漫谈装饰

平常,人们总是认为牙齿越白越美,所以常常用“皓齿”、“碎玉”之类的形容词来形容人的牙齿的美丽。1976年初夏,我们在云南红河州金平县的一个傣家寨子里看到的情况,却并不如此。一天,在傣家的竹楼上,几个姑娘一边纺着纱,一边有滋有味地嚼着槟榔和石灰。槟榔和石灰平时都放在一个十分精致的手饰盒内。由于吃槟榔的缘故,姑娘们的牙齿变得黑里透亮,仿佛上了一层薄薄的黑釉。如果哪个姑娘是白齿,反而会受到笑话和奚落。黑齿,成了一种大家推崇的美丽的装饰。过去我们听到过非洲有的黑人部落以黑色自豪,美洲有的印第安部落以长发为骄傲,甚至有人因为长发及地而当酋长的。这些,给我们提出了一个问题,人类为什么要装饰,装饰究竟是怎样起源的? 人类很早就注意装饰了。在北京周口店一万八千年前山顶洞人居住的洞穴里,在一个妇女的头部,发现了七件穿孔的石珠,三件穿孔海蚶壳,一百多只穿孔兽牙,石珠还染     

“花姑娘”的家庭相册

正"花姑娘"其实不是一个姑娘,而是一只身穿花农裳的虫小伙——蜡蝉。话说有一天,儿子问它:"爸爸,我们是世界上唯一的蜡蝉吗?""花姑娘"连连摇头:"蜡蝉可是一个大家族,成员们基本都吃植物汁液,分泌蜜露,发育得却是五花八门。现在大家走动得不频繁了,结果孩子们连自家亲戚都不认识了。""花姑娘"决定与孩子一起制作一个蜡蝉象族的家庭相册,队后孩子们看图认亲,就再也不用担心大水冲了龙王庙,自己人不认识自己人啦!     

我们进行米丘林嫁接法实习的经验

在我们学习“达尔文主义基础”进入下册第四章——米丘林学说是生物科学发展的最高阶段时,学生们开始对米丘林控制生物和改造生物的方法发生了强烈的兴趣,她们如饥如渴的盼望着教师能指导她们进行米丘林工作方法的实习.在这样一群可爱的学生面前,我     

云南4个少数民族8个Y-STR位点的多态分布

对云南蒙古族、纳西族、普米族和藏族4个少数民族共183份样本进行了8个Y—STR位点的多态性分析。结果显示：4个民族都保留着较高的Y—STR遗传多态性,在测出的55个等位基因中共构建了101种单倍型,其中蒙古族有29种,纳西族有17种,普米族有26种,藏族有45种。Rst距阵表明,云南蒙古族与普米族和纳西族的遗传距离最远,分别为0．28945和0．25862;云南藏族与普米族的遗传距离较远,为0．20109;云南藏族与纳西族的遗传距离最近,比其他民族两两之间的距离小1个数量级,仅为0．09475。结合历史学和民族学对4个民族父系遗传的亲缘关系进行了初步的比较分析。     

云南普米族的体质特征

本文对２３０例（男１２０人,女１１０人）健康成年纯血统普米族的体质特征调查结果作了报道。分析观察和测量结果表明：普米族属蒙古人种,既具有当代中国人体质的共同容貌特征,又具有其民族自身的容貌特点：即在狭头宽和狭面宽的容貌上配合较长的头长、面高和鼻高。其头面部主要均值聚类分析和主要均值比较结果,普米族与纳西族、傈僳族、羌族接近,属同一个体质类型,同系古羌族的持裔。     

神经性皮炎的中医药防治与调养

正夏天越来越热,我出诊的国医堂患者也越来越多。一天晚上,一位裹着纱巾的年轻姑娘走进了诊室,我转头看向学生们:"你们说说,这个姑娘是来看什么病的。"学生们面面相觑:"您都已经知道了?快教教我们吧。"患者也很好奇:"我还什么都没说啊,您是怎么看出来的呢?""你们看,她用纱巾遮住了颈部,显然是患了影响美观的疾病,最近天气闷热,皮肤病多发,所以应该就是皮肤类病了。再看她的头面以及四肢,并没有见到湿疹的丘疹、白癜风的白斑,患者又是年轻女性,发病部     

