Scanning Electron Microscopy of the Adoral Ciliary Zone of Entodinium Stein (Ciliophora,Entodiniomorphida)1

The adoral ciliary zone of the rumen ciliates, Entodinium spp., was observed topographically in the SEM. The upper side of the anterior end of the body was indented by the vestibulum, which had cilia arranged on its right wall and ribs along the left wall. The adoral ciliary zone could be divided into at least two arrangements. The outer ciliary zone had many membranelle-like structures, which consisted of cilia arranged radially from the body axis. Each membranelle-like structure consisted of two rows of about eight cilia each lining up in a single file. It was, however, different from a typical membranelle, because its cilia were connected with the vestibular cilia and were arranged not spirally but on a plane. These cilia extended toward the outside because of the projecting cytoplasm from which they originated. In contrast, the cilia of the inner ciliary zone were aggregated to form relatively unsystematic bundles. Since the vestibular opening was slanted on the upper side of the body, the ciliary bundles were thick on the lower side and sparse on the upper side of the body. Neither outer nor inner ciliary zones completely surrounded the vestibular opening. The ciliature started from the left side of the vestibular opening, encircled the lower side of the body, and entered the vestibulum from its right side. The functions of these two types of ciliary arrangements are discussed.     

镰游仆虫腹面皮层细胞骨架的扫描电镜观察

应用非离子去垢剂抽提和扫描电镜样品制备、观察相结合的方法，显示了镰游仆虫的腹面皮层细胞骨架，详细描述了处于毛基体和毛基体下水平的口围带、口侧膜、额腹横棘毛骨架，以及口围带小膜托架、口侧膜托架、额腹横棘毛托架的主要附属纤维和非纤毛区表膜下皮层骨架的立体图形。作者据所述各种纤毛器托架附属纤维的定位和分布特征推测，这些附属结构可能与细胞内各种纤毛器间的联系，以及包括纤毛器运动在内的整个细胞运动的协调等有关。     

Scanning electron microscopy of trichomes of cheilanthes (sinopteridaceae)

Brittonia - The trichomes of two problematic complexes in the genusCheilanthes were studied. In one group, the trichomes ofC. tomentosa are long, multicellular, uniseriate, and flat whereas those...     

Scanning electron microscopy of the labia of Baylisascaris procyonis (Nematoda)

The labial organization of adult Baylisascaris procyonis was studied by scanning electron microscopy, and found to be similar for males and females. The apical part of each lip was smooth, and the basal part reticulated. The dorsal lip possessed two dorsolateral double papillae and two internal labial papillae; the two subventral lips each had one ventrolateral double and one externolateral papilla, two internal labial papillae, and an amphid. The small papilla of each double set was dome-shaped and smooth, whereas the large papilla was broad and had a prominent central pore. The externolateral papillae had raised, highly sculptured surfaces with numerous slits and creases present. Amphids resembled those of previously studied nematodes. The internal labial papillae consisted of pits. Denticles arose as a single row from the apical edge of the inner labial surface, were usually evenly spaced, and pyramidal or conoidal in shape. They were typically unicuspid, but bicuspid denticles were occasionally seen. Denticle shape and size varied between specimens and on each specimen. A pit was seen in the cuticle in the central region of the denticular row of all lips. Several of these findings represent new information concerning ascaridoid nematodes.     

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the chick embryo primitive streak

The structure of the cells forming the primitive streak was examined by SEM in a series of embryos at Hamburger and Hamilton's stages 2--5. Specimens were prepared by stripping the endoderm from fresh embryos in New Culture and by fracturing whole fixed embryos along and at right angles to the primitive streak. At all stages of examination the SEM appearance of cells within the privitive streak was quite different from that of ectodermal, endodermal or mesodermal cells away from the streak. Streak cells were closely packed, lay with their long axes directed from ectoderm to endoderm and possessed many flat leaf-like processes. By contrast the ectoderm formed a columnar epithelium, the endoderm a flat epithelium and the mesoderm was a layer of loosely arrangedcells with long. thin processes. Within the streak SEM did not show any differences between cells that could identify them specifically as future endoderm or mesoderm cells. It was concluded that during gastrulation all the cells migrating through the primitive streak have the same appearance regardless of their eventual destination in the embryo. This structure may be attributable to the type of movement made by cells during invagination.     

Scanning electron microscopy of Spinochordodes tellinii (Camerano, 1888), (Gordiacea, Nematomorpha)

There are many species of Nematomorpha which are deficiently described and therefore pose doubts about their actual taxonomic position. This is the case with Spinochordodes tellinii (Comerano, 1888), which was transferred to four different genera and has been recently considered as species incertae sedis. A female of Spinochordodes tellinii is redescribed in this work under light microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy. Cuticle details, shapes and areolar distribution and the features as well as the location of spiniform structures are analysed. The systematic position is discussed.     

Scanning electron microscopy of ciliary zones of the ciliate protozoa in the large intestine of the horse.

The surface structure of the ciliary zone in 13 species of ciliates found in the large intestine of the horse was observed by scanning electron microscopy. In Holophryoides ovalis many fine depressions considered to be a result of phagocytosis or pinocytosis in the naked cytostome were noticed. In Blepharocorys spp. a distinct section was present between the portion with cilia and that without cilia. It was not present, however, in some species of the family Buetschliidae, such as Bundleia postciliata and Didesmis spp. The species of Entodiniomorphida had a lip around the ciliary zone with cilia forming synciliary tufts. In Spirodinium equi and Tetratoxum unifasciculatum the ciliary zone revolved counter-clockwise in an en face view. Some differences in the surface structure of the ciliary zone between the entodiniomorphid and spirotrich ciliates are discussed.     

