artemisia myriantha Wallich ex Besser var. paleocephala [Pamp] Ling) and consumption of fluid made up of Neem leaf (Azadirachta indica Juss). Use of tight tourniquet as a first aid to snakebite was observed by 80% of the health workers.ConclusionHealth workers lack confidence in snakebite management. Snakebite victims are likely to suffer from harmful local practices and traditional beliefs on local treatment practices. Empowering health workers with adequate knowledge on snakebite management and making locals aware in pre-hospital care of snakebites are needed to improve the pre- and in-hospital management of snakebite in Bhutan.     

Snakebite and Its Socio-Economic Impact on the Rural Population of Tamil Nadu,India

Background

Snakebite represents a significant health issue worldwide, affecting several million people each year with as many as 95,000 deaths. India is considered to be the country most affected, but much remains unknown about snakebite incidence in this country, its socio-economic impact and how snakebite management could be improved.

Methods/Principal Findings

We conducted a study within rural villages in Tamil Nadu, India, which combines a household survey (28,494 people) of snakebite incidence with a more detailed survey of victims in order to understand the health and socio-economic effects of the bite, the treatments obtained and their views about future improvements. Our survey suggests that snakebite incidence is higher than previously reported. 3.9% of those surveyed had suffered from snakebite and the number of deaths corresponds to 0.45% of the population. The socio-economic impact of this is very considerable in terms of the treatment costs and the long-term effects on the health and ability of survivors to work. To reduce this, the victims recommended improvements to the accessibility and affordability of antivenom treatment.

Conclusions

Snakebite has a considerable and disproportionate impact on rural populations, particularly in South Asia. This study provides an incentive for researchers and the public to work together to reduce the incidence and improve the outcomes for snake bite victims and their families.     

中华眼镜蛇咬伤致局部组织损伤三种疗法的临床疗效观察

目的对中华眼镜蛇咬伤致局部组织损伤的各种治疗方法进行疗效优劣比较,找出最佳治疗方法。方法总结我院569例中华眼镜蛇咬伤致局部组织损伤的各种治疗方法。结果治疗方法从优到劣依次是：抗蛇毒血清局部注射-糜蛋白酶局部注射-蛇伤药酒外敷-坏死组织早期切除-局部烧灼法-局部组织切开冲洗。结论中华眼镜蛇伤致局部组织损伤的治疗方法应首选抗蛇毒血清局部注射和糜蛋白酶局部注射,其次选用蛇伤药酒外敷。     

Albert Léon Charles Calmette (1863-1933) and the antituberculous BCG vaccination

Albert Léon Charles Calmette was the first person to develop an anti-venom serum. His work revolutionized the treatment of snakebite in men and domestic animals. He is also well known for his development of the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine for the prevention of tuberculosis. This article reviews the life experiences of this pioneer bioscientist, the current status of BCG in preventing tuberculosis, and the potential of BCG in immunotherapy for cancer.     

Vipera russelli venom‐induced oxidative stress and hematological alterations: Amelioration by crocin a dietary colorant

Snakebite is a serious medical and socio‐economic problem affecting the healthy individuals and agricultural and farming populations worldwide. In India, Vipera russelli snakebite is common, ensuing high morbidity and mortality. The venom components persuade multifactorial stress phenomenon and alter the physiological setting by causing disruption of the blood cells and vital organs. The present study demonstrates the anti‐ophidian property of Crocin (Crocus sativus), a potent antioxidant against viper venom‐induced oxidative stress. The in vivo oxidative damage induced by venom was clearly evidenced by the increased oxidative stress markers and antioxidant enzymes/molecules along with the proinflammatory cytokines including IL‐1β, TNF‐α and IL‐6. Furthermore, venom depleted the hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume and platelet count in experimental animals. Crocin ameliorated the venom‐induced oxidative stress, hematological alteration and proinflammatory cytokine levels. At present, administration of antivenom is an effective therapy against systemic toxicity, but it offers no protection against the rapidly spreading oxidative damage and infiltration of pro‐inflammatory mediators. These pathologies will continue even after antivenom administration. Hence, a long‐term auxiliary therapy is required to treat secondary as well as neglected complications of snakebite. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Intravenous administration of equine-derived whole IgG antivenom does not induce early adverse reactions in non-envenomed horses and cows

Administration of antivenoms to treat snakebite envenomings has the potential risk of inducing early adverse reactions. The mechanisms involved in these reactions are unclear. In this study, polyspecific antivenom consisting of whole IgG purified from equine plasma by caprylic acid precipitation was administered intravenously to non-envenomed horses (n = 47) and cows (n = 20) at a dose of 0.4 mL/kg. It has been reported that, in humans, this formulation (administered at a dose of 0.4 mL/kg) induces mild noticeable early adverse reactions, such as fever, vomiting, diarrhea, urticaria, generalized rash, tachypnea or tachycardia, in about 15–20% of the patients. Unexpectedly, none of the animals receiving antivenom in our study showed any evidence of early adverse reaction. Moreover, no late adverse reactions, i.e. serum sickness, were observed during 40 days after antivenom administration. Unlike studies performed in envenomed humans, our present results were obtained in a group of non-envenomed individuals. It is concluded that, in addition to the physicochemical characteristics of the formulation, other unknown factors must determine the occurrence of adverse reactions in snakebite envenomed humans treated with equine-derived antivenoms.