纳西族和普米族的红细胞血型分布

调查了云南纳西族和普米族各１０４人的ＡＢＯ、ＮＭＳｓ、Ｒｈ和Ｐ血型系统。结果表明,ＡＢＯ血型系统中,纳西族和普米族有较高的基因频率ｒ,分别为０．６０８２和０．６８８２,且基因频率ｐ＝ｑ,纳西族均为０．１９５９,普米族均为０．１５５９。ＭＮＳｗ系统中两个民族都表现ｍ〉ｎ、ｓ〉ｓ,Ｍｓ〉Ｎｓ、ＭＳ〉ＮＳ,其中纳西族的基因频率在国内报道的相应值中是比较高的,且ＮＳ为零。     

手足寒冷症的防治与调养

<正>又到了高温的时节,诊室里的病人也渐渐少了下来。这一天,我正和学生们讲着夏季常见暑热症的时候,走进来一个年轻的姑娘。"我们先不问诊,大家来用望诊猜一猜这位患者的主诉",我先用提问的方式对学生们说。"老师,您看患者这么热的天还穿着长裤,估计是寒症。""患者口唇淡白,身型偏瘦,眼圈发青,我认为是虚症的表现",同学们踊跃地讨论了起来。"很好,你们说的都有道理。让我们来听听患者怎么说吧。"我转向     

纳西族的刻划符号

在六、七千年前的仰韶文化中,考古学家曾发现许多刻划符号。它是一种记事方式?还是一种原始文字?迄今还是一个未解之谜。最近我们在川滇之间泸沽湖地区进行田野考查中,曾发现当地纳西族、普米族还在使用的一种刻划符号,对解开仰韶文化刻划符号之谜提供了重要借鉴。     

中国普米族、傈僳族STR遗传多态性研究

采用荧光标记STR基因扫描技术对普米族和傈僳族进行了STR多态性调查,9个STR基因座在普米族群体中,检出85个等位基因,194种基因型,其频率分布在0．0050－0．5250和0．0098－0．3235,在傈僳族群体中,共检出63个等位基因,145种基因型,其频率分布在0．0050－0．4802和0．0099－0．3664,χ2检验表明,各基因座的基因型分布符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡定律（P＞0．05）,统计学结果显示,这些遗传标记在普米族和傈僳族群体中,杂合度均大于0．6,平均多态信息量高于0．7,个体识别力在0．8以上,非父排除率也都超过了0．5,说明实验所选STR标记对民族群体遗传学研究是极为有价值的。     

On the origin of the Hirudinea and the demise of the Oligochaeta

The phylogenetic relationships of the Clitellata were investigated with a data set of published and new complete 18S rRNA gene sequences of 51 species representing 41 families. Sequences were aligned on the basis of a secondary structure model and analysed with maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood. In contrast to the latter method, parsimony did not recover the monophyly of Clitellata. However, a close scrutiny of the data suggested a spurious attraction between some polychaetes and clitellates. As a rule, molecular trees are closely aligned with morphology-based phylogenies. Acanthobdellida and Euhirudinea were reconciled in their traditional Hirudinea clade and were included in the Oligochaeta with the Branchiobdellida via the Lumbriculidae as a possible link between the two assemblages. While the 18S gene yielded a meaningful historical signal for determining relationships within clitellates, the exact position of Hirudinea and Branchiobdellida within oligochaetes remained unresolved. The lack of phylogenetic signal is interpreted as evidence for a rapid radiation of these taxa. The placement of Clitellata within the Polychaeta remained unresolved. The biological reality of polytomies within annelids is suggested and supports the hypothesis of an extremely ancient radiation of polychaetes and emergence of clitellates.     