Scanning electron microscopy of the chick embryo

Internal anatomical features of developing chick embryos can be examined using the scanning electron microscope in embryos that have been sectioned at varying levels. Standard paraffin sectioning techniques are used. After removal of paraffin, embryos are dried by the critical point method and examined. The resulting scanning electron micrographs have proved to be exceptionally useful in teaching anatomy of embryos.     

Scanning electron microscopy of the seed coat in the genus Paulovunia (Scrophulariaceae)

A comparative study of the microscopic structures of external features of mature seeds of eight Paulownia species is presented. The external surface of the seed is made up of reticulate, apparently translucent cells, which laterally extend into wing-like structures. The laterally symmetrical wings are unequally extended in the micropylar and chalazal regions. The seed-coat ornamentation has a dorsiventral nature. Some special features of seed-coat morphology amongst the eight Paulownia species are discussed.     

Scanning electron microscopy of ejaculated baboon (Papio anubis) spermatozoon.

Scanning electron microscopy has been used in order to provide the morphological study including comparative measurements of the main parts of the Baboon spermatozoon. If the dimensions of the head and the mid-piece are fairly close to the human spermatozoon, the Baboon spermatozoon is practically twice as long as the human one. In the Baboon spermatozoon, the head appears smooth with only a light ransversal furrow at the level of its posterior third, which probably marks the limit of the posterior border of the equatorial segment. The mid-piece, a conical trunk, is larger in its anterior part than at the level of its posterior extremity. The end-piece appears very short as compared with the total length of the sperm cell. The technical modalities of the preparation and the possibility of artifacts are briefly discussed.     

Infraciliature of eight Triplumaria species (Ciliophora, Entodiniomorphida) from Asian elephants with the description of six new species

Intestinal ciliates excreted in the feces of Asian elephants were surveyed. Fourteen species in the order Entodiniomorphida were detected. Nine Triplumaria species in the family Cycloposthiidae were found. Using the silver impregnation, two known species, T. antis and T. dvoinosi, were redescribed and six new species, T. sukuna n. sp., T. zuze n. sp., T. solea n. sp., T. suwako n. sp., T. fulgora n. sp., and T. harpagonis n. sp., were described. T. sukuna, T. zuze, T. solea, and T. suwako have the perivestibular polybrachykinety along the vestibular opening. The buccal infraciliary bands of T. suwako are similar to those of T. selenica found from elephants and the buccal infraciliary bands of T. sukuna, T. zuze, and T. solea are similar to those of T. grypoclunis described from rhinoceroses. T. antis, T. dvoinosi, T. fulgora, and T. harpagonis have the vestibular polybrachykinety extending down inside the vestibulum as found in rumen ciliates in the family Ophryoscolecidae. The caudalial ciliary zones of T. dvoinosi and T. fulgora were retractable as found in rumen ophryoscolecids. Raabena bella and Pseudoentodinium elephantis showed high composition values over 30%. Ciliate densities in the three fecal samples were 0.15, 1.09, and 2.07×10(4)/ml.     

Scanning electron microscopy of the tegumental surface of adult Haplorchis pumilio (Looss)

The surface structure of adult Haplorchis pumilio from experimentally infected hamsters was studied in detail using scanning electron microscopy. Almost the entire surface of the worm was covered with scale-like spines regularly arranged in transverse rows. Most spines were pectinate. The size of the spines and the number of the teeth in each individual were largest in the spines around the middle region of the worm. The area surrounding the excretory pore was free of spines displaying a slightly wrinkled appearance. Many ciliated papillae were present on the anterior two-thirds of the body. The papillae on the oral sucker were more abundant than those elsewhere. The body papillae were distributed in a bilaterally symmetrical arrangement, appearing in groups, pairs or singly between the spines.     

Scanning electron microscopy of Penicillium conidia

The morphology of conidia in 211 species and 12 varieties belonging to the genus Penicillium Link ex Gray have been studied and compared.According to surface ornamentation, conidia have been classified into six groups: A, smooth-walled (7% of the species); B, delicately roughened (13%); C, warty (28%); D, echinate (10%); E, striate with low irregular ridges (36%); and F, striate with scarce high ridges or bars (6%). Whereas the first two groups are closely related in both shape and average size, a gradual reduction was observed in size and in the length/width (l/w) ratio in the remaining groups. Echinate conidia were globose, having the largest average size. Only four species produced conidia not surpassing 2 m in diameter. Maximum length observed was 8 m, and most elongated conidia had a l/w ratio of 3.5. Forty per cent of the species studied had globose conidia.Conidia of the monoverticillate species were generally smaller, more globose and frequently with ridges. In the Asymmetrica, the conidia were generally larger, and showed ridges in comparatively few species. Conidia of the Symmetrica, which were frequently striate with ridges, presented the most elongated forms. The largest average size was found in the conidia of the Polyverticillata which were generally warty. Finally, we have considered the variations in surface ornamentation of conidia during the evolution of the genus Penicillium and drawn attention to their possible relationship with certain habitats and ways of conidial dispersion.