On the ontogeny of the haptor and the evolution of the Monogenea

Data on the ontogeny of the posterior haptor of monogeneans were obtained from more than 150 publications and summarised. These data were plotted into diagrams showing evolutionary capacity levels based on the theory of a progressive evolution of marginal hooks, anchors and other attachment components of the posterior haptor in the Monogenea (Malmberg, 1986). 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks are assumed to be the most primitive monogenean haptoral condition. Thus the diagrams were founded on a 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hook evolutionary capacity level, and the evolutionary capacity levels of anchors and other haptoral attachement components were arranged according to haptoral ontogenetical sequences. In the final plotting diagram data on hosts, type of spermatozoa, oncomiracidial ciliation, sensilla pattern and protonephridial systems were also included. In this way a number of correlations were revealed. Thus, for example, the number of 5 + 5 marginal hooks correlates with the most primitive monogenean type of spermatozoon and with few sensillae, many ciliated cells and a simple protonephridial system in the oncomiracidium. On the basis of the reviewed data it is concluded that the ancient monogeneans with 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks were divided into two main lines, one retaining unhinged marginal hooks and the other evolving hinged marginal hooks. Both main lines have recent representatives at different marginal hook evolutionary capacity levels, i.e. monogeneans retaining a haptor with only marginal hooks. For the main line with hinged marginal hooks the name Articulon-choinea n. subclass is proposed. Members with 8 + 8 hinged marginal hooks only are here called Proanchorea n. superord. Monogeneans with unhinged marginal hooks only are here called Ananchorea n. superord. and three new families are erected for its recent members: Anonchohapteridae n. fam., Acolpentronidae n. fam. and Anacanthoridae n. fam. (with 7 + 7, 8 + 8 and 9 + 9 unhinged marginal hooks, respectively). Except for the families of Articulonchoinea (e.g. Acanthocotylidae, Gyrodactylidae, Tetraonchoididae) Bychowsky's (1957) division of the Monogenea into the Oligonchoinea and Polyonchoinea fits the proposed scheme, i.e. monogeneans with unhinged marginal hooks form one old group, the Oligonchoinea, which have 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks, and the other group form the Polyonchoinea, which (with the exception of the Hexabothriidae) has a greater number (7 + 7, 8 + 8 or 9 + 9) of unhinged marginal hooks. It is proposed that both these names, Oligonchoinea (sensu mihi) and Polyonchoinea (sensu mihi), will be retained on one side and Articulonchoinea placed on the other side, which reflects the early monogenean evolution. Except for the members of Ananchorea [Polyonchoinea], all members of the Oligonchoinea and Polyonchoinea have anchors, which imply that they are further evolved, i.e. have passed the 5 + 5 marginal hook evolutionary capacity level (Malmberg, 1986). There are two main types of anchors in the Monogenea: haptoral anchors, with anlages appearing in the haptor, and peduncular anchors, with anlages in the peduncle. There are two types of haptoral anchors: peripheral haptoral anchors, ontogenetically the oldest, and central haptoral anchors. Peduncular anchors, in turn, are ontogenetically younger than peripheral haptoral anchors. There may be two pairs of peduncular anchors: medial peduncular anchors, ontogentically the oldest, and lateral peduncular anchors. Only peduncular (not haptoral) anchors have anchor bars. Monogeneans with haptoral anchors are here called Mediohaptanchorea n. superord. and Laterohaptanchorea n. superord. or haptanchoreans. All oligonchoineans and the oldest polyonchoineans are haptanchoreans. Certain members of Calceostomatidae [Polyonchoinea] are the only monogeneans with both (peripheral) haptoral and peduncular anchors (one pair). These monogeneans are here called Mixanchorea n. superord. Polyonchoineans with peduncular anchors and unhinged marginal hooks are here called the Pedunculanchorea n. superord. The most primitive pedunculanchoreans have only one pair of peduncular anchors with an anchor bar, while the most advanced have both medial and lateral peduncular anchors; each pair having an anchor bar. Certain families of the Articulonchoinea, the Anchorea n. superord., also have peduncular anchors (parallel evolution): only one family, the Sundanonchidae n. fam., has both medial and lateral peduncular anchors, each anchor pair with an anchor bar. Evolutionary lines from different monogenean evolutionary capacity levels are discussed and a new system of classification for the Monogenea is proposed.In agreeing to publish this article, I recognise that its contents are controversial and contrary to generally accepted views on monogenean systematics and evolution. I have anticipated a reaction to the article by inviting senior workers in the field to comment upon it: their views will be reported in a future issue of this journal. EditorIn agreeing to publish this article, I recognise that its contents are controversial and contrary to generally accepted views on monogenean systematics and evolution. I have anticipated a reaction to the article by inviting senior workers in the field to comment upon it: their views will be reported in a future issue of this journal. Editor